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Energy
EnergyProcedia 126
Procedia 00(201709) 147–154
(2017) 000–000
nd www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
72 Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2017, 6-8
September 2017, Lecce, Italy
72nd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2017, 6-8
September 2017, Lecce, Italy
Air-conditioning in residential buildings through absorption systems
Air-conditioning
The 15thin poweredSymposium
residential
International bybuildings
solaroncollectors.
through
District Heatingabsorption
and Cooling systems
powered
Tarsitano *, by solar collectors.
a a a
Assessing theAnnafeasibility ofDIAEE,
using
Virgilio
Sapienza, Roma,the
Ciancio
Italy heat demand-outdoor
, Massimo Coppi
a

temperature function for aSapienza,

long-term district heat demand forecast
a a a
Anna Tarsitano *, Virgilio Ciancio , Massimo Coppi
a
DIAEE, Roma, Italy
Abstract
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
Abstract
Over the past years, the scientific community has been exploring alternative solutions to the fossil fuels used for
a
IN+air-conditioning.
indoor Center for Innovation,
TheTechnology
solution andhere
Policy Research - Instituto
suggested is formed Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco
by absorption Pais 1,powered
machines 1049-001 by
Lisbon, Portugal
solar panels
b
Over to
used theair-condition
past
c
years, the scientific
Veolia
small community
Recherche
residential has
& Innovation,
buildings. been exploring
291 Avenue
The study alternative
Dreyfous
examined Daniel,
a solutions
78520
small to
Limay, France
residential the fossil
building fuels
and used for
evaluated
Département Systèmes
indoor air-conditioning. The Énergétiques et Environnement -formed
IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfredmachines
Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
energy savings, reduction of solution
CO 2 and here
the suggested
return on is
investment by absorption
compared to a traditionalpowered by
solution. solar
The panels
results
used to air-condition
obtained small residential
might be considered as validbuildings.
since the Theheatstudy
used examined
was provideda small
by residential
a free energy building
sourceandwith
evaluated
a low
energy savings,impact,
environmental reduction
devoidof of
COCO2 and the return on investment compared to a traditional solution. The results
2 emissions.
obtained
Abstract might be considered as valid since the heat used was provided by a free energy source with a low
environmental impact, devoid of CO2 emissions.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
©District heating
2017 The networks
Authors. are commonly
Published by Elsevier addressed
Ltd. in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the
nd
Peer-review under
greenhouse under responsibility
gas emissions from ofof the
thethe scientific
building committee
sector. These ofsystems Conference
of the 72require of the Italian
high investments Thermal
which Machines Engineering
are returned
Peer-review responsibility scientific committee the 72nd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machinesthrough the heat
Engineering
©sales.
2017 Due
The Authors.
Association. to the Published
changed by Elsevier
climate Ltd. and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
conditions
Association nd
Peer-review
prolonging under responsibility
the investment the scientific committee of the 72 Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering
returnofperiod.
Association.
Keywords:
The main scope of this paper is to assesschillers;
absorption heat pumps; absorption solar collectors;
the feasibility of usingairthe
conditioning;
heat demandNearly Zero Energy
– outdoor Building;function
temperature reducing for
emissions.
heat demand
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
Keywords:
buildingsabsorption
that varyheat pumps;
in both absorption chillers;
construction periodsolar
andcollectors;
typology.airThree
conditioning;
weatherNearly Zero Energy
scenarios (low, Building;
medium,reducing emissions.
high) and three district
1.renovation
Introduction
scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
1.The
Introduction
Over theshowed
results past few thatyears
whenthe demand
only weatherofchange
air-conditioning
is considered,intheresidential
margin ofbuildings
error couldhasbe been increasing,
acceptable for somein applications
particular
in theerror
(the in annual
developed demand was
countries [1]. lower than 20%
Traditional for all weathersystems
air-conditioning scenariosareconsidered). However,byafter
usually powered introducing
electrical energyrenovation
[2-4],
Over the
scenarios, thepast few
error years
value the
increaseddemand
up to of air-conditioning
59.5% (depending on in
theresidential
weather andbuildings
renovation has
this is why the energy demand is higher. 50% of the energy consumptions in the residential sector [5,6] depends on been
scenariosincreasing,
combination in particular
considered).
inThe
thevalue
developed
of slope
air-conditioning countries
systems and[1].
coefficient Traditional
increased
affects 12% on of air-conditioning
average within
the total the systems
energy range of are
3.8%usually
consumptions powered
upoftothe
8% by[7-9].
per decade,
Country electrical
that energy might
corresponds
This growth [2-4],
to the
decrease
this is whyin the
the energy
number demand
of heatingishours of 22-139h
higher. 50% of the during the heating
energy season (depending
consumptions on the combination
in the residential sector [5,6]ofdepends
weather and
on
renovation scenarios
air-conditioning considered).
systems On the
and affects 12% other
of hand, function
the total energyintercept increased of
consumptions forthe
7.8-12.7%
Countryper decade
[7-9]. (depending
This on the
growth might
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +390644585661; fax: +390644585661.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
E-mail address: virgilio.ciancio@uniroma1.it
Cooling.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +390644585661; fax: +390644585661.
E-mail address:
1876-6102 virgilio.ciancio@uniroma1.it
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords: Heat
Peer-review demand;
under Forecast; Climate
responsibility change committee of the 72 nd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering
of the scientific
Association.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 72 nd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering
Association.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 72nd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.134
148 Anna Tarsitano et al. / Energy Procedia 126 (201709) 147–154
2 Anna Tarsitano/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

