Article 1156

March 26, 2016Leave a comment

An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do. (n)

Ang obligasyon ay isang Juridical necessity na magbigay, gawin at hindi gawin.

Obligation derived from the latin word “obligatio” meaning tying or binding. Joridical
necessity connote that in case of non compliance, there will be legal sanction.

Elements:

Active Subject – the one is demanding the performance (Creditor)

Passive Subject – the one bound to perform the prestation to give, to give, to do or not to
do

Prestation or Object – the subject matter of the obligation

Efficient Cause – the juridical tie or vinculum by virtue of which the debtor has become
bound to perform the prestation

Article 1157

March 26, 2016Leave a comment

Obligation arise from:

 Law;
 Contracts;
 Quasi-Contracts;
 Act or omissions punished by law; and
 Quasi-delicts

Ang obligasyon ay maaaring manggaling:

1. Batas;
2. Kontrata;
3. Quasi-Kontrata
4. Kilos o kilos na masama na pinaparusahan ng batas; at
5. Quasi-delicts

Sources of Obligations

1. Law (obligation ex lege)-like the duty to pay taxes and to support one’s family.
2. Contracts (obligation ex contractu) – like the duty to repay a loan by virtue of an agreement.
3. Quasi-contracts (obligations ex quasi-contractu) – like the duty to refund an “over change” of
money because of the quasi-contract of solution indebiti or “undue payment.”
4. Crimes or Acts of Omissions Punished by Law (obligations ex maleficio or ex delicto) – like the
duty to return a stolen carabao.
5. Quasi-delicts or Torts- (obligation ex quasi-delicto or ex quasi-maleficio)- like the duty to repair
damage due to negligence.

Article 1158

March 26, 2016Leave a comment

Obigations derived from law are not presumed. Only those expressly determined
in this Code or in special laws are demandable, and shall be regulated by the
precepts of the law which establishes them; and as to what has not been foreseen,
by the provisions of this Book. (1090)

Ang mga obligasyon na hango sa batas ay hindi inaakala. Ang mga obligasyon lamang
na hayagang nakasaad sa Code na ito at sa mga espesyal na batas ang may bisa, at
pinapatakbo ng mga utos ng batas na nagtatag ng mga ito; para sa mga obligasyon na
hindi inaasahan, sila ay bibigyang bisa ng probisyon ng Libro na ito.

Discussion:

When obligations are not expressly provided by law, they cannot be presumed to exist –
thus making the not demandable nor enforaceable
CATEGORY: I. OBLIGATIONS

Article 1163

March 26, 20161 Comment

Every person obliged to give something is also obliged to take care of it with the proper
diligence of a good father of a family, unless the law or the stipulation of the parties requires
another standard of care. (1094a)

Ang bawat tao na obligado na magbigay ng isang bagay ay obligado rin na pangalagaan ito na
may tamang pagkalinga tulad ng isang ama ng tahanan, maliban kung ang batas o ang stipulasyon
ng mga partido ay nangangailangan ng iba pang pamantayan ng pagaalaga.

Discussion:

*”The diligence of a good father of a family” is the diligence required on this article and if
extraordinary diligence is required, then the obligor shall exercise extraordinary diligence.

Article 1164

March 26, 2016Leave a comment

The creditor has a right to the fruits of the thing from the time the obligation to
deliver it arises. However, he shall acquire no real right over it until the same has
been delivered to him. (1095)

And nagpautang ay may karapatan sa mga bunga ng bagay mula sa oras na ang
obligasyon na ihatid ito ay nagsimula. Ngunit, Siya ay dapat walang “real right” sa mga
bagay na nasaad hanggang ang mga ito ay maihatid sa kanya.

