Tirunelveli Medical College

QUESTION BANK
BY CLARENDONZ’16

I MBBS
TVMC CLARENZ’16

POINTS TO BE NOTED :
1. This Question bank is meant for the students
under TN Dr. MGR Medical university.
2. Important questions from all chapters have been
covered.
3. Astreiks have been given at the end of each
questions to know the degree of importance.

******* ALL THE BEST *******

TVMC CLARENZ’16

ANATOMY PAPER – I
GENERAL ANATOMY :
SHORT NOTES :
1. Sesamoid bone **
2. Blood supply of long bone ***
3. Types of joints with examples **
4. Pivot joint *
5. Typical synovial joint *
6. Cartilaginous joint *
7. Syndesmosis *
SHORT ANSWERS :
1. Name the sesamoid bones
2. Name the types of epiphysis of fibula at both ends *
3. Types of epiphysis with examples

UPPER LIMB :
ESSAY :
1. Breast – Location, Structure, Bed structures, Blood supply, Lymphatic
drainage, Clinical anatomy ***
2. Brachial Plexus – Formation, Variation (pre and post fixed), Branches,
Applied anatomy ****
3. Shoulder joint – Type, articulating surfaces, relations ligaments, muscles
producing movements, Applied anatomy ***
4. Axillary artery – Formation, course, parts, branches, applied anatomy **
5. Median Nerve – Formation, course, branches, applied anatomy *
6. Radial Nerve – Formation, course, branches, applied anatomy *
TVMC CLARENZ’16
SHORT NOTES :
1. Clavipectoral fascia **
2. Lymphatic drainage of breast ***
3. Boundaries and contents of Axilla *
4. Axillary lymph nodes **
5. Clinical Anatomy of Brachial Plexus **
6. Deltoid and structure undercover of deltoid *
7. Subscapular spaces / intermuscular spaces in scapular region **
8. Axillary nerve *
9. Brachial Artery **
10. Cutaneous innervation of hand *
11. Cephalic vein **
12. Anastomoses around scapula **
13. Anastomoses around elbow **
14. Boundaries and Contents of Cubital Fossa ***
15. Radial Nerve in spiral groove *
16. Elbow joint **
17. Superior radio ulnar joint *
18. Intrinsic muscles of Hand **
19. Flexor retinaculum **
20. Ulnar Nerve in Hand ***
21. Median Nerve in Hand ***
22. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ***
23. Palmar spaces (Mid palmar space and Thenar space) ***
24. Surgical anatomy of palmar spaces of Hand *
25. Wrist joint *
26. Carpometacarpal joint of thumb**
TVMC CLARENZ’16
SHORT ANSWERS :
1. Lower end of humerus
2. Supra condylar fracture **
3. Volkmann’s ischemic contracture **
4. Colle’s fracture ***
5. Name the carpal bones
6. Structures piercing clavipectoral fascia ***
7. Nerves related to humerus **
8. Winging of scapula **
9. Name the contents of Axilla **
10. Erb’s point *
11. Porter’s tip deformity *
12. Triangle of auscultation **
13. Lumbar triangle of Petit *
14. Name the muscles forming Rotator cuff / Codman’s cuff **
15. Muscles supplied by axillary nerve *
16. Scapulohumeral rhythm*
17. Name the superficial veins of upper limb and their fate **
18. Biceps brachii *
19. Brachialis *
20. Muscles supplied by musculocutaneous nerve **
21. Profunda brachii artery **
22. Branches of radial nerve in spiral groove ***
23. Supinator **
24. Pronation and Supination **
25. Action and innervation of lumbricals
26. Extensor expansion of hand *
TVMC CLARENZ’16
27. Forearm space of Parona **
28. Thenar muscles, Hypothenar muscles – Nerve supply & Action **
29. Superficial palmar arch ***
30. Brachioradialis
31. Abductors of wrist joint **
32. Palmaris brevis **
33. Anterior interosseous artery **
34. Carrying angle *
35. Tennis elbow, golfer’s elbow, student’s elbow **
36. Anatomical Snuff box **
37. Wrist drop, Saturday night palsy, Benett’s fracture **

LOWER LIMB :
I. ESSAY :
1. Femoral triangle – Boundaries, contents, femoral sheath, applied aspects **
2. Great saphenous vein – Formation, course, relation, tributaries, perforators,
termination, clinical anatomy ***
3. Sciatic Nerve – Formation, root value, course, relations, branches, applied **
4. Bony Arches of Foot – types, bones forming, structure, applied anatomy ****
5. Hip joint – type, bones forming, ligaments, relations, muscle producing
movements, applied anatomy ****
6. Knee joint – type, bones forming, ligaments, relations, movements, applied
anatomy *

SHORT NOTES :
1. Cutaneous innervation of front of thigh **
2. Ilio tibial tract **
3. Femoral sheath **
TVMC CLARENZ’16
4. Femoral canal and femoral ring **
5. Adductor’s Canal ***
6. Femoral artery **
7. Femoral Nerve *
8. Obturator nerve ***
9. Structures undercover of gluteus maximus **
10. Popliteal Fossa ***
11. Anastomoses around Knee **
12. Hamstring compartment of thigh ***
13. Cutaneous supply of foot **
14. Extensor retinacula of leg **
15. Peroneal retinaculum *
16. Peroneal artery **
17. Dorsalis pedis artery ***
18. Deep peroneal nerve **
19. Abductors of hip joint **
20. Cruciate ligaments of knee joint **
21. Locking and unlocking mechanism of knee joint *
22. Menisci of knee joint **
23. Inguinal lymph nodes **
24. Sub talar joints **
25. Medial longitudinal arch ***
26. Ankle joint **

III. SHORT ANSWERS :

1. Name the tarsal bones *
2. Name the SPIN PIN structures ***
TVMC CLARENZ’16
3. Name the nerves forming patellar plexus **
4. Name the bursae around knee joint and their clinical anatomy **
5. Saphenous opening / Fossa ovalis **
6. Boundaries of femoral ring **
7. Femoral hernia ***
8. Meralgia paraesthetica *
9. Name the quadriceps femoris muscles ***
10. Subsartorial plexus ****
11. Muscles attached to ilio tibial tract
12. Gracilis **
13. Hybrid muscles of lower limb ***
14. Muscles supplied by obturator nerve **
15. Cutaneous supply of gluteal region *
16. Trendelenburg’s sign *
17. Cruciate anastomoses **
18. Trochanteric anastomoses **
19. Foot drop ****
20. Criteria for Hamstring muscles ****
21. Branches of sciatic nerve **
22. Popliteus muscle **
23. Soleus **
24. Triceps surae *
25. Muscles in each layer of foot with nerve supply ***
26. Lateral rotators of thigh / hip joint **
27. Name the ligaments of knee joint ****
28. Structures piercing oblique popliteal ligament *
29. Inversion and eversion of foot **
TVMC CLARENZ’16
30. Anserine bursa **
31. Freshman’s nerve *
32. Shenton’s line **
33. Shoe maker’s line **
34. Talipes calcaneus, Talipus equinus, Talipus valgus, Talipus varus **
35. Club foot *
36. Claw foot *

ABDOMEN AND PELVIS :