be controlled if we had a decrease in the electrical energy with a corresponding increase in the exertion of renewable
sources [10-12].
In the summer, it is necessary to cool the environment because of the presence, during the day, of a high solar
radiation, hence it might be useful to plan a system able to cool houses without any expenses, by using a renewable
energy, as the sun. Nowadays the decision to power air-conditioning systems [13,14] through the energy generated
using photovoltaics panels is too expensive, due to high installation costs [15,16].
The solution here suggested needs a system formed by absorption machines requiring a thermal energy source to
function, in this case solar collectors. The system presents one machine with a heat transformer and an absorption
refrigeration machine [17-19] powered by solar collectors. The heat transformer allows to increase the temperature
of the heat taken from the collectors to improve the efficiency of the refrigeration machine (Fig.1).
Such combination might be a valid solution because it exploits the heat generated through a free energy source,
that is the sun, with a low environmental impact devoid of any CO2 emissions.

Nomenclature

A absorber;
AR absorption refrigerator;
C condenser;
E evaporator;
G generator;
HT heat transformer;
R refrigerator fluid (H2O);
S solution = refrigerator fluid (H2O) + absorbent salt (LiBr).
TA temperature absorber;
TC temperature condenser;
TE temperature evaporator;
TG temperature generator;
P pressure;
x concentration of fluid;
g mass flow;
( ) refrigerator transformation heat;
( ) differential heat of solution;
m gs/gr;
specific heat of the solution;
specific heat of the refrigerator;
solution pump work;
refrigerator pump work;
v vapor
l liquid

2. The system suggested

The solution here suggested is formed by evacuated tube solar collectors powering a heat transformer and an
absorption refrigeration machine. The heat transformer, powered by solar collectors, while increasing the
temperature of the fluid, improves the efficiency of the absorption refrigeration machine which in turn powers the
air-conditioning system. The evacuated tube solar collectors allow to have higher temperatures than traditional glass
panels. The temperature of the fluid in output was set to 75°C.
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 report the diagram of the system suggested and the functioning conditions of each component
of the machine. The absorption systems work with water and lithium bromide.
 Anna Tarsitano et al. / Energy Procedia 126 (201709) 147–154 149
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 3

Fig. 1. Functional diagram of the air-conditioning system during the summer in low density residential buildings located in hot climates.

Fig. 2. Functioning conditions of each component of the machine here suggested.

The heat transformer is a machine whose functioning conditions depend on the chemical-physical properties of
some absorbent-refrigerant solutions. While functioning the heat Q will be transferred from a temperature T1 to a
temperature T2 (T2>T1). In the system suggested it collects thermal energy from the solar collectors and increases
the energy quality (hence the temperature) of part of the heat provided by the absorber “AHT”. In this way, it is
possible to power an absorption refrigeration machine that otherwise it would have not functioned if it was directly
powered by the collectors. The coefficient of performance of a heat transformer, that is the ratio between the thermal
output of the absorber and the total energy provided to the machine, is:

(1)

where:
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) (2)

( ) ( ) ( ) (3)

( ) ( ) ( ) (4)
4
150 Anna Tarsitano/
Anna TarsitanoEnergy
et al. / Procedia 00 (2017)
Energy Procedia 126000–000
(201709) 147–154

( )
(5)

( )
(6)

For what concerns the air-conditioning in the building, the heat transformer will be connected to an absorption
refrigeration machine. As the heat transformer, the machine exploits the thermo-physical properties of an absorbent-
refrigerant solution, though presenting a different configuration of its components; this allows the refrigeration of
the thermal vector fluid of the hydronic system of the building. The heat with a high temperature will be transferred
from the absorber “ATC” of the heat transformer to the generator “GMF” of the refrigeration machine. Thanks to the
energy provided, it is possible to have through the evaporator “EMF” cold water whose temperatures are compatible
with the cooling of domestic environments, realising degraded heat (with room temperature) into both the condenser
“CMF” and the absorber “AMF”. Through the evaporator of the refrigeration machine “EMF” the refrigerated fluid will
be provided to a hydronic system which guarantees the air-conditioning in the building when it is hot.
The coefficient of performance of an absorption refrigeration machine, that is the ratio between the thermal
output of the evaporator and the overall energy provided to the machine, is:

(7)

where:
( ) ( ) (8)

( ) ( ) ⌊ ( ) ⌋ ( ) (9)

( )
(10)

It was assumed a difference of 5°C for every heat exchanger used among the components of the system here
suggested. The system examined requires electrical energy just for the circulator pumps to make the fluids flow into
the system.
The configuration of the system can be easily applied in those environments characterized by a good solar
radiation during the summer and in all those urban contexts where the population lives in low density houses with
outdoor environments able to have solar collectors. Moreover, to have an efficient system the heat fluxes exchanged
between the building and the outside must decrease, in this way the thermal power of the system will be reduced.
This is possible if the building is properly planned while complying with the transmittance set by the regulations.
In this study, to evaluate the feasibility of the system suggested, the energy required for the cooling of small
single family buildings (located in the north, center and south of Italy with different climatic conditions) was
examined keeping in mind the current regulations [20].

3. Examined scenarios

In a previous study three low-density residential buildings were examined, they presented the same walkable
surface and volume, though with a different S/V (ratio dispersion surface/air-conditioned volume) [21]. This study
stressed that the building with the highest level of dispersion is the one with a ratio of the S/V of 0.82 m2/m3, hence
this residential building was analyzed with a walkable surface of 112 m2 and a volume of 384 m3. The structure
examined presented two communicating levels through an inside staircase and it was formed by: one living room,
one kitchen, 2 bedrooms and 3 bathrooms. The building was set right on the ground isolated through an aired crawl
 Anna Tarsitano et al. / Energy Procedia 126 (201709) 147–154 151
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 5

space. The solar collectors were installed on the upper terrace. The number of glass surfaces characterizing the
Northern side of the structure are reduced with respect to the Western and Eastern with a higher number of glass
surfaces, as showed in Fig. 3.
The wall construction packages together with doors and windows complied with the thermal transmittance set by
the current Italian regulations [20]: 0.23 Wm-2K-1 for the vertical walls; 0.22 Wm-2K-1 for the outwards horizontal
slab; 0.27 Wm-2K-1 for the ground floor slabs and 1.40 Wm-2K-1 for glass surfaces.

Fig. 3. Geometric characteristics and planimetries assumed for the house examined on 2 communicating levels through an interior staircase.

Through the software TRNSYS [22] the thermal loads in a transient regime during a sample year were
examined, with respect to the outdoor climatic conditions. Different Italian cities as Rome, Palermo, Milan, Pisa,
Naples were examined, since they present different climatic conditions but we analyzed the building with the same
transmittances. The maximum power required to cool the building according to the city considered was thus
analyzed; the inside temperature was set to 26°C (Table 2).

4. Dimensioning of the components of the system and the area of the solar collectors.

The system was dimensioned while taking into consideration the maximum thermal power required to cool the
indoor environment. In particular, it was possible to determine the maximum thermal power exchanged among the
different parts forming the heat transformer (HT) and the absorption refrigeration machine (ARM). Moreover, the
surface of the solar panels was also dimensioned together with the volume of the storage system during summer
(April - October).
Tab. 1 reports briefly the planning specifications concerning the HT, AR and solar collectors.

Table 1. Solar tube collectors area necessary to cool the buildings during the summer in each city examined, volume of the storage system and
thermal power of the components of the heat transformer and absorption refrigeration machine.

Absorption refrigeration
Heat transformer
machine
Solar Volume of Power of Power of Power of
Maximum Power of the Power of the
collectors area the storage the the the
City thermal power generator evaporator
system generator evaporator absorber
[kW] m2 m3 [kW] [kW] [kW] [kW] [kW]
Milan 1.81 4.7 0.55 2.05 1.81 2.09 2.06 2.05
Naples 2.17 3.85 0.2 2.45 2.17 2.51 2.47 2.45
Palermo 2.18 3.25 0.2 2.47 2.18 2.52 2.49 2.47
Pisa 2.01 3.5 0.25 2.27 2.01 2.42 2.29 2.27
Rome 2.00 3.45 0.2 2.26 2.00 2.31 2.28 2.26

5. Energy analysis of the system according to different climatic conditions

The energy required to cool an environment considered was examined thanks to the annual simulations in a
dynamic regime. It was evaluated the amount of electrical energy necessary if a heat pump had to cool the indoor
environment (Table 2) with a variable COP according to the temperatures of the condenser.
6 Anna Tarsitano/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
152 Anna Tarsitano et al. / Energy Procedia 126 (201709) 147–154