Discussion:

The Debtor’s Obligation to deliver arise when :

1. When the obligation is based on law, quasi-delict, quasi-contract or crime, specific provisions of
the applicable law shall determine when the delivery shall be done or affected.
2. When the obligation is subject to a suspensive condition, the obligation to deliver arises from the
happening of the condition.
3. When the obligation is subject to a suspensive term or period, the obligation to deliver arises from
the lapse of the term or period.
4. When there is no condition or term, the obligation to deliver arises from the constitution, creation
or perfection of the obligation.

Article 1165

March 26, 2016Leave a comment

When what is to be delivered is a determinate things, the creditor, in addition to the

right granted him by Article 1170, may compel the debtor to make the delivery.

If the thing is indeterminate or generic, he may ask that the obligation be complied
with at the expense of the debtor.

If the obligor delays, or has promised to deliver the same thing to two or more
persons who do not have the same interest, he shall be responsible for fortuitous
event until he has effected the delivery.

Kapag kung ano ang upang maihatid ay isang maliwanag na bagay, ang
pinagkakautangan , bilang karagdagan sa kanan ipinagkaloob sa kanya ng Article 1170,
maaaring pilitin ang may utang upang gawin ang paghahatid.

Kung ang bagay ay hindi tiyak o generic , maaari niyang hilingin na ang obligasyon na
nakasunod sa sa kapinsalaan ng ang may utang .

Kung ang obligor pagkaantala, o ipinangako upang maihatid ang parehong bagay sa
dalawa o higit pang mga tao na hindi magkaroon ng parehong interes , siya’y magiging
responsable para sa di-inaasahang pangyayari hanggang sa siya ay maapektuhan ang
paghahatid.

Yu Tek v. Gonzales

Facts: A obligated himself to sell for a definite price a certain specified quantity of sugar
of a given quality, without designating a particular lot.
 Issue: In case the sugar is lost by a fortuitous event, who bears loss prior to delivery, the
seller or the buyer?

Held: In this case, the seller bears the loss because what was delivered was not a specific
thing, but a generic thing. And genus never perishers. Incidentally, the sale here cannot
be said to have been already perfected because of the lack of physical segregation from
the rest of the sugar.

Article 1179

March 26, 2016Leave a comment

Every obligation whose performance does not depend upon a future or uncertain
event, or upon a past event unknown to the parties, is demandable at once.

Every obligation which contains a resolutory condition shall also be demandable,

without prejudice to the effects of the happening of the event. (1113)

Bawat obligasyon na ang pagganap ay hindi nakadepende sa hinaharap o sa hindi tiyak

na kaganapan o kaya sa nakalipas na pangyayari na hindi alam ng partido ay dapat
maipatupad kaagad.

Bawat obligasyon na naglalaman ng napatigil na kondisyon ay dapat maipatupad din ng

walang pagkiling sa epekto ng mga pangyayari.

Discussion:

Condition – future and uncertain event upon which the existence or extinguishments of
an obligation is made to depend.

Pure Obligation – one which does not contain any condition or term upon which its
fulfillment is made to depend.

Conditional Obligation – kind of obligation which is subject to condition.

1. Suspensive (condition precedent/antecedent) – its fulfillment gives rise to the obligation, if not
fulfilled, no obligation will arise.
2. Resolutory (condition subsequent) – extinguishes the obligation which is already existing.

Past Event Unknown to the Parties to the Contract

If it has happened – the obligation immediately exists purely and simply.

If it has not happened – there is no obligation at all.

Application of Past Events Unknown to the Parties: When Proper

The future knowledge or proof of the past event, but not the past event itself is the only
possibility of applying a past event as a condition in an obligation.

Traditional Classifications of Conditions Classified by Manresa

As to effect:

Suspensive – when the performance or fulfillment of the condition results in the birth or
acquisition of the rights contemplated in the obligation.

Resolutory – results in the extinguishment of the rights which have previously arisen out
of the obligation.

As to Cause/Origin :

Potestative – depends upon the will of the debtor

Casual – depends upon chance and/or upon the will of the third person

Mixed – depends partly upon the will of a party to the obligation and partly upon chance
and/or the will of a third person.

