Parallel Operation of Two Single Phase Transformers: Experiment No: 05

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (DEEE) – IV SEMESTER
EXPERIMENT NO: 05
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
AIM: Parallel operation of two dissimilar (2 KVA, 3 KVA) single phase transformers and
determination of load sharing and analytical verification given the short circuit test details.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Type Range Quantity

Equipment
1 Ammeter MI 0 -10 Amp 02
2 Ammeter MI 0 – 20 Amp 01
3 Voltmeter MI 0 – 600 Volt 01
4 Voltmeter MI 0 – 75 Volts 01
5 Wattmeter UPF 75 V / 10 Amp 01
6 Resistive Load NA ---- 01
PROCEDURE :
a) Make connections as per circuit diagram; keep the Load switch (DPST) and SPST(S1) switch
open.
b) First, Perform polarity test on each of the units and note down terminals with the same
polarity.
c) Switch ON the main supply, see the voltmeter reading of V connected across SPST switch, if
this reading double the secondary voltage of both the transformers then switch OFF main
supply and interchange the connections of secondary of any transformers.
d) If it reads zero which confirms that two transformers are connected correctly and parallel
then switch SPST(S1)can be closed, this way the polarity can be checked.(since wrong
polarity will short circuit the transformer if operated in parallel).
e) Also, confirm that no load voltages of both the transformers match in magnitude.
(It is important to perform both these tests before attempting the parallel operation).
VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

f) As we are not applied load on the Transformers, the ammeters shows zero readings.
g) Start applying the load on transformers, then T/F-1 and T/F-2 starts drawing the
corresponding currents as per their ratings.
h) Note down the corresponding current readings I1 , I2 & IL .
i) As we increase the load the corresponding values of currents I1 , I2 & IL increases.
j) Repeat the procedure for 4 to 6 readings by applying load stepwise.
k) Once the readings are noted down switch off the loads gradually, open SPST switch and
switch OFF the main supply.
l)
TABULATION OF READINGS OF LOAD TEST :
S.No PRACTICAL VALUES THEORETICAL VALUES

I1 (Amp) I2 (Amp) IL (Amp) I1 (Amp) I2 (Amp) IL (Amp)
1
2
3
4
5
6
FOR THEORETICAL VALUES :
Procedure for conducting SC tests to determine Z1 & Z2 :
a) Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram for SC test for each Transformer.
b) Keeping the auto transformer at zero output position close the supply switch.
c) Vary the auto transformer till the ammeter reads the rated full-load current of the
Transformer under test.
d) Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
e) Bring the auto transformer to zero output position and open the supply switch.
f) Tabulate the readings, disconnect the windings.

THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF CURRENT SHARING BY EACH TRANSFORMER :
(Note : Impedance calculating should be in (a+jb) rectangular form and load sharing shall be
reported in the tabular column in a+jb form.)
𝑍2 𝑍1
I1 = I L X (Amp) ; I2 = I L X (Amp)
𝑍1 +𝑍2 𝑍1 +𝑍2
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST FOR EACH TRANSFORMER TO DETERMINE Z1 & Z2 :
SC TEST TO BE CONDUCTED INDIVIDUALLY ON EACH TRANSFORMER :
S.No Vsc (Volts) Isc (amp) Wsc (watts) COS ⍉sc R01 (Ω) X01 (Ω)
T/F-1
T/F-2

Calculation of Z1 and Z2 by conducting SC Test :
𝑊𝑠𝑐
1. R01 = 2 (Ω)
𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝑉𝑠𝑐
2. Z01 = (Ω)
𝐼𝑠𝑐
3. X01 = √𝑍01
2 2
− 𝑅01 (Ω)
CONCLUSION : The load sharing between the two transformers connected in parallel is studied
theoretically and verified practically.

