POLARIZATION OF ANTENNAS

Carlos Damian 769

Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo
Ingenierı́a Electrónica en Telecomunicaciones y Redes
Ecuador, Chimborazo, Riobamba 593 (03) 2998-200
October 25, 2016

Abstract— In this paper the different types

of antenna polarization are presented, using
the tools of signal processing software MatLab
R2015a. The proposed program shows different
polarizations generated depending on the phase
and amplitude of each of the two signals entering.
The program also shows the graph of each signal
with the values that are entered and displays the
resulting graph of the polarization which can be
linear, circular or elliptical.
Index Terms— Polarization, Antennas, MatLab,
Signals.

I. INTRODUCTION Figure 2. Rotation of wave.

II. LINEAR, CIRCULAR, AND ELLIPTICAL

The polarization of an antenna is not more than the POLARIZATIONS
orientation of the electric field radiating from it. A lin-
early polarized antenna may be (generally hoizontal or The instantaneous field of a plane wave, traveling in the
verticalmeme, assuming that the antenna elements are in negative z direction, can be written as:
a horizontal plane or vertical), elliptically or circularly.
If an antenna radiates a vertically polarized electromag-
ReEθ = |Eoθ |Cos(ωt − βz − αθ)
netic wave. is defined polarized antenna poured commun
(or vertically polarized) cally. If an antenna radiates a ReEφ = |Eoφ |Cos(ωt − βz − αφ)
horizontally polarized electromagnetic wave, it is said
that the antenna is horizontally polarized; if the electric A. Linear Polarization
field rotates describing an ellipse elliptically polarized it For the wave to have linear polarization, the time-phase
is; if the electric field rotates in a circular motion, it is difference between the two components must be:
circularly polarized. Fig. 1 shows the various polariza-
tions just described [1]. |Eoθ | = |Eoφ |

αθ = αφ

Then the difference between phases must be either a mul-

Figure 1. Antenna polarizations: (a) linear,
(b)elliptical, (c) circular.
tiple of π
αθ − αφ = nπ, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
B. Circular Polarization
Circular polarization can be achieved only when the mag-
nitudes of the two components are the same and the time-
phase difference between them is odd multiples of π/2.
|Eoθ | = |Eoφ |

Polarization then is the curve traced by the end point of αθ 6= αφ

the arrow (vector) representing the instantaneous elec-
Then the difference between phases must be either a mul-
tric field. The field must be observed along the direction
tiple of π/2
of propagation. A typical trace as a function of time is
shown in Figures 2. αθ − αφ = nπ/2, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...

1
 C. Elliptical Polarization
Elliptical polarization can be attained only when the
time-phase difference between the two components is odd
multiples of π/2 and their magnitudes are not the same
or when the time-phase difference between the two com-
ponents is not equal to multiples of π/2 (irrespective of
their magnitudes).
|Eoθ | =
6 |Eoφ |
αθ 6= αφ
Figure 5. Resulting Graphic of a Linear Polarization.
Then the difference between phases must not be either a
multiple of π/2
αθ − αφ 6= nπ/2, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
III. PROGRAM DEVELOPMEMENT
The program was developed using the tools of signal
processing matlab offers. The program was designed us-
ing matlab GUIDE option which helps us create a graph-
ical interface for better presentation. The program has
two windows, the first window shows a cover of the pro-
gram:
Figure 6. Resulting Graphic of a Circular Polarization.

Figure 3. First Window: Cover.

By clicking on the Continue button leads to another
Windows that where the program interface itself is dis-
played:
Figure 4. Program Interface.
This is where we enter the values of the parameters
of each component of the wave, defining its module and
phase, the frequency of the wave is also entered. With
these data it proceeds to plot each component and the
resultant polarization separately. Depending on the pa-
rameters that are entered in the program generate the
graph to indicate the type of polarization that is gotten:
Figure 7. Resulting Graphic of a Elliptical
Polarization.
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• The equations of the wave components in each case
unchanged polarization, so it is possible to use the
same equations in all processes.
• The value of the frequency of the wave does not in-
tervene in the graph resulting from the polarization
but if the individual graphs of the components
• It should be noted that the values of the phases of
the components are entered in radians as matlab
works in this format.
References
[1] W. Tomasi, “Antenas y Guias de Onda ”, in Sis-
temas de Comunicaciones Electrónicas, G. Tru-
jano,Pearson Mexico: Mexico, 2003, pp.382
[2] C. Balanis,“Fundamental Parameters of Antennas ”,
in Antenna Theory: Anaysis and Design, Canada,
2005, pp. 70-78