As to Possibility:

Possible – when the condition is capable of fulfillment according to nature, law, public
policy or good customs. (Art. 1183)

Impossible – not capable of fulfillment according to nature, law, public or good customs.
(Art. 1183)

As to mode:
Positive – when the condition involves the doing of an act. (Art. 1184)

Negative – when the condition involves the omission of an act. (Art. 1184)

As to Divisibility

Divisible – when the condition is susceptible of partial performance.

Indivisible – when the condition is not susceptible of partial performance.

As to numbers:

Conjunctive – when there are several conditions in an obligation and all of which must
be performed.

Alternative – when there are several conditions in an obligation but only one must be
performed.

As to form :

Express – when the condition is expressly stated.

Implied – when the condition is not expressly stated but merely inferred from the conduct
of the parties.

Article 1180

March 25, 2016Leave a comment

When the debtor binds himself to pay when his means permit him to do so, the
obligation shall be deemed to be one with a period, subject to the provisions of
Article 1197. (n)

Kapag ang may utang ay ibinigkis kanyang sarili upang bayaran ang kanyang pag
kakautang kapag ang kanyang pamamaraan/kakayahan ay pinahihintulutan siya
upang gawin ito, ang obligasyon ay itinuturing bilang isa na may takdang
panahon, na napapailalim sa mga probisyon ng Article1197
 When the debtor binds himself to pay forms of promise or commitment, the obligation is deemed
with a period or term.
 The moment of payment is dependent upon the will of the debtor.

Note: As the time of payment is not fixed, the same must be first fixed first before any
action for collection should be allowed. This means, the creditor cannot immediately file
an action for collection of the sum promised to be paid.

Phrases Indicating A Term or Period

1. A commitment to pay “little by little”

2. “As soon as possible”
3. “As soon as I have money”
4. When the creditor agreed “to wait until such time the debtor could pay the full indebtedness.”
5. Obligation to be paid “in partial payments”

Article 1181

March 25, 2016Leave a comment

In conditional obligations, the acquisition of rights, as well as the extinguishment

or loss of those already acquired, shall depend upon the happening of the event
which constitutes the condition.

Sa mga obligasyon condisyonal, ang pagtatamo ng karapatan, pati na rin ang pagtapos
o kawala ng mga natamong karapatan ay nakasalalay sa mga pangyayari ng mga
kaganapan na bumubuo ng kundisyon.

Article 1193

March 25, 2016Leave a comment

Obligations for whose fulfillment a day certain has been fixed, shall be demandable
only when that day comes.
Obligations with a resolutory period take effect at once, but terminate upon arrival
of the day certain.

A day certain is understood to be that which must necessarily come, although it

may not be known when.

If the uncertainty consists in whether the day will come or not, the obligation is
conditional, and it shall be regulated by the rules of the preceding Section. (1125a)

Ang mga obligasyon na kung saan ang katuparan ay naitakda na sa tiyak na araw ay
mahihingi lamang sa pagdating ng araw na naitakda.

Ang mga obligasyon na may resolutory period ay magkakabisa agad, ngunit ito ay
matatapos sa pagdating ng tiyak na araw.

Ang tiyak na araw ay malinaw na kailangang dumating, bagaman maaaring hindi alam
kung kailan.

Kung may pag-aalinlangan sa pagdating ng araw na ito o hindi, ang obligasyon ay

kondisyonal, at ito ay pinapatakbo ng patakaran ng susunod na seksyon.

Discussion:

Period and term have the same meaning and are used interchangeably. It consists in a
space or length of time upon the arrival of which, the demandability or extinguishment of
an obligation is determined.

Other classifications:

1. Legal – when period is fixed by law;

2. Voluntary – when the period is agreed upon by the parties;

3. Judicial – when the period is fixed by the court for the performance of the obligation or
for its extinguishment

“On or About Period”

 “On or about” a given date means only a few days after the stated date, but not a remote
date or one fixed by the obligor.