EXPERIMENT NO: 03
SUMPNER’S TEST (or) BACK TO BACK TEST
AIM : To conduct Back to Back test on two identical transformers and to determine the efficiency
and regulation of Transformer.
APPARATUS :

Equipment
2 Ammeter MI 0 – 2 Amp 01
3 Voltmeter MI 0 – 75 Volt 01
6 Wattmeter LPF 300 V / 2.5 Amp 01
NAME PLATE DETAIS :
1. Transformer ratings : 1.2 KVA

2. Primary Voltage : 240 V
3. Secondary Voltage : 120 V
THEORY :
1. In OC test we find :
a) Core loss (Wo)
b) Core Parameter (Ro & Xo)
2. In SC test we find :
a) Copper loss (Wcu)
b) Winding Parameters (R01 & X01)
3. From Sumpner’s test we find :
a) all the four parameters can be find (i.e. Ro, Xo, Ro1 & Xo1)
b) In addition to above we can also find temperature rise of transformers.

4. Advantage of this test :

a) To find Ro, Xo, Ro1 & Xo1 need to conduct two separate test (i.e. OC and SC test)
and consumes time and extra power.
b) In one attempt we can conduct OC test as well as SC test and we can find all four
quantities at a time.
c) The Power required to conduct this test is less when compare to OC and SC test.
d) We can also perform the Heat run test on a same test.
5. We required two identical transformers to conduct this test.
PROCEDURE :
1. Make circuit as per given circuit diagram.

2. Two primaries of Transformers are connected in parallel.
3. Two secondaries of transformers are connected in series opposition.
4. Give rated primary voltage to the transformer by varying auto transformer gradually.
5. According to that emf’s will induce in the primary and secondary winding.
6. Net voltage across secondaries becomes zero due to series opposition which shows
voltmeter (V) connected across A & B terminals.
7. Means the secondary of the transformers acting like a open circuit.
8. Under this condition source will supply No-load current (io) and No-load power (Wo).
9. Note down the readings of ammeter A1 and W1.
10. Wattmeter reads No-load power loss (i.e Wo= Core loss or Iron loss) and ammeter
reads No-load current (Io).
11. Keep the primary supply as it is and close switch (S1-polarity switch) and apply
voltage towards secondary side through auto transformer until rated current flows
through Primary and secondary, just like short circuit test.
12. Small amount of voltage is enough ( say 30% of full load voltage) to get rated current
in primary and secondary.
13. Current will flow through primary terminals (C-D-E-F-G) not through ammeter (A1)
and wattmeter (W1).
14. W1 reading will not change, W2 reads copper loss (from short circuit test)
15. Note down the readings of A2 and W2. ( short circuit current and copper losses of both
the transformers respectively)

TABULATION :
OC TEST :
2*Io 2* Wo
Vo (Volts) Ro (Ω) Xo (Ω) Zo (Ω)
(Amp) (Watts)
SC TEST :
2*Vsc (Volts)
Isc (Amp) (Across auto 2*Wsc Req (Ω) Xeq (Ω) Zeq (Ω)
transformer output)
CALCULATIONS PER EACH TRANSFORMER :
𝑊𝑂
1. COS ⍉O = 𝑉𝑂∗ 𝐼𝑂
𝑉𝑂 𝑉𝑂
2. Zo=√𝑅𝑜2 + 𝑋𝑂2 3) Ro = 𝐼 Ω 4) Xo = 𝐼 Ω
𝑂 𝑋 𝐶𝑂𝑆⍉𝑂 𝑂 𝑋 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ⍉𝑂
Wsc Vsc
5. Req = Ω 6) Zeq = Ω 7) Xeq=√𝑍𝑒𝑞
2 − 𝑅2
𝑒𝑞
(Isc)2 Isc
TABULATION FOR CALCULATION OF % REGULATIONAT FULL-LOAD :
S.No Load PF % Regulation @ Lagging PF % Regulation @ Leading PF