ESSAY :
1. Inguinal Canal – definition, boundaries, contents and surgical anatomy ***
2. Testis – External features, coverings, structure, Blood supply, lymphatic
drainage, histology, development, applied anatomy **
3. Stomach – Presenting parts, Relations, blood supply, lymphatic drainage,
Interior of stomach, microscopic anatomy, applied aspects ****
4. Duodenum – Parts, relations, blood supply, Histology *
5. Portal Vein – Formation, Course, Relation, Branches, Termination,
Tributaries, Sites of Porto-caval anastomoses, Applied anatomy *****
6. Extra hepatic Biliary Apparatus – Parts, relations, Blood supply, Applied **
7. Pancreas – Presenting parts, relations, blood supply, Duct system,
microscopic anatomy, development, clinical anatomy ***
8. Urinary Bladder – Parts, Relations, Ligaments, Interior, Nerve supply, Blood
supply, Histology, Applied anatomy ***
9. Male urethra – Parts, Features in each part, Blood supply, Applied *
10. Uterus – Measurements, Position, Parts, relations, supports of uterus, Blood
supply, Lymphatic drainage, Microscopic anatomy, Applied aspects *****
11. Prostate – Parts, coverings, structures traversing, Lobes, zones, applied ***
12. Anal Canal – Extent, Relation, Interior features, Blood supply, applied **
TVMC CLARENZ’16
II. SHORT NOTES :
1. Umbilicus **
2. Internal oblique muscle
3. Rectus sheath ***
4. Inguinal canal ****
5. Inguinal Hernia ****
6. Descent of testis **
7. Blood supply and lymphatic drainage of testis **
8. Mesentry *
9. Lesser Sac / Omental bursa ***
10. Hepato Renal Pouch of Morrison ***
11. Blood supply and Lymphatic drainage of stomach **
12. Histology of stomach ***
13. Second Part of Duodenum **
14. Appendix ***
15. Meckel’s Diverticulum **
16. Superior Mesentric Artery *
17. Inferior Mesentric Artery **
18. Porto caval Anastomoses ****
19. Gall Bladder **
20. Inferior surface of liver *
21. Ligaments of Liver **
22. Structure of kidney **
23. Relations of ureter *
24. Openings of Diaphragm **
25. Ischio anal fossa and its clinical anatomy ***
26. Perineal Pouches and its contents****
TVMC CLARENZ’16
27. Pudendal canal **
28. Pudendal Nerve ***
29. Internal pudendal artery *
30. Ligaments of bladder **
31. Supports of Uterus ***
32. Blood supply of rectum **
33. Internal Iliac Artery **
34. Lumbar Plexus **
35. Thoraco lumbar fascia
36. Coeliac trunk *

III. SHORT ANSWERS :

1. Triangle of Marcille *
2. Inguinal Ligament
3. Transpyloric plane of Addison ***
4. Muscles within rectus sheath **
5. Contents of spermatic cord ***
6. Cryptorchidism **
7. Name the coverings of testis **
8. Policeman of abdomen **
9. Structures in the free border of lesser omentum **
10. Structures crossed by mesentry **
11. Epiploic foramen / Foramen of winslow ***
12. Pouch of Douglas ****
13. Stomach bed ***
14. Interior of 2nd part of duodenum ***
15. Ligament of Treitz ***
TVMC CLARENZ’16
16. Meckel’s diverticulum **
17. Differences between jejunum and ileum **
18. Cardinal features of large intestine **
19. Taenia coli **
20. Positions of Appendix ***
21. Arteries supply of transverse colon *
22. Marginal artery of Drummond **
23. Calot’s Triangle ***
24. Hesselbach’s Triangle ***
25. Clinical angle of spleen ***
26. Head of pancreas *
27. Vascular segments of liver **
28. Bare area of liver ***
29. Ligaments of spleen **
30. Relations of Kidney **
31. Hilum of spleen, Kidney ***
32. Coverings of kidney **
33. Renal angle **
34. Horse shoe kidney ***
35. Blood supply of suprarenal gland ***
36. Perineal body **
37. Pelvic diaphragm **
38. Types of Bony pelvis *
39. Trigone of bladder **
40. Name the parts of male urethra *
41. Ovarian Fossa **
42. Parts of Fallopian tube **
TVMC CLARENZ’16
43. Broad ligament of Uterus ****
44. Round ligament of Uterus *
45. Lobes of prostate *
46. Age changes in prostate **
47. Positions of Haemorrhoids ***
48. Morrison’s Parallelogram **

ANATOMY PAPER – II
THORAX
I. ESSAY :
1. Typical Intercostal Nerve – Formation, course, branches, applied anatomy **
2. Typical Intercostal Space *
3. Lungs – Presenting parts, Fissures and lobes, Relations, Blood supply,
Broncho pulmonary segments, Applied aspects ****
4. Oesophagus – Level of origin, Parts and relations, constrictions, Microscopy,
development, applied anatomy **
5. Interior of Right Atrium and its development ****
6. Blood supply of Heart *****
7. Arch of Aorta – Extent, relations, branches, histology *

II. SHORT NOTES :

1. Typical Intercostal Nerve ***
2. Internal Thoracic artery ***
3. Azygos Vein **
4. Pleural recesses ***
5. Mediastinal surface of Right Lung ***
6. Mediastinal surface of Left Lung ***
7. Broncho pulmonary segments ***
TVMC CLARENZ’16
8. Posterior Mediastinum **
9. Superior Mediastinum *
10. Pericardial sinuses ***
11. Interior of right atrium ****
12. Interventricular septum *
13. Right Coronary Artery ***
14. Coronary sinus **
15. Cardiac Plexuses **
16. Brachiocephalic vein
17. Trachea **
18. Thoracic duct **

III. SHORT ANSWERS

1. Sternal Angle / Events at T4 level ****
2. Sibson’s Fascia / Supra pleural membrane **
3. Thoracic inlet – boundaries *
4. Posterior intercostal veins **
5. Splanchnic nerves of thorax ***
6. Applied anatomy of pleura **
7. Parts of Parietal pleura **
8. Differences b/w right and left lung **
9. Oblique fissure **
10. Subdivisions of mediastinum ***
11. Fibrous Pericardium ***
12. Tributaries of coronary sinus **
13. Triangle of Koch ***
14. Moderator band ***
TVMC CLARENZ’16
15. Apex of heart **
16. Hemiazygos vein *
17. Ligamentum Arteriosum, Patent Ductus Arteriosus ***
18. Surgical anatomy of trachea
19. Tracheo oesophageal fistula *
20. Relations of thoracic duct *

HEAD AND NECK :

I. ESSAY :
1. Carotid triangle – Boundaries, Contents, Clinical anatomy ***
2. Parotid gland – location, presenting parts, Capsule, Relations, structures
within the gland, Duct, Nerve supply, Histology, applied anatomy ****
3. Submandibular gland – Location, parts, Relations, duct, Nerve supply,
applied anatomy **
4. Thyroid gland – Parts, coverings, Relations, Blood supply, Lymphatic
drainage, Microscopy, Development, Clinical anatomy *****
5. Tongue – Parts, External features, Papillae, Muscles, Nerve supply, Blood
supply, Lymphatics, Development, Histology, applied aspects ****
6. Pharynx – Subdivisions, Features, Muscles of Pharynx, Nerve supply, blood
supply, applied aspects ***
7. Larynx – Cartilages, Joints, Ligaments and membranes, Cavity, Blood
supply, Applied aspects **
8. Lateral wall of nose – Bones and cartilages, Features, Blood supply, Nerve
supply, Applied anatomy ***
9. Middle Ear – Boundaries, Measurements, Blood supply, Nerve supply,
Applied anatomy ****
10. Extra Ocular Muscles ****
11. Cavernous Sinus – Location, Extent, relations, Structures in the lateral wall,
Tributaries, Communications, Clinical Anatomy *****
TVMC CLARENZ’16
II. SHORT NOTES :
1. Nerve supply and blood supply of scalp **
2. Facial Artery ****
3. Lacrimal Apparatus *****
4. Sternocleidomastoid muscle **
5. Posterior Triangle of Neck *****
6. Digastric Triangle **
7. Suboccipital Triangle **
8. Muscles of Mastication ****
9. Venous drainage of face *
10. External jugular vein **
11. Carotid sheath **
12. Boundaries and contents of Infra Temporal Fossa ***
13. Maxillary Artery **
14. Otic Ganglion *
15. Temporo mandibular joint ***
16. Pterygo palantine ganglion *
17. Trigeminal Ganglion **
18. Blood supply of Thyroid gland **
19. Midline structures of Neck ***
20. Styloid Apparatus *
21. Superior sagittal sinus **
22. Subclavian triangle *
23. Scaleno vertebral triangle **
24. Lymphatics and Nerve supply of tongue **
25. Palantine Tonsils *****
26. Auditory tube *
TVMC CLARENZ’16
27. Nasal septum *
28. Features in lateral wall of nose **
29. Maxillary Air Sinus ****
30. Vocal cords **
31. Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx ***
32. Boundaries of Middle Ear Cavity ****
33. Tympanic Membrane *