Requisites for a valid term or period:

1. It must be future;

2. It must be certain, that is, sure to come but may be extended by mutual agreement;

3. It must be possible physically and legally.

Article 1194

March 25, 2016

In case of loss, deterioration or improvement of the thing before the arrival of the
day certain, the rules in Article 1189 shall be observed.

Sa oras ng pagkawala, pagkasira o pagpapabuti ng gamit bago dumating an tinakdang

araw, ang mga patakaran na nasa Artikulo 1189 ang dapat sundin.

Discussion:

This article speaks of loss, deterioration or improvement of the thing before the arrival of
the day certain.

Condition of the Thing

Effect

Lost*

 Without fault of the debtor

Obligation is extinguished

 Fault of the debtor

Obligation to pay damages
 Deteriorates

 Without fault of the debtor

The impairment is borne by the creditor

The creditor may choose to rescind with indemnity for

 Fault of the debtor
damages, or have it fulfilled, but still with indemnity for
damages

Improvement

 By its nature
Inures to the benefit of the creditor

 At the expense of the debtor The debtor shall have no other right than that granted to
the usu

Article 1195

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Anything paid or delivered before the arrival of the period, the obligor being
unaware of the period or believing that the obligation has become due and
demandable, may be recovered, with the fruits and interests. (1126a)

Anumang bagay na nabayaran o naipadala bago dumating ang takdang panahon, ang
nangutang na hindi alam ang takdang panahon o naniniwalang ang obligasyon ay tapos
na at nagawa na, ay maaring maibalik pa kasama ang bunga at interest.

Discussion:

*Situations when there can be no recovery even if conditions in the article are present;

1. When the obligation is reciprocal and there has been premature performance on both sides;
2. when the obligation is a loan on which the debtor is bound to pay interest: and.
3. When the period is exclusively for the benefit of the creditor because the debtor by paying in
advance loses nothing.
 Article 1207

March 25, 2016Leave a comment

The concurrence of two or more creditors or of two or more debtors in one and the
same obligation does not imply that each one of the former has a right to demand,
or that each one of the latter is bound to render, entire compliance with the
prestation. There is a solidary liability only when the obligation expressly so states,
or when the law or the nature of the obligation requires solidarity. (1137a)

Ang pagpayag ng dalawa o mahigit pang nagpapautang o dalawa o mahigit pang mga
umutang sa iisa at parehas na pananagutan ay hindi nangangahulugan na ang bawat
isa sa mga nagpautang ay may karapatan maningil o ang bawat isa sa mga may utang
ay gampanan ang buong pagsasakatuparan ng kabayaran. Mayroon lamang
magkakasamang pananagutan kung ang obligasyon ay nagsasaad nito o hinihiling ng
batas o ng lagay ng obligasyon ang pagkakabuklod.

Discussions:

Classification of Obligation (Accdg. To # of parties)

1. Individual Obligation – there is only one debtor and one creditor in a contract

2. Collective Obligation – there are two or more debtor and two or more creditors

Kinds of Collective Obligations

1. Joint Obligation– where the whole obligation is to be paid or fulfilled proportionately by the different
debtors and demanded proportionately by the different creditors. This is the presumption in all
collective obligation unless solidarity is expressly stated.

2. Solidary Obligation– where each one of the debtors is bound render, and/or each creditor has the
right to demand from any of the debtors, the entire compliance with the prestation.

*Passive/solidarity on the part of the debtor

*Active/solidarity on the part of the creditor

Consequences of Solidary Obligation

1. Passive Solidarity- one of the several debtors can be made liable for the payment or the
performance of the entire obligation. (full payment by any of the debtor extinguishes the
obligation)
2. Active Solidarity- one of the solidary creditors can demand the payment or performance of the
entire obligation from the debtor or any of the debtors. (There is mutual representation w/ power
to exercise the rights of others in the same manner as their own rights)

Article 1208

March 25, 2016Leave a comment

If from the law, or the nature or the wording of the obligations to which of the
preceding article refers the contrary does not appear, the credit or debt shall be
presumed to be divided into as many equal shares as there are creditors or debtors,
the credits or debts being considered distinct from one another, subject to the
Rules of Court governing the multiplicity of suits.

