The Structure of Pneumatic Systems: Working Elements

The Structure of Pneumatic Systems
Working elements
Cylinders
Command execution Motors
Optical indicators
Signal output Control elements

Directional control valves
Processing elements
Directional control valves
Shuttle valves
Signal processing
Dual-pressure valves
Pressure sequence valves
Sequencers
Input elements
Push-button directional
control valves
Signal input
Roller lever valves
Proximity switches
Air barriers
Energy supply elements

Compressor
Energy supply Pneumatic reservoir
Pressure regulating valve
Service unit
© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 01

System Circuit Diagram
1A 1S3
Working element
1V2 4 2
14 12
Control element 1V1
2
1 1(3) 5 3
Processing element 1
1S1 1S2 1S3

2 2 2
Input elements
1 3 1 3 1 3
0Z 0S
2
1 3
Energy supply elements

Direct Actuation of Cylinders
è
è è
è
è
è
è
Single-acting cylinder Double-acting cylinder

Symbols for the Power Supply Section
Energy Supply
– Compressor with constant displacement volume
– Pneumatic reservoir
– Pressure source
Maintenance
– Filter
– Water separator with manual actuation
– Water separator with automatic condensate drain
– Lubricator
2
– Pressure regulating valve with relief port, adjustable
1 3
Combined Symbols
– Air service unit Consisting of
Compressed air filter,
Pressure regulating valve,
Pressure gauge and
compressed air lubricator
Simplified representation
of a service unit
Simplified representation
of a service unit without
compressed air lubricator

Directional Control Valves:
Ports and Switching Positions
Number of ports
Number of switching positions
2
2/2-way valve, normally open position

1
2
3/2-way valve, normally closed position

1 3
3/2-way valve, normally open position

1 3
4 2
4/2-way valve
flow from 1 à 2 and from 4 à 3
1 3
4 2
5/2-way valve
flow from 1 à 2 and from 4 à 5
5 3
1
4 2
5/3-way valve, mid-position closed

5 3
1

Port designations
2 4 2
12
1 3 5 3
91 1
2 4 2
12 10 14 12
1 3 5 3
1

Types of Actuation
Manual actuation – General
– Pushbutton operated
– Lever operated
– Via lever with detent
– Foot pedal operated
Mechanical actuation – Stem actuated
– Roller actuated
– Roller actuated only in

one direction
– Spring actuated
– Spring centered
Pneumatic actuation – Direct pneumatic actuation
– Indirect pneumatic actuation,

piloted
Solenoid actuation – Single-solenoid operation
– Double-solenoid operation
Combined actuation – Double solenoid valve,

piloted, with manual override

Non-return, Flow Control and Pressure Control Valves
Non-return valves – Non-return valve (check valve)

– Non-return valve, spring-loaded
– Shuttle valve (OR function)
– Dual pressure valve (AND function)
– Quick exhaust valve
– One-way flow control valve
Flow control valve – Flow control valve (throttle valve),

adjustable
1
Pressure control – Adjustable pressure regulating valve

valves without relief port
2
1 3
– Adjustable pressure regulating valve
with relief port
2
1
– Pressure sequence valve 12
with external supply line
2
1
– Pressure-relief valve
2
2
– Pressure sequence
valve-combination
1 3
12

Symbols for the Principle Working Elements
Linear Actuators
– Single-acting cylinder
– Double-acting cylinder
– Double-acting cylinder with

through piston rod
– Double-acting cylinder with single,

non-adjustable cushioning
– Double-acting cylinder with single,

adjustable cushioning
– Double-acting cylinder with adjustable

cushioning at both ends
– Rodless cylinder with magnetic coupling
Rotary Drives
– Air motor, constant displacement,

rotation in one direction
– Air motor, variable displacement,

rotation in one direction
– Air motor, variable displacement,

rotation in both directions
– Pneumatic rotary motor

Component designation
Marking line 1 3

Direct Actuation Indirect Actuation
1A 1A
1S 1V
2 2
12
1 3 1 3
1S
2
1 3

Circuit Diagram: Dual-Pressure Valve (AND function)
1A
1V2
4 2
14
1V1 5 3
1
1S1 1S2
2 2
1 3 1 3
0S
2
0Z
1 3