1
2
3
4
5

𝐼𝑠𝑐 {𝑅𝑒𝑞 ∗𝐶𝑂𝑆⍉ ± 𝑋𝑒𝑞 ∗𝑆𝑖𝑛⍉ }

% REGULATION = x 100
𝑉𝑜
CALCULATION OF COMBINED EFFICIENCY AT DIFFERENT LOADS AND INDIVIDUAL

EFFICIENCY IS CALCULATED :
S.No FRACTION OF FULL LOAD EFFICIENCY @ PF =1 EFFICIENCY @ PF =0.8

X
1 0.25
2 0.50
3 0.75
4 1.0
(𝑋∗𝐹𝑈𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷 (𝐾𝑉𝐴)∗𝐶𝑂𝑆∅ )∗ 1000

%ɳ= x 100
(𝑋∗𝐹𝑈𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷 (𝐾𝑉𝐴)∗𝐶𝑂𝑆∅∗1000)+𝑊𝑜+𝑋 2 ∗𝑊𝑠𝑐
RESULT: The characteristic curve of efficiency at different loads and % Regulation at full-load at
different power factors are drawn.

EXPERIMENT NO: 04
SCOTT CONNECTION (or) T-CONNECTION ON TRANSFORMERS
AIM : To obtain two single phase (1-∅) supplies from a three phase (3-∅) supply by scott
connecting the two transformers and further study the loading on the three phase side
due to loading on the two single phase & determination of efficiency of the combined set
(2 x 1.2 KVA).
APPARATUS :

Equipment
THEORY :
Here we are using two transformers (T/F-1 & T/F-2 )
a) Transformer-1 called as -------- Main Transformer
b) Transformer-2 called as -------- Teaser Transformer
c) Transformer-1 in which used 86.6 % of secondary tappings, whereas
d) Transformer-2 in which used 50 % of secondary tapping.
PROCEDURE :
1. Make the connection as per circuit diagram.

2. The supply is given to the secondary of both the transformers.
3. Loads are connected to primaries of main transformer and teaser transformer.
4. Use wattmeters (W1 & W2) to measure power taken by the two transformers.
5. Connect two voltmeters and two ammeters towards load side to measure voltage and
current by each load.
6. Before going to start main supply confirm that the auto transformer kept at zero
position.
7. After confirming the Auto-transformer at zero position, switch on the supply.
8. Now gradually vary the auto-transformer till the voltmeters V1, V2 connected across load
should shows 240V.
9. Once the rated voltage are applied then vary the load in steps.
10. First apply balanced load for main transformer and teaser transformer.

11. Switch ON one equal loads to the T/F-1 and T/F-2.

12. Note down the corresponding values of wattmeters, ammeters and voltmeters
(i.e. W1,W2,I1,I2,V1,V2).
13. The loads are applied step wise ( equal loads need to apply for each transformer and take
the corresponding readings of the meters)
14. The same procedure will be repeat by applying the unequal loads to the main
transformer and teaser transformer.
15. The corresponding values of W1,W2,I1,I2,V1,V2 are noted down.
TABULAR COLUMN :
BALANCED LOAD READINGS :
S.No W1 W2 INPUT V1 V2 I1 I2 OUTPUT %ɳ
UN-BALANCED LOAD READINGS :
S.No W1 W2 INPUT V1 V2 I1 I2 OUTPUT %ɳ
CALUCULATION :
1. Input = W1+W2 (watts)
2. Output = (V1 x I1) + (V2 X I2)
𝑂𝑈𝑇 𝑃𝑈𝑇
3. %ɳ = X 100
𝐼𝑁𝑃𝑈𝑇

EXPERIMENT NO: 08
REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY USING SYCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD
AIM : To find the regulation of a 3-⌀ alternator by using synchronous impedance method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED :
S.No Equipment Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter MI 0-300/600V 1
2 Ammeter MI 0-5/10A 1
3 Ammeter MI 0- 2.5/5A 1
4 Rheostat Wire-wound 145Ω/2A 2
5 Rheostat Wire-wound 400Ω/1.7A 1
6 Tachometer Digital -------- 1
7 Connecting wires ------------ --------- required
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
DC Motor (Prime mover) Rating 3-⌀ Alternator Rating