III. SHORT NSWERS :

1. Suprameatal Triangle **
2. Bones meeting at Pterion **
3. Structures through Foramen Ovale ***
4. Foramen spinosum *
5. Name the layers of scalp **
6. Dangerous area of scalp ****
7. Black Eye ****
8. Buccinator **
9. Orbicularis Oculi **
10. Orbicularis Oris *
11. Sensory supply of face **
12. Dangerous Area of Face ****
13. Supra sternal space **
14. Emissary veins **
15. Lacus lacrimalis **
16. Lymphatic drainage of face **
17. Name the infra hyoid muscles ***
18. Torticollis ****
TVMC CLARENZ’16
19. Atlanto axial joints *
20. Branches of External carotid artery ***
21. Blood supply of pituitary **
22. Middle meningeal artery **
23. Falx cerebri *
24. Tentorium Cerebelli **
25. Features of Nasopharynx ***
26. Waldeyer’s ring **
27. Killen’s Dehiscence ***
28. Name the paranasal sinus and their sites of opening ***
29. Name the cartilages of larynx ***
30. Pyriform fossa ***
31. Laryngeal inlet ***
32. Tonsillar fossa **
33. Blood supply of tonsils ***
34. Fenestra vestibule ***
35. Bones of middle ear cavity *
36. Sinus of Morgagni **
37. Little’s area ***
38. Epistaxis ***
39. Kiesselbach’s plexus ***
40. Branches of Ophthalmic Artery ***
41. Spinal pia **
42. Ligamentum denticulatum **
43. Blood supply of spinal cord *
44. Structures through superior orbital fissures ***
45. Name the paired and unpaired dural venous sinuses ***
TVMC CLARENZ’16

BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES :

I. ESSAY :
1. Sulci, Gyri, Functional areas and blood supply of Superolateral surface of
brain ****
2. Sulci, Gyri, Functional areas and blood supply of medial surface of brain **
3. Classify White matter of Cerebral Hemisphere and explain *****
4. Blood supply of brain *
5. Nuclei, course, branches and clinical anatomy of Facial Nerve *****

II. SHORT NOTES :

1. Occulomotor nerve *
2. Trohlear Nerve **
3. Abducent Nerve ***
4. Hypoglossal Nerve **
5. Glossopharyngeal Nerve *
6. T.S of Medulla at the level of sensory decussation *
7. T.S of Medulla at the level of Pyramidal decussation *
8. T.S of Medulla at the level of Olivary Nucleus ***
9. T.S of Pons at the level of facial colliculus ***
10. T.S of upper pons **
11. T.S of midbrain at the level of superior colliculus ***
12. T.S of midbrain at the level of inferior colliculus ***
13. Cerebellar Peduncles ***
14. Floor of 4th Ventricle / Rhomboid Fossa ***
15. Third Ventricle ***
16. Lateral Ventricle ***
TVMC CLARENZ’16
17. Base of Brain *
18. Caudate Nucleus ***
19. Corpus striatum *
20. Internal capsule in detail *****
21. Corpus callosum **
22. Circle of Willis ****
23. Sub arachnoid cisterns **
24. Spinal cord ****

III. SHORT ANSWERS :

1. Occulomotor nuclear complex **
2. Diagram of visual pathway *
3. Bell’s Palsy ****
4. Cerebellopontine Angle ***
5. Wallenburg’s syndrome ***
6. Weber’s Syndrome ***
7. Deep Cerebellar Nuclei ***
8. Blood supply of cerebellum ***
9. Insular cortex **
10. Thalamic Nuclei ***
11. Hypothalamic Nuclei ***
12. Parkinsonism **
13. Great Cerebral Vein of Galen ***
14. Basal Vein **
15. Structures in lateral sulcus ***
16. Interpeduncular fossa ***
17. Parts of corpus callosum **
TVMC CLARENZ’16
18. Blood Brain Barrier ***
19. Cisterna pontis ***

HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY
ESSAY:
1. Describe in detail the congenital anomalies of heart. *
SHORT NOTES:
1.Spermatogenesis*
2.Oogenesis with diagram
3.Corpus luteum
4.Menstrual cycle*
5.Resuts of fertilization
6.Amnion
7.Primitive streak**
8.Yolk sac***
9.Derivatives of 1st pharyngeal arch**
10. Derivatives of 2nd pharyngeal arch***
11. Derivatives of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches
12.Development of thyroid gland
13. Development of face and its anomalies
14. Development of tongue
15. Development of palatine tonsil
16. Development of pancreas
17. Development of lung
18.Midgut rotation**
19.Fate of aortic arches
20.Congenital anomalies of kidney
TVMC CLARENZ’16
21. Development of atria
22. Development of spleen
23. Development of kidney*
24. Development of pancreas
25. Development of diaphragm*
26. Development of interatrial septum**
27. Development of urinary bladder*
28.Paramesonephric duct
29. Development of suprarenal gland
30.Structure of sperm*
31. Fetal circulation
32. Neural tube**
33. Folding of embryo

GENETICS
34. Trisomy/ Down syndrome***
35. Turners syndrome***
36.Karyotyping*
37.Klinefelters syndrome***
38. Mitosis
39.Meiosis

SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Oogenesis
2. Bilaminar (or trilaminar) germ disc with diagram
3. Remnants of notochord**
4. Allantois* or allantoic diverticulum
5. Bones derived from 1st pharyngeal arch
6. Development of tongue
7. Development of pancreas
TVMC CLARENZ’16
8. Development of midgut
9. Annular pancreas
10.Congenital anomalies of ventricles of heart*
11.PDA
12.Ligamentum arteriosum
13.Derivatives of each aortic arch
14.Development of pituitary gland
15.Derivatives of ectoderm(or endoderm or mesoderm)**
16.Cloaca and its derivatives
17.Somites and its derivatives
18.Tetralogy of fallot***
19.Notochord ***
20.Functions of zonapellucida
21.Corpus luteum*
22.Phases of menstrual cycle
23.Endometrium
24.Morula
25.Blastocyst**
26.Connecting stalk
27.Primitive streak**
28.Prochordal plate*
29.Buccopharyngeal membrane
30.Cloacal membrane
31.Folding of embryo**
32.Umbilical vesicle
33.Decidua**
34.Types of chorionic villi***
35.Functions of placenta*
36.Amniotic cavity
37.Philtrum
38.Harelip**
39.Cleft palate***
40.Development of palate
41.Derivatives of foregut(or midgut or hindgut)
42.Mesonephric duct*
43.Structures derived from neural crest cells**
44.Formation of IVC
45.Urorectal secptum
46.Whartons jelly
47.Neural tube
48.Formation of placenta
49.Development of long bone
50.Thyroglossal duct*
TVMC CLARENZ’16

GENETICS

51. Barr body

52. Autosomes & sex chromosomes and their significance
53. Types of chromosomes

HUMAN HISTOLOGY

SHORT NOTES:
1. Microscopic structure of hyaline cartilage**
2. Microscopic structure of bone**
3. Microscopic structure of ganglion (sympathetic and spinal)*
4. Microscopic structure of spleen**
5. Microscopic structure of trachea**
6. Histology of palatine tonsil**
7. Demilunes
8. Histology of skin
9. Histology of submandibular gland
10.Histology of parotid gland
11.Microscopic structure of lung
12.Microscopic structure of fundus of stomach
13.Microscopic structure of duodenum
14.Microscopic structure of appendix
15.Microscopic structure of kidney**
16.Histology of ureter
17.Microscopic structure of testes
18.Microscopic structure of ovary
19.Histology of hypophysis cerebri***
20.Histology of parathyroid
21.Histology of suprarenal gland
22.Histology of cerebellum**
23.Histology of cerebral cortex
24.Histology of cornea**
25.Histology of retina**
TVMC CLARENZ’16