Kung galling sa batas, o ang katangian o the mga salita ng obligasyon kung saan ang
sinusundan na artikulo ay hindi sumasang-ayon ay hindi Makita, ang utang ay maaaring
magpalagay na ito ay ibahagi sa mas maring pantay na distribusyon para doon sa
nagpautang at nangutang, ang mga utang ay may pagkakakilanlan sa bawat isa, at
sumasailalim sa Saligang Batas na syang namamahala para sa katakut-takot na
demanda.

Article 1209

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If the division is impossible, the right of the creditors may be prejudiced only by
their collective acts, and the debt can be enforced only by proceeding against all
the debtors. If one of the latter should be insolvent, the others shall not be liable
for his share. (1139)

Kung ang paghahati ay imposible, ang karapatan ng mga nagpautang ay maaaring

mapasama sa pamamagitan lamang ng kanilang kolektibong kagagawan, at ang utang
ay makukuha sa pamamagitan lamang ng paglilitis laban sa mga nangutang. Kung ang
isa sa mga nangutang ay hindi makakapagbayad, ang kanyang mga kasama ay walang
pananagutan sa kanyang bahagi.

Discussion:
Article 1209 applies to joint indivisible obligation because the prestation or object is not
susceptible of division, and solidarity is not provided.

According to Manresa, for joint indivisible obligation:

Debtors – the fulfillment of obligation requires the concurrence of ALL the debtors (each
for his part)

Creditors – there has to be a collective action for acts which are deemed prejudicial to the
rights of the creditors.

In case of breach of a joint indivisible obligation:

When there is plurality of debtors – compliance can be enforced by proceeding against

ALL of the debtors. If one of the debtors fails to perform, the obligation can no longer be
fulfilled because the prestation or object is indivisible. In indivisible prestation, division
is not possible.

When there is plurality of creditors (but only one debtor) – the obligation can be performed
only by the delivery of the thing to all the creditors jointly. The debtor must not deliver to just
one unless that particular person has been authorize by all the creditors to receive
the delivery. Otherwise, the debtor may be liable for damages due to non-performance of the
obligation in consideratino of the other creditors.

Article 1223

March 25, 2016Leave a comment

The divisibility or indivisibility of the things that are the object of obligations in
which there is only one debtor and only one creditor does not alter or modify the
provisions of Chapter 2 of this Title. (1149)

Ang pagkakahati o ‘di pagkakahati ng bagay na nilalaman ng mga obligasyon kung saan
may isa lamang na nangutang at isa lamang na nagpautang ay hindi binabago ang
probisyon ng Chapter 2 ng titulong ito.

Divisibility – is the susceptibility of an obligation to be performed partially [ill. Obligation

to deliver 100 pcs watches of a particular brand and quality]
Indivisibility – is the non-susceptibility of an obligation for partial performance realizing
the purpose of which the obligation seeks to obtain. [ill. Obligation to deliver a particular
car]

Classification of Divisibility

1.Qualitative Division – divisibility depends on the quality of the thing; not homogenous
(e.g. Inheritance – real & personal property)

2.Quantitative Division – divisibility depends on the numbers of the things;

homogeneous (e.g. 1000 hectares of land can divided into how many parts)

3.Ideal Division – non-material divisibility; only mental & intellectual (e.g. Corporation).