KW 7.5 hp Power rating
Voltage 230v PF
Current Line Voltage
Speed 1500 rpm Speed 1500 rpm
Excitation Shunt Excitation Voltage 230 V (DC)
Voltage 230 V (DC) Rated Current
Field Current

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE :
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST :

1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
2. Before starting the experiment, the potential divider (rheostat) in the alternator field circuit
set maximum position and field regulator rheostat of motor circuit is set minimum resistance
position.
3. Switch ON the supply and close the DPST switch. The DC motor is started by moving starter
handle.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of DC motor to attain rated speed (equal to synchronous speed of
alternator)
5. By decreasing the field resistance of alternator, the excitation current of alternator is
increased gradually in steps.
6. Note the readings of field current, and its corresponding armature voltage in a tabular
column.
7. The voltage readings are taken up to and 10% beyond the rated voltage of the machine.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST :

1. For short circuit test, before starting the experiment the potential divider is brought back to
zero output position, i.e. resistance should be zero in value.
2. Now close the TPST switch.
3. The excitation of alternator is gradually increased in steps until rated current flows in the
machine and note down the readings of excitation current and load current (short circuit
current)
4. Switch OFF the supply.
OBSERVATIONS :
OC TEST S.C.TEST
S.N S.N
Field Current (Amp) OC Voltage/phase (Vo) Field Current If (Amp) SC Current Isc (Amp)
Procedure to find Armature resistance of alternator:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the supply. By varying the rheostat, take different readings of ammeter and
voltmeter in a tabular column.
3. From the above readings, average resistance Ra of a armature is found out.
OBSERVATIONS :
𝑽
S.No Armature Current (amp) Armature Voltage (volts) Rdc = (Ω)
𝑰

Connection Diagram to find Ra :
Procedure to find synchronous impedance from OC and SC test:

1. Plot open circuit voltage, short circuit current verses field current on a graph sheet.
2. From the graph, the synchronous impedance for the rated value of excitation is calculated.
3. The excitation emf is calculated at full load current which is equal to the terminal voltage at
no-load.
4. The voltage regulation is calculated at rated terminal voltage.
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
𝑉𝑜𝑐
𝑍𝑠 = for the same If and speed : 𝑋𝑠 = √𝑍𝑆2 − 𝑅𝑎2 [Ra Rdc ]
𝐼𝑠𝑐
Generated emf of alternator on no load is :
𝐸𝑂 = √(𝑉 𝐶𝑂𝑆 ∅ + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 )2 + (𝑉 𝑆𝐼𝑁 ∅ ± 𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑠 )2
+ for lagging p.f
- for leading p.f

The percentage regulation of alternator for a given p.f is :
𝐸𝑜− 𝑉
% Reg = X 100
𝑉
Where Eo = Generated emf of alternator.
V = Full-load, rated terminal voltage per phase.
MODEL GRAPH :
Draw the graph between If (vs) Eo per phase and If (vs) Isc
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Connections must be made tight.
2. Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off.
RESULT :

EXPERIMENT NO: 07
DIRECT LOAD TEST ON ALTERNATOR
AIM : To conduct direct load test on Alternator and obtain voltage regulation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED :

7 Connecting wires ------------ --------- required
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Voltage 230v PF
Field Current

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
THEORY:
1. In synchronous generator terminal voltage suppose to be constant.
2. Whatever be the load, zero to full-load the terminal voltage suppose to be constant.
3. But in practical the terminal voltage is decreasing, because of three factors affecting the
terminal voltage
i) IaRa drop ii) Ia XL drop iii) IaXar drop
4. So the terminal voltage is not equal to Eph.
𝐸𝑝ℎ − 𝑉𝑝ℎ
% Regulation = X 100
𝑉𝑝ℎ

PROCEDURE:
position.
handle.
alternator)
5. Increase excitation current of alternator gradually until we get rated terminal voltage by
decreasing the field resistance.
6. Note the readings of line current, and its corresponding armature voltage under no load
condition in a tabular column.
7. Now close TPST switch to apply load on alternator.
8. Apply load on alternator step wise and note the readings of line current, armature voltage for
corresponding load values in a tabular column.
9. Increase load up to rated current and take the values of terminal voltage, line current and
calculate regulation of alternator at different load conditions.
10. Remove load gradually from the alternator and switch off the power supply.
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No Armature Current (amp) Armature Voltage (volts) % Regulation
1
2
3
4
5