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Simple squamous epithelium

2. Urothelium*
3. Hassall’s corpuscle
4. Histology of skeletal muscle
5. Histology of cardiac muscle
6. Histology of layers of aorta& applied aspects
7. Histology of ureter
8. Climbing fibres of cerebellum
9. Histology of lymph node*
10. Synaptic cerebellar glomeruli **
TVMC CLARENZ’16
PHYSIOLOGY PAPER – I
GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY :
I. SHORT NOTES :
1. Cell Junctions **
2. Cytoskeleton *
3. Primary Active Transport / Na+ -K+ ATPase pump ****
4. Secondary active transport *
5. Feedback Mechanisms ***
6. Facilitated Diffusion **
7. Carrier Mediated Transport **
8. Aquaporins *
9. Phagocytosis **
10. Apoptosis **
11. Milleu interior *
12. G Protein *

BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDS :

I. ESSAY :
1. Eythropoiesis – Stages, Factors regulating it *****
2. Hemostasis – Intrinsic and Extrinsic pathway of coagulation ****
3. Classify Immunity and detailed note on Cell Mediated immunity **
4. Humoral immunity **
5. ABO Blood groups and Rh grouping, Clinical importance **

II. SHORT NOTES :

1 Measurements of ECF **
2. Functions of Plasma proteins ***
TVMC CLARENZ’16
3. Formation and fate of Hemoglobin ***
4. Abnormal Hemoglobins *
5. Iron deficiency anaemia ***
6. Auto immune diseases **
7. Phagocytosis ***
8. Functions of Platelets ***
9. Anticoagulants ***
10. Hemophilia ****
11. Rh factor and incompatability ***
12. Erythroblastosis Fetalis **
13. Lymph – composition, function, circulation *
14. Starling Forces ***
15. Edema **
16. Fibrinolytic system ***
17. Transfusion Reactions **
18. Functions of Macrophages ***
19. Purpura *

III. SHORT ANSWERS :

1. Albumin Globulin Ratio *
2. Functional categorization of plasma proteins **
3. Maturation factors of Erythropoiesis **
4. Differences b/w HbA and HbF **
5. ESR and significance ***
6. Definitions and normal values of Hb indices ***
7. Functions of Eosinophils **
8. B Lymphocytes **
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9. Opsonization ***
10. Cytokines *
11. Plasma cells **
12. Structure of Platelets ***
13. Kernicterus **
14. Autologous blood transfusion ***
15. Bombay blood group *****
16. Vitamin K **
17. Tests for Hemophilia *
18. Landsteiner’s Law ****
19. Functions of Macrophages **

NERVE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY :

I. ESSAY :
1. Molecular Mechanism of Muscle contraction ****
2. Neuromuscular junction and Transmission ****

II. SHORT NOTES :

1. Ultra structure of skeletal muscle / Sarcomere **
2. Sarco tubular system ***
3. Simple muscle twitch *
4. Chronaxie and Rheobase **
5. Muscle Tone and Factors responsible for it ***
6. Isometric and Isotonic contraction ***
7. Action Potential Curve *****

III. SHORT ANSWERS :

TVMC CLARENZ’16
1. Differences b/w Skeletal muscle and Sooth muscle **
2. Rigor Mortis ***
3. Chronaxie, utilization time ***
4. Motor unit ****
5. Plasticity of smooth muscle **
6. Frank Starling Law **
7. Summation **
8. Lambert Eaton Syndrome **
9.Myasthenia Gravis *

GASTRO INTESTINAL SYSTEM :

I. ESSAY :
1. Mechanism of gastric juice secretion and its regulation ***
2. Composition function and regulation of pancreatic secretions***
3.Functions of liver and jaundice **
4. Phases of swallowing **

II. SHORT NOTES :

1. Compositions and functions of saliva **
2. Phases of gastric juice secretions **
3. Exocrine pancreas *
4.Composition and functions of bile ***
5. Differences b/w hepatic and gall bladder bile **
6. Succus entericus ***
7. Mechanism and causes of vomiting ***
8. Functions of large intestine **
9. Dietary fibres ***
TVMC CLARENZ’16
10. Defecation reflex ***
11. Small intestinal movement ****
12. Second stage of swallowing *

III. SHORT ANSWERS :

1. Lingual lipase *
2. Conditioned reflex *
3. Steatorrhea **
4. Entero hepatic circulation of bile ***
5. Functions of bile salts **
6. Cholelithiasis *
7. Gastric emptying **
8. Law of intestine **
9. Peristalsis ***
10. Migrating motor complex ***
11. Name some gut hormones **
12. Deglutition reflex **
13. Brown fat *
14. Peptic ulcer **
15. Enteric Nervous System ***

RENAL SYSTEM :
I. ESSAY :
1. Glomerular Filtration , Factors affecting GFR, Measurements of GFR *****
2. Counter current mechanisms in concentration of Urine ****
3. Juxta Glomerular Apparatus and its Functions ****
TVMC CLARENZ’16
II. SHORT NOTES :
1. Functions of Kidney ***
2. Special Features of Renal Circulation ***
3. Counter Current Multiplier ****
4. Role of kidneys in acid – base balance ***
5. Micturition Reflex ***
6. Cystometrogram **
7. Regulation of Heat Balance *
8. Nerve supply of bladder **

III. SHORT ANSWERS :

1. Macula densa ***
2. Tubulo glomerular feed back ****
3. Tubular Maximum of glucose ***
4. Types of water reabsorption ***
5. Differences b/w Cortical nephrons and juxta medullary nephrons ****
6. Anion Gap ****
7. Metabolic Acidosis , Metabolic Alkalosis *
8. Respiratory acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis *
9. Inulin Clearance ***
10. Law of Laplace **
11. Atonic Bladder, Automatic Bladder, Neurogenic Bladder **
12. Diuretics *
13. Fever ***
14. Heat loss mechanism ***
15. Sweat glands and Thermoregulation **
TVMC CLARENZ’16
ENDOCRINOLOGY :
I. ESSAY :
1. Enumerate the hormones of pituitary glands. Actions of Growth Hormone.
Note on acromegaly ***
2. Synthesis, functions and applied physiology of Thyroid Hormones ****
3. Regulation of Serum Calcium Concentration ***
4. Glucose Homeostasis ***
5. Functions and regulation of Adrenocortical Secretions. Note on Cushing
Syndrome ****

II. SHORT NOTES :

1. Mechanism of Hormone Action ***
2. Functions of posterior pituitary hormones **
3. Milk Ejection Reflex ****
4. Acromegaly **
5. Hyperthyroidism ***
6. Cretinism **
7. Hypocalcemic Tetany ***
8. Functions of Insulin ****
9. Diabetes Mellitus **
10. Aldosterone Escape ****
11. Cushing’s Syndrome ****
12. Actions of Adrenal medullary hormones **
13. Dwarfism *
14. Actions and regulation of Parathormone **
15. Mechanism of Action of Insulin ***
TVMC CLARENZ’16
III. SHORT ANSWERS :
1. Name some second messengers ****
2. Name the hormones of hypothalamus **
3. Actions of Prolactin *
4. Somatomedin ***
5. POMC ***
6. C- peptide ****
7. Addisonian Crisis ***
8. Differences b/w Cretin and Dwarf ****
9. Laron Dwarfism ***
10. Calcitriol **
11. Name some hyperglycemic Hormones ***
12. Anti inflammatory actions of cortisol **
13. Name some local hormones **
14. Actions of Catecholamines on CVS ***
15. Melatonin – functions ***
16. Circardian Rhythm ****
17. Cohn’s syndrome **
18. SIADH *
19. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide **
20. Houssay animal **
21. Functions of Glucagon **

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
I. ESSAY :
1. Ovarian changes in Menstrual Cycle ****
2. Endometrial Changes in Menstrual cycle ****
TVMC CLARENZ’16
3. Hormonal regulation of Menstrual Cycle ***

II. SHORT NOTES :

1. Stages of Spermatogenesis ***
2. Functions of testosterone ***
3. Blood Testis Barrier **
4. Actions of Estrogen ***
5. Ovulation ***
6. Functions of Placenta ***
7. Pregnancy Tests *
8. Female contraceptives ***
9. Mechanism of Parturition **