Table 2. Annual CO2 non-emitted in the environment in the case study, annual thermal energy required by the building and annual electrical
energy consumed.
Carbon dioxide Ebuilding Eelectric
City
tonne/year [kWh/year] [kWh/year]
Milan 0.18 1,525.9 508.6
Naples 0.44 4,081.3 1,236.7
Palermo 0.6 5,818.1 1,711.2
Pisa 0.31 2,751.7 887.6
Rome 0.36 3293.5 1029.2

In order to estimate the amount of carbon dioxide and other gases damaging the environment, it was used the
emission coefficient (mass of CO2 for every kWh consumed); such coefficient, in Italy, is 0.3524 kgCO2/kWh [24-
26]. Table 2 reports the amount of gas that, thanks to the system suggested, was not emitted into the atmosphere,
since traditional systems powered by electrical energy were not installed.

6. Economic feasibility: installation and energy costs

The commercial price of the system suggested depends on the price of the solar collectors and in particular on the
price of the machine formed by the combination of the heat transformer and the absorption refrigeration machine
once it will be available on the market.
After the quantification of the investment cost, it can be assessed the return on the investment of the different
system solutions:
 Solution (A): exertion of a compressor heat pump powered by electricity:
 Solution (B): exertion of the solution here suggested.
In order to be able to compare these systems, it was taken as a reference point the costs of the low-voltage
electrical energy (€/kWh) according to the national markets [27-29] (Italy: 0,1 €/kWh) together with the cost of the
devices and the labour according to the official regional price list [30].
For what concerns solution (a) it was used an autonomous multisplit air-conditioning unit characterized by a
highly efficient rotary hermetic compressor, thermal exchange battery and helicoidal fan. The cost of the functioning
system is 4,400.00 €, this price includes installation costs and does not take into consideration exertion costs
determined by the electrical energy used.

Fig. 4. Payback periods of the investments in solutions (A) with respect to solution (B).
 Anna Tarsitano et al. / Energy Procedia 126 (201709) 147–154 153
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 7

For what concerns solution (b) the cost of the solar collectors together with the storage system (including
installation costs) were evaluated. A maximum cost of the machinery here suggested was assessed. The cost of the
solar collectors and their installation, while considering the regional price list [30], is 650 €/m2. On the other hand,
for the storage, the regional price list reports 3,11 €/liters. The machine here suggested, formed by a heat
transformer and an absorption refrigeration machine, not being on the market, was assumed to have a maximum cost
of 5,000 €. For both solutions, the cost of the distribution system inside the building was not estimated.
The return on investment is reported in Fig. 4. The solution can be considered advantageous if the return on
investment, with respect to a traditional system, does not exceed 20 years.
While observing Fig.4 it can be noticed that it is not possible to have an amortization of the solution (b) in every
city examined. In Milan, whose climatic zone is E [23], the solution suggested is not advantageous because the
amortization period exceeds 20 years.
Solution (b), though presenting higher installation costs than solution (a), during the exertion does not present
extra energy expenses, since it exploits the solar energy to make them function. They do not depend on the national
electrical grid being a zero-carbon dioxide emissions solution.

7. Conclusions

The solution suggested, in order to achieve a thermal comfort in low-density residential buildings, without weighing
on the exhaustible energy sources, is characterized by absorption machines exploiting absorbent-refrigerant
solutions (H2O and LiBr) for the refrigerant production (absorption refrigeration machines) or to ennoble, thermally
speaking, part of the energy they use (heat exchangers). This study suggests a machine that thanks to the
combination of these characteristics can exploit the solar heat to air-condition small residential buildings.
What has been showed was the possibility to have a proper powering system, through solar collectors and storage
systems, of these thermal machines. It was assessed the annual energy demand in different Italian cities (Rome,
Palermo, Milan, Pisa and Naples) together with the amount of non-emitted carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
thanks to the solution here suggested. This solution was then compared (in terms of installation costs and return on
investment of the higher expense due to their realization) with a traditional solution formed by a heat pump powered
by the national electrical grid.
If it was assumed a price of about 5,000 euro for the installation of the machine suggested (it is not available on
the market), it can be noticed that the return on investment is almost for every city less than 14 years. Milan, whose
climatic zone is E according to the current regulations [23], reports a return on investment exceeding 30 years. It can
be stated that the solution here examined can be advantageous for the following climatic zones: A, B, C and D. If
future scenarios will present lower realization costs with an increase in the value of the electrical energy, such
solution might become even more interesting in those areas where nowadays it is not advantageous. While
functioning, the system does not emit greenhouse gases, hence it complies with the recent international agreements
about climate.
Future scenarios might extend this study to the functioning of the system during winter while using heat
exchangers to increase the temperature of the fluid provided by solar collectors to power a heating system [31-33].

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