EXPERIMENT NO: 09
SYNCHRONIZATION OF ALTERNATOR WITH SUPPLY MAINS BY BRIGHT LAMP METHOD
AIM: To study the synchronization of alternator with infinite bus bar by bright lamp method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

7 Connecting wires ------------ --------- Required
8 Incandescent Bulb Filament 100W/230V 6
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Voltage 230v PF
Field Current

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig : Bright Lamp control method

THEORY:
1. As the load increases beyond the total capacity of connected generators, additional units are
paralleled to reach the demand. Similarly if demand decrease, some units are removed from
service. This enables the units to operate at or close to their full load ratings & thereby the
efficiency of generation is maximum.
2. Synchronization of alternator. Synchronization of alternator means connecting
an alternator into grid in parallel with many other alternators that is in a live system of
constant voltage and constant frequency. ... It is also said that the alternator is connected to
infinite bus-bar.
3. A stationary alternator is never connected to live bus-bars, because it will result in short
circuit in the stator winding (since there is no generated emf yet). Before connecting an
alternator into grid, following conditions must be satisfied:
4. Equal voltage: The terminal voltage of incoming alternator must be equal to the bus-bar
voltage.
5. Similar frequency: The frequency of generated voltage must be equal to the frequency of
the bus-bar voltage.
6. Phase sequence: The phase sequence of the three phases of alternator must be similar to
that of the grid or bus-bars.
7. Phase angle: The phase angle between the generated voltage and the voltage of grid must be
zero.
8. The first condition of voltage equality can be satisfied by a voltmeter. To satisfy the
conditions of equal frequency and identical phases, one of the following two methods can be
used:
(i) Synchronization using incandescent lamp
a) Bright Lamp method.
b) Dark lamp method.
c) Two bright and one dark method.
(ii) Synchronization using synchroscope.
9. Case-I:
A) Let us see the case where the phase sequence of the incoming machine is in reverse to
that of the running machine:

i) Even if the generators A & B are running at exactly the same speed, the voltage
across the lamps, namely RR’, YY’, BB’ vary independently.
ii) With the result that the lamps attain brightness and die down in rotation and we
can conclude that the machine can’t be synchronized.
Case-II:
B) Let us see the case where the phase sequence of the incoming machine is the same as that
of the running machine :
i) If the voltage of each system reach their maximum in the order RYBR and R’Y’B’R’
respectively, then the voltages are of similar phase sequence.
ii) The voltages across the lamps are now of equal magnitude at any instant, and are
thus all dark (or) all bright together.
iii) It is clear that the alternators are in perfect synchronism when the lamps are
simultaneously dark.
iv) Thus the new synchronized alternator can be connected to infinite bus bar.
PROCEDURE:
position.
handle.
alternator)
5. Increase excitation current of incoming alternator gradually until we get terminal voltage is
equal to the bus bar voltage (supply mains voltage) by decreasing the field resistance and it
is confirmed by voltmeter connected across supply mains and incoming alternator.

6. Connect the Lamps across the incoming alternator and supply mains (infinite bus bar)
phases such as
A1 (R) is connected to B2 (Y1) ,
B1 (Y) is connected to C2 (B1) and
C1 (B) is connected to A2 (R1).
7. Observe if all the three lamps get bright and dark together, this means that the phase
sequence is correct.
8. Then close the synchronizing switch in the middle of the bright period.