III. SHORT ANSWERS :

1. Functions of sertoli cells ***
2. Composition and functions of Semen ****
3. Graffian Follicle **
4. Tests for ovulation **
5. Barr bodies **
6. Determination of Sex ***
7. Braxton Hicks Contractions ****
8. Eclampsia *
9. LH surge **
10. Corpus Luteum ***
11. Feto placental Unit ***
12. Name the placental hormones ***
13. Immunological Test for pregnancy ***
TVMC CLARENZ’16
14. Name some male contraceptives **
15. Hormones acting on Breast ***
16. Why ovarian cycles suppressed during lactation ? ***
17. Post menopausal syndrome *

PHYSIOLOGY 2nd PAPER

Chapter – 1: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

ESSAY:
1, Describe the mechanics of pulmonary ventilation**
2, Mechanism of oxygen transport in the body. Explain Oxygen dissociation
curve with suitable diagram. Depict Bohr’s effect. ***
3. Describe the process of transport of carbon dioxide in the body***
4. Chemical control of respiration. Add a note on Cheyne Stokes breathing*
5. Neural regulation of respiration. Add a note on periodic breathing*
6. Classify HYPOXIA. What are the causes and features of each type? What
types respond best to O2 therapy? **
7. What are the types of muscular exercise? Discuss the various physiological
changes occurring during and after exercise.

SHORT NOTES:

1. Non-respiratory functions of lungs**

2. Respiratory membrane**
3. Peculiarities of pulmonary circulation**
4. Surfactant**
TVMC CLARENZ’16
5. Compliance of lungs***
6. FRC, its measurement and significance***
7. Spirogram**
8. Timed vital capacity (Forced expiratory volume) *
9. Maximum breathing capacity**
10. Discuss any 2 pulmonary function tests that can detect obstructive lung
disease*
11. Dead space**
12. Ventilation perfusion ratio**
13. ODC***
14. Transport of CO2. Haldane effect**
15. Chloride shift (Hamburger phenomenon) ***
16. Chemoreceptors*
17. Chemical control of respiration**
18. Neural control of respiration**
19. Types of hypoxia &causes***

20. Decompression sickness / dysbarism / Caissons disease / Bends/ Divers

palsy/ compressed air sickness****
21. Artificial respiration **
21. Respiratory changes during moderate exercise*
22. Periodic breathing**
23. Plethysmography*
24. PEFR*
25. Vital capacity*
26. Measurement of residual volume*
27. Distinguish between the two types of respiratory failure*
TVMC CLARENZ’16
SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Respiratory Unit*
2. Intrapleural pressure*
3. Sneezing reflex*
4. Cough reflex
5. Muscles responsible for (a) Inspiration (b) expiration (c) forced expiration*
6. Respiratory distress syndrome*
7. VO2 MAX*
8. FEV 1*
9. Timed vital capacity*
10. Dead space and its normal value**
11. Alveocapillary membrane with diagram**
12. P50***
12. O2 carrying capacity of blood*
13. Chloride shift**
14. Haldane effect**
15. Pneumotaxic center***
16. J receptors, discovery & significance***
17. Herring Breuer reflex***
18. Histotoxic hypoxia with ex***
19. Asphyxia*
20. Hypoxic vasoconstriction*
21. Anti G suit*
22. SCUBA diving**
23. O2 debt*
24. Respiratory Quotient
TVMC CLARENZ’16
25. Minute volume
26. Periodic breathing*
27. Dyspneic index*
28. Work of breathing

Chapter 2-Cardio Vascular System

ESSAY:
1.Structure and function of conducting system of heart. list the properties of
cardiac muscle*.
2.Define cardiac cycle and various events in it. Describe in detail with the help
of diagram the pressure and volume change during it. Add a note on heart
sounds***.
3.Define cardiac output. Discuss the factors regulating it and affecting it.
Enumerate the methods to measure it***
4.Define arterial blood pressure. Describe its regulation***.
5.Define ECG. Describe the waves, segments and intervals of normal ECG.
Add a note on ECG leads.
6.Describe the innervation of heart and regulation of heart rate.
SHORT NOTES:
1.Pacemakers potential***.
2.Conducting system of heart. Describe the origin and spread of cardiac
impulse*
3.Action potential in cardiac muscle**
4.Changes in ventricular volume during different phases of cardiac cycle with
diagram**
5.Heart sounds***
6.Describe normal ECG in lead 2 and explain how each wave is produced ECG
changes in abnormal conditions. Significance of (a) PR interval (b) ST
segment***
7.Kirchoff’s law and Einthoven’s law*
TVMC CLARENZ’16
8.Preload and afterload in heart*
9.Cardiac output**
10.Cardiac Index.
11.Frank Starling’s law on heart *
12.Reynold’s number**
13.Humoral regulation of BP**
14.Korotkoff sounds*
15.Baroreceptors and baroreceptor reflex*
16.JVP
17.Tracing of arterial pulse and explain.
18.Regulation of coronary blood flow***
19.Special features of coronary circulation*
20.Regulation of cerebral circulation*
21.Triple response***
22.Fetal circulation*
23.Hypovolemic shock*
24.Types of shock and causes**
25.Heart failure*
26.Intra atrial pressure and curve explain*
27.Extrasystole.
28.Heart lung preparation.
29.Microcirculation.
30.Autoregulation of theories*.
31.Heart block**

SHORT ANSWERS
1.SA node as pacemaker**
TVMC CLARENZ’16
2.End diastolic volume*
3.MI state the ECG changes in this condition*
4.Phonocardiogram**
5.PR interval on ECG**
6.ECG leads*
7.Unipolar limb lead*
8.Draw a normal ECG and label it**
9.Jpoint and its significance*
10.Einthoven’s law**
11.Define preload and state its effects on heart.
12.Cardiac index*
13.Cardiac reserve**
14.Frank starling’s law of heart***
15.Reynold’s number***
16.Wind Kessel effect**
17.Endothelin*
18.Short term regulation of BP.
19.JVP*
20.Labelled diagram of arterial pulse and explain**
21.Phasic changes in coronary circulation*
22.Monro Kellie doctrine**
23.Pacemaker potential diagram and explanation*
24.Refractory period in cardiac muscle.
25.Ejection Fraction*
26.Cardiac murmurs
27.Stokes Adams Syndrome*
28.Effect of electrolyte changes on heart
TVMC CLARENZ’16
29.Venous return*
30.Fick principle**
31.Marey’s reflex.
32.Buffers nerves
33.Bainbridge reflex*
34.Baroreceptors
35.Chemorecptors
36.Determinats of arterial blood pressure.
37.Circulation time
38.Measurements of cerebral flow
39.Physiological shunt in heart*
40.Cushing’s reflex.
41.Hagen Poiseulle formula.
42.Bezold Jarish reflex
43. Vasovagal syncope.
44.Gallop rhythm
45.RR interval and significance
46.Wolff Parkinson white syndrome
47.Artificial pacemaker
48.Minute volume
49.Cardiac center
50.Axon reflex*

Chapter 3-Nervous System

ESSAY:
TVMC CLARENZ’16
1.Enumerate the descending tracts of spinal cord. Describe in detail the
pyramidal tract. Mention its function and effects of lesion at different levels***
2.List the ascending tract of spinal cord and discuss the tracts of posterior
column with diagram**
3. Classify pains, what are the receptors for pain? Add a note on analgesic
system in brain Describe the dual pathway for pain in detail*
4.Reffered pain and its theories*
5. Enumerate the nuclei of hypothalamus. Explain its connections and
Functions***
6. Name the functional lobes of cerebellum. Describe its structure , connections
,functions. Mention the clinical features of cerebellar disease***
7.Describe the connections and functions of basal ganglia in detail. Explain the
clinical disorders and physiological basis of management*

8.What is stretch reflex? Describe in detail the structure and functions of muscle
spindle. Add a note on reciprocal inhibition.