Circuit Diagram: Shuttle Valve (OR Function)
1A
1V2
4 2
14
1V1 5 3
1
1S1 1S2
2 2
1 3 1 3
0S
2
0Z
1 3

Circuit Diagram: 5/2-Way Double Pilot Valve (Speed Control)
1A
1V2 1V3
1V1
4 2
5 3
1
1S1 1S2
2 2
1 3 1 3

Circuit Diagram: Quick Exhaust Valve
1A 1A
1V 1V
2 2
1 3 1 3
1S 1S
2 4 2
1 3 5 3
1

Circuit Diagram: Pressure Sequence Valve
1A
1Z
1V2 4 2
14 12
5
1
3 1V1
2
1S
2
1 3
0Z 12 1 3

Circuit Diagram: Time Delay Valve
1A 1S2 1S3
1V4 1V5
1V3 4 2
14 12
5
1
3 1V2
2
1V1 2
1 1(3)
12
1S1 1S2 1S3

2 2 2
1 3
0Z
1 3 1 3 1 3

Circuit Diagram: Coordinated Motion
1 2 3 4 5=1
1
1S2 1S3 2S1 2S2
1A
0
1A 2A
1
2A 1V2 2V
0 4 2 4 2
14 12 14 12
5 3 5 3
1 1
1V1 2
1 1(3)
1S1 2S1 2S2 1S3 1S2

2 2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
0Z

Circuit Diagram: Overlapping Signals
1 2 3 4 5=1
1
1S2 1S3 2S1 2S2
1A
0
1A 2A
1
2A 1V2 2V
0 4 2 4 2
è 14 12 è è 14 12 è
5 3 5 3
1 1
1V1 2
1 1(3)
1S1 1S2 2S1 1S3 2S2

2 2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
0Z

Function Diagram: Overlapping Signals
1 2 3 4 5=1
1
1A
0
1
2A
0
1
1S1
0
1
1S2
0
1
1S3
0
1
2S1
0
1
2S2
0

Circuit Diagram: Roller Lever Valve with Idle Return
1 2 3 4 5=1
1
1S2 1S3 2S1 2S2
1A
0
1A 2A
1
2A 1V2 2V
0 4 2 4 2
14 12 14 12
5 3 5 3
1 1
1V1 2
1 1(3)
1S1 1S2 2S1 1S3 2S2

2 2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
0Z

Circuit Diagram: Reversing Valve
1A 1S2 1S3 2A 2S1 2S2
1V 2V
4 2 4 2
14 12 14 12
5 3 2S1 1S3 5 3
1 2 2 1
1 3 1 3
P1
P2
0V
4 2
14 12
1S2 5
1
3 2S2
2 2
1 3 1 3
1S1 2
1 3
Types of Compressor
Reciprocating piston compressor, Screw compressor Radial-flow compressor
single stage
Sliding vane compressor Axial compressor

(Rotary compressor)

Air Drying: Refridgeration Drying
Air outlet
Air inlet
Refridgerating unit
Air to air-heat exchanger
Moisture
separator
Refrigerant
Moisture separator
Refrigeration machine

Air Drying
Absorption Drying Adsorption Drying
Dry air outlet Moist air
Prefilter (oil filter)

Shut-off valve (open) Shut-off valve (closed)
Desiccant
Adsorber 1 Adsorber 2
Condensate Hot air Heater
Shut-off valve (open) Shut-off valve (closed)
Moist air Secondary filter

Condensate drain
inlet
Blower
Dry air

Compressed Air Filter
è è
Sintered filter
Condensate
Filter bowl
Drain screw

Pressure Regulating Valve with Relief Port
P1 P2 P1 P2
3
1

Compressed Air Lubricator
Regulating screw
for oil supply
Vent screw for oil
reservoir
Drip chamber
Exhaust valve
Venturi nozzle
è è
Non-return valve
Feed tube
Metal bowl guard
Oil

3/2-Way Valve: Ball Bearing Seat, Normally Closed Position
2 2
1 3 1 3
3 3
2 2
1 1

3/2-Way Valve: with Disk Seat, Normally Closed Position
2 2
1 3 1 3
2 2
3 3
1 1

3/2-Way Valve: Disk Seat, Normally Open Position
2
2
1 3
1 3
2 2
3 3
1 1

3/2-Way Single Pilot Valve, Normally Closed Position
2 2
12 12
1 3 1 3
12 12
3 3
2 2
1 1