EXPERIMENT NO: 01
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM : To determine the efficiency and voltage regulation of a single Phase Transformer by
Direct applying of different loads on secondary side of transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Equipments Type & Specifications Quantity

1 Transformer 1-⌀, 500 VA 1
2 Ammeter (MI) 0-20 A 1
3 Voltmeter (MI) 0-300 V 1
4 Wattmeter (UPF) Dynamo type, 250 V/5 A 1
5 Auto Transformer 1-⌀, 6 Amp, 230 V 1
6 Connecting Wires ------ Required
7 Load 10A/230V 1
NAME PLATE DETIALS:
S.N Description Rating

1 Power rating
2 LV side Voltage
3 HV side voltage
4 LV side current
5 HV side current
6 Frequency
THEORY:
A Transformer is a static device which transfers the electrical energy from one circuit to
another circuit with changes in voltages and current but without any change in the frequency.
The transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction between two

windings placed on a common magnetic circuit. The two windings are electrically insulated from
each other and also from the core.

Various measurements are made by connecting different loads directly on the

transformer and to determine the efficiency and regulation of transformer at different load
conditions. Usually, this test is performed for low power rating transformer since load is
directly applied, approximating no assumptions are needed accuracy of the results is limited
only by the accuracy of the measurements.
When the secondary is loaded the secondary current I2 is setup. The magnitude and
phase of I2 with respect to V2 is determined by the characteristics of the load. The secondary
current sets up its own mmf and hence its own flux ф2 which is in opposition to main primary
flux ф which is due to I0 the secondary ampere turns N2*I2 are known as demagnetizing
ampere turns .The opposing secondary flux I2 weakens the primary flux Φ momentary. Hence
primary back Emf E1 tends to be reduced. For a movement V1 gain the upper hand over E1 and
hence causes more current to flow in primary.
Let the additional primary current be I21 .It is known as load component of primary
current. This current is anti phase with I21 the additional primary mmf N1*I2 sets up its own
flux Φ21 which is in opposite to Φ2 and is equal to its magnitude. Hence the two cancel each
other out. So the magnetic effects of secondary current I2 are immediately neutralized by the
additional primary current I21.Hence whatever the load conditions be, the net flux passing
through core is approximately the same as no-load.
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit diagram such that the supply on LV side and load on HV side as
shown the figure.
2) Gradually increase the voltage using auto-transformer till the voltmeter reads the rated
voltage 230V, on LV side and also record the voltage on HV side.
3) Maintain the voltage V1 to be constant for all loads.
4) Switch on the load switches one by one record the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter’s
readings.
5) After noting the values, gradually decrease the load and set the Auto-Transformer zero
voltage position and Switch off the supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Observations for Load Test; (purely resistive)

V1 = 230 V (Constant)
S.No
PRIMARY SECONDARY
%ɳ % Reg.
V1 (V) I1 (A) W1(KW) V2(V) I2(A) W2(KW)

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
1. % Efficiency η = 𝑋 100
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐸𝑜− 𝑉
2. % Reg = X 100
𝑉
MODEL GRAPHS:
Efficiency Vs Output Power Regulation Vs Power factor
PRECAUTIONS:
1 Avoid loose connections.

2 Don’t touch the circuit connections while power is on.
3 Take the meter readings without parallax error.
4 Voltage is to be varied gradually till rated current flows.
5 Ensure that the setting of the variac is at zero output voltage during starting
RESULT:

DASNAGAR (Vill), MAKLOOR (Mdl)

NIZAMABAD- 503 003
II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC
(Recognized by Govt. of T.S Higher Eduction ( ECI ) Department G.O.Ms. No.)
(Affiliated to SBTET-TS,Hyderabad, AICTE, New Delhi)
CERTIFICATE
NAME OF THE LABORATORY: ______________________________________________________________________________
Academic Year: 20 _____ - 20_____
Certified that this is the Bonafide Record of work done in the __________________________________________________
laboratory by Mr./Ms___________________________________________ of __________POLYTECHNIC ______ Sem __________
branch with Hall Ticket No: ______________________________during the Academic year 20________ to 20________
and Performed __________ Programs/Experiments out of ________________ Programs/Experiments under my
Supervision.
LAB INTERNAL LAB EXTERNAL HOD