SHORT NOTES :
1.Classification of nerve fibres *
2.Action potential of nerve*
3.Saltatory conduction**
4.Neuroglia
5.Classification of sensory receptors and their properties.
6.Synapse and its properties.
7.Negative feedback inhibition.
8.Endogenous opioid pepticles and receptors*
9.Clinical classification of reflexes with examples and their significance
10.Brown sequard syndrome***
11.Trace the pathway for perception of fine touch*
TVMC CLARENZ’16
12.Anterior spinothalamic tract
13.Referred pain and its theories
14.Functions of thalamus***
15.Hypothalamic thermostat
16.Role of hypothalamus in hunger and satiety in human beings**
17.Vestibulocerebellum*
18.Purkinjecells of cerebellum
19.Clinical features of cerebellar lesions*
20.Parkinsons disease**
21.Basal ganglia and its function**
22.Functions of paleostriatum
23.Functions of parietal lobe
24. Functions of prefrontal lobe**
25.Kluver Bucy Syndrome
26.Homunculus**
27.Betz cells.
28.Discuss the functions of limbic system
29.Functions of ascending reticular activating system
30.Decerebrate Rigidity**
31.Postural reflexes
32.Vestibular apparatus & otolith organs
33.Waves of EEG and clinical significance*
34.EEG changes during sleep
35.REM and NREM sleep
36.Broca’s area
37.Mechanism of memory
38.Physiology of speech
TVMC CLARENZ’16
39.Wernicke’s aphasia
40.Describe the formation, circulation and functions of CSF
41.Blood Brain Barrier.
42.Degeneration of nerve fiber**
43.Regeneration of nerve fiber
44.Generation (Receptor) potential
45.EPSP and IPSP.
46.Spinocerebellar tract
47.Tracts of Goll and Burdach.
48.Pyramidal tracts.
49.Extra pyramidal tracts.
50.Gate theory.

SHORT ANSWERS :
1.Role of myelin sheath
2.Mechanoreceptors with ex
3.Bell Magendie law***
4.Reflex arc
5.Babinski sign(Extensor plantar reflex)**
6.Reciprocal inhibition
7.Steeognosis
8.Referred pain
9.Thalamic syndrome**
10.Phantom limb
11.Leptin*
12.Climbing, mossy and parallel fibers
13.Difference between spasticity and rigidity*
TVMC CLARENZ’16
14.Cogwheel Rigidity
15.Functions of Reticular activating system
16.Inverse stretch reflex
17.Spinal animal
18.Righting reflex
19.Alpha block**
20.Papez circuit***
21.Delta waves on EEG
22.REM sleep
23.Consolidation of memory
24.Typesof memory
25.Anomic aphasia
26.CSF formation**
27.Name 2 cholinergic & adrenergic neurotransmitters and receptors

SPECIAL SENSES
ESSAY:
1.Describe in detail the photochemical mechanism of vision and mechanism of
dark adaptation*
2.Draw and explain the visual pathway . Discuss the effects of lesions at various
levels along its courses***
3.Describe the various refractive errors of the eye. Explain the physiological
basis of their connection*
4.With the help of a diagram,describe the auditory pathway. Add a note on
conduction deafness*
5. Explain the mechanisms of hearing*
TVMC CLARENZ’16

SHORT NOTES:

1.Aqueous humor**
2.Dark adaptation***
3.Draw the optic pathway. Depict the lesions at various levels.**
4.Pupillary light reflexes*
5.Mechanism of accommodation for near vision*
6.Color vision***
7.Refractory errors of the eyes***
8.Structure and functions of middle ear***
9.Cochlea
10.Organ of corti
11.Travelling wave theory
12.Discuss the phenomenon by which sound waves in air induce action
potentials in the cochlear nerve.
13.Cochlear micro phonic potential**
14.Taste pathway with diagram***

SHORT ANSWERS:
1.Functions of aqueous humor
2.Draw the structure of rods and cones
3.Dark adaptation
4.Explain the basic defect in astigmatism and its correction**
5.Contents of middle ear and its functions*
6.Attenuation reflex*
7.Rinnes test
8.Webers test
TVMC CLARENZ’16
9.Gustatory receptors
10.Retina
11.Ocular movements
12.Fundus oculi
13.Photo transduction*
14.Hemianopia
15.Accommodation reflex*
16.Theories of color vision.
17.Presbyopia**
18.Errors of refraction**
19.Impedance matching*
20.Travelling wave**
21.Electric potentials in cochlea
22.Auditory defects
23.Taste pathway with diagram
24.Olfactory transduction*
TVMC CLARENZ’16
BIOCHEMISTRY 1ST PAPER :
CELL :
I. SHORT ANSWERS :
1. Differences b/w eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell *
2. Marker enzymes for sub cellular organelles **
3. Lysosomes *
4. Peroxisomes **
5. Zellweger syndrome **

CHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATES :
ESSAY :
1. Mucopolysaccharides and genetic disorders associated with it ***

SHORT NOTES :
1. Anomerism **
2. Mutarotation ***
3. Principles of Benedicts test ****
4. Osazone formation **
5. Inulin *
6. Glycosaminoglycans ***
7. Heteropolysaccharides **
8. Glycoproteins *

SHORT ANSWERS :
1. Chondratin Sulfate ***
2. Heparan sulfate **
3. Why sucrose is called as non - reducing disaccharide ? ***
TVMC CLARENZ’16
4. Epimerism *****

CHEMISTRY OF LIPIDS :
ESSAY :
1. Composition and Functions of Phospholipids ****

SHORT NOTES :
1. Essential Fatty Acids **
2. Gangliosides **
3. PUFA *
4. Structure of cholestrol and its importance in the body ****
5. Lipoproteins ***

SHORT ANSWERS :
1. Iodine Number ***
2. Saponification Number ***
3. Acid Number ***
4. Reichert Meissl Number ***
5. Lecithin **
6. Cardiolipin **
7. Phosphotidyl inositol ***
8. PGI2, PGE2, PGF2 alpha, TXA2 – actions **

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM :
I. ESSAY :
1. Glycolysis – definition, sequence of reaction, energetics, regulation ***
2. TCA cycle - definition, sequence of reaction, energetics, regulation ***
TVMC CLARENZ’16
3. Gluconeogenesis - definition, sequence of reaction, energetics, regulation ***
4. HMP shunt and its significance ***
5. Glycogen synthesis *
6. Glycogenolysis **
7. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates **
8. Regulation of Blood glucose in fasting and fed states ***

II. SHORT NOTES :

1. Substrate level phosphorylation **
2. Rapaport Luebering Shunt ***
3. Fate of pyruvate ***
4. Lactose intolerance **
5. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate ***
6. Anaplerotic Reactions ***
7. Cori’s cycle and Cahill cycle ****
8. Von Gierke disease *****
9. Galactosemia *****
10. G-6-P-D deficiency ****
11. Uronic acid pathway *
12. OGTT ***
13. Significance of HMP shunt ***

III. SHORT ANSWERS :

1. Anaerobic glycolysis **
2. PDH Complex ****
3. Anabolic role of TCA cycle **
4. Pompe disease **
TVMC CLARENZ’16
5. Mc Ardle disease **
6. Essential pentosuria ***
7. Essential Fructosuria ***
8. Sorbitol Pathway **
9. Insulin dependent Glucose transporters and their distribution ***
10. Key enzymes of Glycolysis ***
11. Inhibitors of TCA cycle **
12. Normal levels of FBS, RBS, PPBS, HbA1C ****

METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
ESSAY :
1. Define beta oxidation. Beta oxidation of Palmitic Acid and energetics ****
2. Carnitine transport shuttle and beta oxidation of fatty acids ***
3. Synthesis and Utilization of Ketone bodies. Note on diabetic ketoacidosis ***
4. Cholestrol synthesis and substances obtained from cholesterol **
5. Digestion and absorption of fats *

SHORT NOTES :
1. Source and fate of Acetyl Co A ****
2. Carnitine shuttle ****
3. Refsum’s disease ****
4. Respiratory distress syndrome **
5. Chylomicron metabolism ***
6. LDL metabolism ***
7. HDL metabolism / Reverse cholesterol transport *****
8. VLDL metabolism **
9. Lipotropic factors ***
TVMC CLARENZ’16
10. Fatty liver **
11. Products obtained from cholesterol ***
12. Apolipoproteins and their significance *
13. Fredrickson’s classification of hyperlipoproteinemias ***
14. Alcohol metabolism *