Kinds of Indivisibility

1.Legal Indivisibility – indivisibility provided by law

2.Conventional Indivisibility – indivisibility agreed upon by both parties

3.Natural Indivisibility– indivisibility by reason of the nature of the object or subject

matter of the obligation

Indivisibility (1) vs Solidarity (2)

1.(1) Indivisibility is the Nature of the obligation ; (2) Solidarity is the “vinculum” or
juridical tie existing between the parties

2.(1)one debtor & creditor involved in the obligations (2)there must be at least be two
debtors or creditor

3.In indivisibility, does not consider the fault of one party as the fault of others; in
solidarity the fault of one is considered the fault of the other

4.(1)The death of the debtor does not extinguish the prestation bec. the heirs are bound
to perform by the unfulfilled prestation. (2) the debt of the debtor is not tranferred to
heirs, therefore, terminates the solidarity.
Article 1224

March 25, 2016Leave a comment

A joint indivisible obligation gives the rise to indemnity for damages from the time
anyone of the debtors does not comply with his undertaking. The debtors who may
have been ready to fulfill their promises shall not contribute to the indemnity
beyond the corresponding portion of the price of the thing or of the value of the
service in which the obligation consists.

Ang pinagsamang hindi mapaghihiwalay na obligasyon ay maaaring magbigay ng

kaukulang bayad pinsala simula noong ang nangutang ay hindi makatupad sa kanyang
pangako. Ang nangutang na maaaring nang handa upang kanyang tuparin ang kanyang
pangako ay hindi na magbibigay ng kontribusyon para sa bayad doon sa kung ano ang
halaga ng isang bagay o halaga ng serbisyo kung saan ay napapabilang ang obligasyon.

Article 1225

March 25, 2016Leave a comment

For the purpose of the preceding articles, obligation to give definite things and
those which are not susceptible of partial performance shall be deemed to be
indivisible.

When the obligation has for its object the execution of a certain number of days of
work, the accomplishment of work by metrical units, or analogous things which by
their nature are susceptible of partial performance, it shall be divisible.

However, even though the object or service may be physically divisible, an

obligation is indivisible if so provided by law or intended by the parties.

In obligations not to do, divisibility or indivisibility shall be determined by the

character of the prestation in each particular case. (1151a)

Para sa mga susunod na artikulo, ang obligasyon na magbigay ng natatanging mga

bagay at para sa mga gawaing hindi maaaring magawa nang pahapyaw ay inaakalang
hindi na mahahati.

Kung ang pagtupad ng obligasyon ay sumasaklaw sa arawan o ang pagganap nito ay

masusukat, o di kaya ito mga bagay na analogo na maaaring magawa nang pahapyaw,
ito ay mahahati.
 Ngunit kahit ang isang bagay o serbisyo ay pwedeng mahati nang pisikal, ang obligasyon
ay mananatiling buo kung ito ay nakasaad sa batas o di kaya ay intensyong maging buo
ng baway partido.

Para sa mga obligasyong hindi paggawa, and pagigin buo o di buo nito ay itatakda ng
karakter ng prestation ng bawat kaso.

Discussion:

Effect of illegality of a part of a contract

1. Divisible Contract – if the contract is divisible and a part of it is illegal, the illegal part of the
contract is considered void and not enforceable.
2. Indivisible Contract – if the contract is indivisible and a part of it is illegal, the entire contract is
considered void and not enforceable.

Effect of partial performance of an indivisible contract

When an obligation is indivisible, it is not susceptible to partial performance, therefore, a

debtors who only does a part of the obligation cannot revocer payment for the partial
work that he has done because for an indivisible contract, partial performance is
equivalent to non-performance.

Article 1226

March 25, 2016Leave a comment

In obligations with a penal clause, the penalty shall substitute the indemnity for
damages and the payment of interest in case of noncompliance, if there is no
stipulation to the contrary. Nevertheless, damages shall be paid if the obligor
refuses to pay the penalty or is guilty of fraud in the fulfilment of the obligation.

The penalty may be enforced only when it is demandable in accordance with the
provisions of this Code.

