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H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Land Surveying
Introduction
• Geodetic datums define the reference systems
that describe the size and shape of the earth
• Datums have evolved from a spherical earth
to ellipsoidal models
• Modern geodetic datums range from flat earth
models (used in plane surveying) to complex
models that completely describe the size,
shape, orientation, gravity field and velocity of
the earth
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Major application fields
u Surveying
u Mapping
u Navigation
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
The shape of the Earth - History
v an oyster
(the Babylonians before 3000 B.C.)
va circular disk
(early antiquity; approximately 5 – 300 B.C. but this concept
survived till the 19th century)
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
The shape of the Earth
u The surface of the Earth is irregular and
continuously changing in shape due to
irregularities in mass distribution inside the
earth.
u The Earth has a “potato-like” shape
u The Earth as a Geoid
u It is the earth surface resulting if:
v no topography would exist
v oceans would cover the whole earth
v the resulting water surface is
only affected by gravity forces
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
The Geoid and the vertical datum continued
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Why coordinate systems & Datums
v Integration of data from different sources
v Combining national and global data sets
v Use of satellite positioning technology (e.g. GPS)
v GIS users need to understand basic concepts and
terminology of Coordinate systems
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Geometric Earth models
• Flat models
– Used in plane surveying
– Earth curvature ignored
– Applicable short distances of less 10 km
• Spherical models
– Represents with a sphere of a specific radius
– Used for short range navigation and global distance
estimation
– Fail to accurately model the earth due to polar flattening
• Ellipsoidal earth models
– Model the earth accurately over long distance
– Adopted for national mapping throughout the world
– GPS use these models to compute positions on the earth
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Reference Ellipsoids & Horizontal Datums
u Usually defined by equatorial radius and
flattening(the relationship between equatorial
and polar radii)
u semi-minor axis (polar radius) and
eccentricity can computed from these terms.
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Ellipsoidal parametres
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Reference Ellipsoids
Reference
ellipsoid for
Zambia
Reference
ellipsoid for GPS
measurements
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Earth surfaces
Topographic surface
Ellipsoid surface
Geoid surface
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Global coordinate systems
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Geographic coordinate system
60˚E, 55˚N
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Geocentric Coordinates
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Geodetic datums
u Reference model of earth designed to best fit the
geoid
u Datum is defined by the shape and size of the
ellipsoid and its location relative to the centre of the
earth or a point on the earth surface
u Datums include
v Horizontal datum, Vertical datum and Compete datums
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Reference datums
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Geodetic Datums
Reference
datum for
Zambia
Reference datum
for GPS
measurements
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Datum shifts
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Datum conversion
u Datum conversions are accomplished thru
two many ways:
v Three parameter conversion
üUses three offsets between two datums
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Map projections
u Mathematical formulae used to convert
locations from a 3D sphere to 2D maps
u Representing an area of the 3D earth on 2D map
results in distortions
u One of the following will always be distorted
v Area, distance, direction, or shape
üType of projection used depends on the intended use of map
and which features are to be preserved
üSmall scale maps have larger distortions than large scale
maps
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Map projection
Transforming each point on the surface with geographical
coordinates (φ, λ) to Cartesian coordinates (x, y) representing
the same position on the map
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Projection class
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
Projection
u A systematic Transverse Mercator projection
v Covering the entire world
v Used by USGS topographic maps since 1950s.
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
UTM Zones Around World
u Each zone has 6°, 60 zones around world. First zone
is180°W - 174°W; central meridian is 177°W
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
UTM Zone Details
u Each Zone is 6 degrees wide (84ºN to 80ºS).
v Origin at the Equator, 500,000m west of the zone
central Meridian
v Coordinates discontinuous across zone boundaries
v Coordinates are always positive (10,000,000 offset for
South Zones)
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying
Datums
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Introduction Land Surveying