SHORT ANSWERS :
1. Types of fatty acid oxidation **
2. Name the ketone bodies **
3. Micelle formation **
4. Lipid malabsorption *
5. Zellweger Syndrome ***
6. Fatty acid synthase complex ***
7. Phospholipases ***
8. Niemann pick disease **
9. Tay sachs disease ***
10. Gaucher’s disease ***
11. LCAT ****
12. Brown adipose tissue **
13. Reverse cholesterol transport **
14. HDL as a Scavenger of cholesterol ***
15. Rothera’s Test *

VITAMINS
ESSAY :
1. Chemistry, functions, deficiency manifestations of Vitamin A ***
2. Chemistry, functions, deficiency manifestations of Vitamin B1 ****
TVMC CLARENZ’16
3. Chemistry, functions, deficiency manifestations of Vitamin B12 **
4. Chemistry, functions, deficiency manifestations of Vitamin C **
5. Chemistry, functions, deficiency manifestations of Vitamin Pyridoxine ***

SHORT NOTES :
1. Beriberi ***
2. Wernicke korsakoff syndrome **
3. Pellagra *****
4. Biochemical functions of Pyridoxine *****
5. Functions of Folic acid ****
6. Functions of Vitamin C ***
7. Wald’s visual cycle ***
8. Hypervitaminosis A **
9. Deficiency manifestations of Vitamin A ****
10. Synthesis and functions of Vitamin D ***
11. Folate trap ****

SHORT ANSWERS :
1. Functions of Vitamin K and E ****
2. Methyl malonic aciduria **
3. Isoforms of Vitamin K ****
4. Rickets **
5. Active forms and RDA of all vitamins **
6. Scurvy *****
7. Burning feet syndrome **
8. Co enzyme role of Biotin and Niacin ****
MINERALS :
TVMC CLARENZ’16
ESSAY :
1. Sources, RDA, Functions, absorption, excretion of Calcium. Note on Calcium
homeostasis ****
2. Sources, RDA, absorption, Transport, storage forms of Iron ****

SHORT NOTES :
1. Functions of Calcium ****
2. Regulation of Serum Calcium ****
3. Wilson’s Disease ****
4. Digestion, absorption and transport of iron ****
5. Potassium Homeostasis **

SHORT ANSWERS :
1. Name some trace minerals ***
2. Hyponatremia, Hypernatremia **
3. Hypokalemia, Hyperkalemia **
4. Bronze diabetes **
5. Different forms of Calcium ***
6. Biochemical functions of Phosphorus ***
7. Functions of Magnesium **
8. Antioxidant vitamins and minerals ****
9. Fluorosis ****
10. Coenzyme role of copper **
11. Kinky hair disease ****
12. Keshan disease *
13. Functions of zinc **
14. Functions of Selenium **
ENZYMES :
TVMC CLARENZ’16
ESSAY :
1. Classify enzymes. Factors affecting and regulating enzyme actions ***
2. Define Enzyme inhibition. Types of Enzyme inhibition with examples ****

SHORT NOTES :
1. Mechanism of Enzyme action. (lock&key model, Hand in glove model) ***
2. Isoenzymes – Examples, diagnostic uses and their clinical significance ****
3. Therapeutic uses of Enzymes ***
4. Allosteric inhibition **
5. Suicidal inhibition ***
6. Factors regulating enzyme action ***
7. Line weaver burk’s plot ***
8. Allosteric enzymes *
9. Isoenzymes in MI ****

SHORT ANSWERS :
1. Define Km value and its significance **
2. Double reciprocal plot **
3. Zymogens ***
4. Metalloenzymes ****
5. Michaelis Menten Equation ***
6. LDH and its clinical significance **
7. Alkaline phosphatase as a diagnostic tool
TVMC CLARENZ’16
NUTRITION

SHORT NOTES:

1.BMR and factors affecting it**

2.Dietary fibers and their importance ***
3.Nutritional quality of proteins
4.RDA
5.Balanced diet, its principles and significance**
6.What is PEM? What are the types? Write the important features***
7.Kwashiokar*
8.Essential nutrients of humans
9.Nitrogen balance
10.Obesity**

SHORT ANSWERS:

1.BMR***

2.Respiratory quotient
3.Specific dynamic action and its importance in calculating caloric action
requirements of an individual**
4.Net protein utilization
5.Limiting amino acid**
6.Biological value of proteins
7.List 2 difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor
8.N2 balance
9.Significance of dietary fiber**
TVMC CLARENZ’16
BIOCHEMISTRY PAPER – 2

Chapter-1: Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins

ESSAY:
1. Define and classify proteins.
SHORT NOTES :
1. Essential amino acids***
2.Secondary structure of proteins***
3. Levels of organization of proteins*
4. Denaturation*
5. Isoelectric pH**
6. Precipitation reaction of proteins*

SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Essential amino acids***
2. Quaternary structure of protein with example*
3.Glutathione*
4. Basic amino acids*
5. Denaturation**
6. Forces that stabilize secondary structure of proteins

Chapter- 2: Nucleic acids and Nucleotides

ESSAY:
1. Structure and function of DNA
SHORT NOTES:
1.t- RNA***
2. Functions of nucleotides**
3. Antimetabolites*
TVMC CLARENZ’16
4. Types of RNAs and their functions**
SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Difference between DNA & RNA**
2. Structural polymorphism of DNA*
3. Name the bases found in nucleic acids*
4. Draw and label structure of t- RNA**

Chapter-3: Haemoglobin
ESSAY:
1. Structure and functions of hemoglobin
SHORT NOTES:
1. Thalassemia**
2.2,3 BPG**
3. Abnormal haemoglobin*
4. Sickle cell anemia
SHORT ANSWERS:
1.HbS**
2. Methemoglobin*
3. Role of 2,3 BPG**
4. Significance of sickle cells*
5. HbA1c**

Chapter-4: Biological oxidation

ESSAY:
1. Components of Electron transport chain. Add a note on its inhibitors*"*
2. What is oxidative phosphorylation? Discuss in detail about the steps and its
significance & its uncouplers***
SHORT NOTES:
1. Chemiosmosis theory***
TVMC CLARENZ’16
2.Oxidative phosphorylation**
3. Inhibitors of ETC and oxidative phosphorylation**
4. Shuttle systems for oxidation of extra- mitochondrial NADH
SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Inhibitors of ETC with their site of action***
2.Ionophores*
3. Substrate level phosphorylation

Chapter-5: Metabolism of proteins & amino acids

ESSAY:

1.Urea cycle and its regulation, significance, normal urea level, disorders caused
by genetic defects of urea cycle enzymes and causes of abnormal levels of urea
concentration. ***

2. Metabolism of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan

each separately) & disorders associated with it***

3. Metabolism of glycine & disorders associated with it***

4. Metabolism of branched chain amino acids & disorders associated with it**

5.Why is ammonia toxic to the body?What are ways by which ammonia is

disposed in the body?Add a note on hyperammonemia conditions**
6. Metabolism of methionine & disorders associated with it***
7.Describe the steps of s-adenosyl methionine cycle. Explain the term
transmethylation with 5 examples

SHORT NOTES
TVMC CLARENZ’16
1.Sources of ammonia in the body and its metabolism
2.Urea cycle ****
3.Compounds formed from glycine ***
4.Functions of glycine
5.Formation of creatine
6.Explain the clinical relevance of serum creatinine levels
7.Functions of tyrosine
8.Phenylketonuria***
9.Alkaptonuria***
10. Hartnups disease
11.Active form of methionine and its functios
12.Homocystinuria
13.Synthesis and mechanism of nitric oxide
14.Polyamines
15.Formation of uric acid

SHORT ANSWERS:
1.Transamination reactions***
2.Urea cycle disorders
3.Urea cycle disorders causes orotic aciduria . explain
4.Compounds formed from glycine
5.Phenylketonuria
6.Albinism-enzyme defect& clinical features
7.Derivatives of tryptophan
8.Transmethylation***
9.Active methionine
10.One carbon pool**
11.Maple syrup urine disease***
TVMC CLARENZ’16
12.Carnitine
13.GABA***
14.Causes of hyperuremia
15.Enzyme defect in
a) Phenylketonuria
b) Alkaptonuria
16. Diff b/w CPS 1 & CPS2

Chapter -6: HEME METABOLISM

ESSAY:
1.Describe in brief heme synthesis and its regulation. Add a note on porphyria,
its types, enzymes defect in each type and findings***.
2.Describe in brief degradation of heme and fate of its degradative product**
3.Describe in detail about the formation and fate of bilirubin. Add a note on
jaundice.
4.Disorders of hemoglobin catabolism*

SHORT NOTES:

1.Formation, transport and fate of bilirubin.