Sa obligasyon na may penal clasue, ang parusa ay papalit sa pagbayad ng danyos at

sa interes kung hindi man ito magagawa, kung walang stipulasyon na iba. Datapwa’t,
ang danyos ay babayaran kung ang pinag-utangan ay tatanggi na magbayad ng parusa
o kung siya ay nagkasala ng pandaraya sa paggawa ng obligasyon.
 Ang parusa ay maaring maipatupad lamang kung ito ay naipapatupad ayon sa
probisyon ng Coda na ito.

Discussion:

Penalty clause is an accessory obligation or undertaking attached to a principal

obligation, which imposes an additional liability in case of breach of the principal
obligation, in order to secure the performance of the principal obligation.

The penalty imposable is a substitute for the indemnity for damages and payment of
interest in case of breach of the obligation, unless there is contrary stipulation, in which
case, the additional damages may further be recovered.

Article 1227

March 25, 2016Leave a comment

The debtor cannot exempt himself from the performance of the obligation by
paying the penalty, save in the case where this right has been expressly reserved
for him. Neither can the creditor demand the fulfillment of the obligation and the
satisfaction of the penalty at the same time, unless this right has been clearly
granted him. However, if after the creditor has decided to require the fulfillment of
the obligation, the performance thereof should become impossible without his
fault, the penalty may be enforced. (1153a)

Ang nangutang ay hindi mapapalaya ang kanyang sarili sa tungkulin nya sa kanyang
obligasyon sa pamamagitan ng pagbabayad ng multa, na kung saan ang karapatan na
ito ay malinaw na nakasaad para sa kanya. Kahit ang nagpautang ang nag demand ng
pagpuno sa obligasyon at ang satisfaction para sa multa sa parehong panahon, maliban
na lang kung ang karapatan na ito ay malinaw na pinagkakaloob sa kanya. Ngunit kung
pagkatapos ng obligasyon, ang pagganap dito ay maging imposible na hindi nagmula sa
kanyang kapabayaan, ang multa ay maaring maipatupad.

Discussion:

Exception to the Rule

1. When the creditor was clearly given the right to enforce both the principal obligation and the
penalty.
1. When the creditor has demanded fulfillment of the obligation, but the same could no longer be
fulfilled due to the debtor’s fault, he may demand the penalty agreed upon.

*If fault due to the creditors act – he cannot claim the penalty.

*If impossibility of fulfillment is due to fortuitous events – both principal obligation

and the penalty shall be extinguished.

Article 1228

March 25, 2016Leave a comment

Proof of actual damages suffered by the creditor is not necessary in order that
the penalty may be demanded. (n)

Ang patunay ng tunay na mga damyos na sinapit ng maypautang ay hindi

kailangan upang ang tubo ay singilin.

If the contracting parties had fixed the penalty for the purpose of compensating or
substituting the indemnity for damages as well as the payment of interests, proof of
actual damages suffered by the creditor is not necessary to enforce the penalty whether
or not damages had been suffered as long as the agreement or contract had been
breached. Thusly, in this sense, penalty and liquidated damages are the same.

Article 1229

The judge shall equitably reduce the penalty when the principal obligation has
been partly or irregularly complied with by the debtor. Even if there has been no
performance, the penalty may also be reduced by the courts if it is iniquitous or
unconscionable. (1154a)

Ang hukom ay makatuwiran babaan ang tubo kapag ang kabuuhan ng obigasyon ay
bahagya o hindi natupad ng may pagkakautang. Ganun din kung hindi pa
nakapagbayad, ang tubo ay maaring babaan ng hukuman kung ito at hindi
makatarungan at patas.
Article 1230
The nullity of the penal clause does not carry with it that of the principal
obligation.The nullity of the principal obligation carries with it that of the penal
clause. (1155)

Walang kinalaman ang principal na obligasyon sa pagpapawalang bisa ng isang
obligasyon na may katumbas na kaparusahan. Ang principal na obligasyon na
pinawalang bisa ay taglay ang obligasyong may kaparusahang penal.