Pilot Control
to diaphragm
from port 1

3/2-Way Roller Lever Valve, Pilot Actuated
2 2
1 3 1 3
1 3 3 1
2 2

4/2-Way Valve, Disk Seat
4 2
4 2
1 3
1 3
4 2 4 2
3 3
1 1

4/3-Way Valve, Mid-Position Closed, (flat slide valve)
4 2
1 3
3 3 3
2 4 2 4 2 4
1 1 1

5/2-Way Double Pilot Valve, Pneumatically Actuated, Both Sides
4 2
14 12
5 3
1
14 5 4 1 2 3 12
4 2
14 12
5 3
1
14 5 4 1 2 3 12

5/2-Way Double Pilot Valve, Suspended Disk Seat
4 2
4 2 14 12
5 3
1
14 5 1 3 12 4 2
4 2 14 12
5 3
1
14 5 1 3 12

5/3-Way Valve, Pneumatically Actuated, Both Sides
4 2
14 12
5
1 3
14 5 4 1 2 3 12
4 2
14 12
5 1 3
14 5 4 1 2 3 12
4 2
14 12
5 1 3
14 5 4 1 2 3 12

Dual-Pressure Valve (AND Function)
2
1 1(3)
2 2
1 1(3) 1 1(3)

Shuttle Valve (OR Function)
2
1 1(3)
2 2
1 1(3) 1 1(3)

Non-return Valve Quick Exhaust Valve
2
3 1
è è 2 è

Flow Control Valve One-Way Flow Control Valve
çè çè
è è

Supply and Exhaust Air Flow Control
1A 1A
1V1 1V2 1V1 1V2
1S 1S
4 2 4 2
5 3 5 3
1 1

Pressure Sequence Valve
2
12 1 3
3 2 1 12
Time Delay Valve, Normally Closed Position
2
12 12 12
1 3
3 3
2 2
1 1

Single-Acting Cylinder

Double-Acting Cylinder

Cylinder Construction and Types of Seal
O-Ring Shaped ring
Adjustable end Adjustable end

position cushioning Cylinder barrel position cushioning
Square ring Grooved rings on both sides
Piston seal Guide bush
Cup seal Buttoned-in groove ring seal
Seal and
scraper ring Double cup seal Supported groove rings with slide
ring
Piston Seal Bearing cap
End cap Piston rod
Cushioning piston
L-Rings

Types of Mounting

Rodless Cylinder

Swivel Drive Rotary Cylinder

The Structure of Pneumatic Systems: Working Elements

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The Structure of Pneumatic Systems: Working Elements

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The Structure of Pneumatic Systems

Signal output Control elements

Energy supply elements

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 01

1S1 1S2 1S3

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 02

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 03

– Water separator with manual actuation

– Water separator with automatic condensate drain

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 04

2/2-way valve, normally open position

3/2-way valve, normally closed position

3/2-way valve, normally open position

5/3-way valve, mid-position closed

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 05

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 06

Manual actuation – General

– Via lever with detent

– Foot pedal operated

Mechanical actuation – Stem actuated

– Roller actuated only in

Pneumatic actuation – Direct pneumatic actuation

– Indirect pneumatic actuation,

Solenoid actuation – Single-solenoid operation

Combined actuation – Double solenoid valve,

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 07

Non-return valves – Non-return valve (check valve)

– Shuttle valve (OR function)

– Dual pressure valve (AND function)

– Quick exhaust valve

– One-way flow control valve

Flow control valve – Flow control valve (throttle valve),

Pressure control – Adjustable pressure regulating valve

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 08

– Double-acting cylinder with

– Double-acting cylinder with single,

– Double-acting cylinder with single,

– Double-acting cylinder with adjustable

– Rodless cylinder with magnetic coupling

– Air motor, constant displacement,

– Air motor, variable displacement,

– Air motor, variable displacement,

– Pneumatic rotary motor

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 09

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 10

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 11

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 12

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 13

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 14

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 15

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 16

1S1 1S2 1S3

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 17

1S1 2S1 2S2 1S3 1S2

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 18

1S1 1S2 2S1 1S3 2S2

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 19

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 20

1S1 1S2 2S1 1S3 2S2

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 21

Sliding vane compressor Axial compressor

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 23

© Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. TP 101, Transparency 24