2.What is porphyria and explain any 3 in detail.
3.Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia**
4.Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
5.Differential diagnosis of jaundice.
6.Acute intermittent porphyria**
7.Catabolism of Hb
8.Obstructive jaundice
9.Physiological jaundice
TVMC CLARENZ’16
SHORTANSWERS:

1.Vanden Bergh reaction

2.Criggles Najjar syndrome*
3.Dubin Johnson syndrome
4.Name the enzymes that are increased in hepatic jaundice
5.Urobilinogen

Chapter-7: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

ESSAY:
1.Describe the mechanism of DNA replication with a diagram. Add notes on
DNA repair metabolism**
2.Write in detail about initiation ,elongation and termination of transcription.
Give an account on past transcriptional processing ?
3.Explain protein synthesis in detail. Add a note on the drugs that inhibit protein
synthesis
4.Describe the separation of serum proteins by paper electrophoresis. Draw the
pattern of electrophoresis in
a)Multiple myeloma
b)Nephrotic syndrome
5.Describe in detail about the recombinant DNA technology. Explain the
different techniques with its application.
6.Describe the lac operon concept and its regulation
7. Describe the various types of mutation with example

SHORT NOTES:

1.Replication
2.PCR and its application
TVMC CLARENZ’16
3.Cell cycle
4.Mutation**
5.Repai mechanism of DNA – each separately
6.Transcription and post transcriptional modification**
7.Post translational modification***
8.Genetic code**
9.Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis
10.t-RNA***
11.Codon
12.Lac operon***
13.Recombinant DNA technology*
14.Restriction endonucleases**
15.Chimesic DNA
16.Plasmid
17.Principles of electrophoresis and its clinical application***
18.Bloatting techniques**
19.Southern blotting
20.Reverse transcription**
21.Micro RNA
22.Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription
23.RNA splicing
24.Protein targeting and degradation*
25.Wobble hypothesis**
26.Regulation of lac operon
a) In absence of lactose and presence of glucose
b) In presence of lactose and absence of glucose
c) In presence of both glucose and lactose
27.Cloning
28.RFLP and its application
TVMC CLARENZ’16
29.DNA library

SHORT ANSWERS:

1.Enzymes needed for DNA replication

2.Okazaki fragments***
3.Mutagens
4.Types of mutations
5.Xeroderma pigmentosum
6.Define frameshift mutation with an example
7.Inhibitors of RNA synthesis
8.DNA polymerase
9.List 4 features of genetic code**
10.Wobble hypothesis**
11.t-RNA***
12.Inhibitors of protein synthesis
13.Reverse transcriptase
14.Electrophoretic technique and its importance**
15.We need 2 primers for PCR . Justify
16.Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication
17.Telomerase
18.Holliday model of homologous recombination
19.Eukaryotic t-RNA processinng
20.Splicing
21.RNA editing
22.Binding sites on ribosomes
23.Type of gene regulation*
24.Chimeric DNA*
25.Gene therapy**
TVMC CLARENZ’16
26.Southern blot

Chapter-8: NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM

ESSAY:

1.Describe the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides. Add a note on its

regulation**
2.Explain in detail the formation , fate of uric acid and abnormalities of urate
metabolism

SHORT NOTES:
1.Purine salvage pathway and its importance in body***
2.Gout***
3.Hyperuricemia***
4.Catabolism of purines and related disorder
5.Regulation of purine (or pyrimidine) de novo biosynthesis

SHORT ANSWERS:
1.Sources of carbon and nitrogen in purine (or pyrimidine) ring
2.Gout*
3.Outline the reaction by which deoxynucleotides are formed in a cell
from ribonucleotides
4.Lesh Nyhan syndrome***
5.Orotic aciduria***
6.Name the aminoacids required for purine (or pyrimidine) synthesis
7.Explain the anti neoplastic effects of methotrexate
8.Difference between CPS-I and II
TVMC CLARENZ’16
Chapter-9 : CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

ESSAY:

1.Name the LFT with diagnostic significance of each. Write in detail the
biochemical tests of any 3 done in your lab**
2.What is the normal pH of blood? Explain the various mechanisms by which
normal pH of blood is maintained***
3.Role of plasma and renal buffers in maintaining acid base homeostasis***

SHORT NOTES:
1.G-proteins*
2.Cyclic AMP
3.Mechanism of action of thyroid hormones
4.Oxytocin
5.Assessment of hypothyroidism
6.Functions of glucocorticoids
7.Formation of epinephrine
8.Thyroid function tests
9.Vanden Bergh’s reaction
10.Tubular function tests.
11.Creatinine clearance
12.Give an account on water distribution and its balance in the body
13.Role of lungs in acid base balance**
14.Osmolality
15.Dehydration
16.Renal regulation of ph of blood***
17.Anion gap and its importance**
18.Metabolic acidosis***
19.Causes of respiratory acidosis
TVMC CLARENZ’16
20.Collagen

SHORT ANSWERS:
1.Mention 2 second messengers
2.Addisons disease
3.Thyroid function test**
4.Vanden bergh reaction***
5.Renal function test**
6.Renal threshold substances*
7.Creatinine clearance **
8.Water intoxication**
9.Name the major intracellular and extracellular anions
10.Urea clearance
11.Buffer systems of the body**
12.Alkalai reserve
13.Chloride shift
14.Anion gap**
15.Metabolic acidosis and its causes**
16.Acidosis causes hyperkalemia why?
17.4 causes of respiratory acidosis**
18.What are the compensatory changes that occur in response to respiratory
acidosis
19.Cardiac troponin
20.What area the reference levels of glucose in CSF
21.Fuctions of albumin
22.Bence Jones proteins***
23.Immunoglobulin
24.Acute phase reactants***
25.What are isotopes? write their applications
TVMC CLARENZ’16

MISCELLENEOUS TOPICS:
SHORT NOTES:
1.Define xenobiotics and add a note on various detoxification reactions***
2.Cytochrome p450**
3.Phase 2 detoxifications**
4.Detoxification by conjugation***(or) Detoxification by hydroxylation***
5.Prostaglandins and their importance**
6.Antioxidants***
7.Proto-oncogenes and oncogenes***
8.Tumor markers***
9.Chromatography*
10.TLC**
11.What is the principle of affinity chromatography
12.Principles of electrophoresis and its clinical applications**
13.Colorimeter
14.Fluorometry
15.Flamephotometer
16.Type of skeletal muscle fibre
17.ELISA

SHORT ANSWERS:
1.Gene therapy
2.Name 2 tumor suppressor genes and the malignancy that is specifically
associated with abnormalities in each of these genes
3.Xenobiotics
4.Function of cytochrome p450
5.Detoxification by conjugation.
TVMC CLARENZ’16
6.Glutathione
7.Free radicals
8.Carbon monoxide
9.Carcinogenic virus**
10.Tumor markers and their diagnostic application*
11.Anti HIV drugs
12.Beer Lamberts law**
13.Principle of flamephotometer
14.ELISA
15.What are monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies
16.Lipid profile
17.Metabolic syndrome
18.Heavy metal poisoning
19.Write the normal serum levels of
a)sodium
b)potassium
c)cholesterol
d)BUN
e)bilirubin
f)LDH
g)ALT
19.Fasting serum glucose.

ALL THE BEST…BE CONFIDENT…