EXAMINER EXAMINER

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
A.C. MACHINES LAB PRACTICE –I
LABORATORY MANUAL
SUBJECT TITLE : A.C. MACHINES LAB PRACTICE-I
SUBJECT CODE : EE-409
PERIODS/WEEK : 03
PERIODS/ YEAR (SEM) : 45
SEMESTER : IV
TIME SCHEDULE
No.of
S.No Major Topics
periods
1 Performance of single phase transformer. 09
2 Sumpner’s test and Scott connection 09
3 Parallel operation of transformers and oil testing kit. 09
4 Alternators 12
5 Industrial Visit 06

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
A.C. MACHINES LAB PRACTICE –I
INDEX
PAGE
S.No NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
NO
1 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
2 OC AND SC TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
3 SUMPNER’S TEST ON TRANSFORMER
4 SCOTT CONNECTION OR T-CONNECTION ON TRANSFORMER.
5 PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS
6 DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF TRANSFORMER OIL
7 LOAD TEST ON ALTERNATOR
8 REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY USING SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD
9 SYNCHRONIZATION OF ALTERNATOR BY USING BRIGHT LAMP METHOD
10 INDUSTRIAL VISIT (33/11 KV SUBSTATION)

EXPERIMENT NO: 02
OC & SC TEST ON TRANSFORMER
AIM :

Parallel Operation of Two Single Phase Transformers: Experiment No: 05

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Parallel Operation of Two Single Phase Transformers: Experiment No: 05

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DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (DEEE) – IV SEMESTER

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.No Name of the Type Range Quantity

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

TABULATION OF READINGS OF LOAD TEST :

S.No PRACTICAL VALUES THEORETICAL VALUES

FOR THEORETICAL VALUES :

Procedure for conducting SC tests to determine Z1 & Z2 :

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF CURRENT SHARING BY EACH TRANSFORMER :

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST FOR EACH TRANSFORMER TO DETERMINE Z1 & Z2 :

SC TEST TO BE CONDUCTED INDIVIDUALLY ON EACH TRANSFORMER :

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

Calculation of Z1 and Z2 by conducting SC Test :

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

S.No Name of the Type Range Quantity

NAME PLATE DETAIS :

1. Transformer ratings : 1.2 KVA

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

4. Advantage of this test :

1. Make circuit as per given circuit diagram.

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

CALCULATIONS PER EACH TRANSFORMER :

TABULATION FOR CALCULATION OF % REGULATIONAT FULL-LOAD :

S.No Load PF % Regulation @ Lagging PF % Regulation @ Leading PF

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

𝐼𝑠𝑐 {𝑅𝑒𝑞 ∗𝐶𝑂𝑆⍉ ± 𝑋𝑒𝑞 ∗𝑆𝑖𝑛⍉ }

CALCULATION OF COMBINED EFFICIENCY AT DIFFERENT LOADS AND INDIVIDUAL

S.No FRACTION OF FULL LOAD EFFICIENCY @ PF =1 EFFICIENCY @ PF =0.8

(𝑋∗𝐹𝑈𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷 (𝐾𝑉𝐴)∗𝐶𝑂𝑆∅ )∗ 1000

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

S.No Name of the Type Range Quantity

1. Make the connection as per circuit diagram.

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

11. Switch ON one equal loads to the T/F-1 and T/F-2.

BALANCED LOAD READINGS :

S.No W1 W2 INPUT V1 V2 I1 I2 OUTPUT %ɳ

UN-BALANCED LOAD READINGS :

S.No W1 W2 INPUT V1 V2 I1 I2 OUTPUT %ɳ

1. Input = W1+W2 (watts)

2. Output = (V1 x I1) + (V2 X I2)

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

S.No Equipment Type Range Quantity

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC Motor (Prime mover) Rating 3-⌀ Alternator Rating

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST :

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST :

Procedure to find Armature resistance of alternator:

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

Connection Diagram to find Ra :

Procedure to find synchronous impedance from OC and SC test:

Generated emf of alternator on no load is :

𝐸𝑂 = √(𝑉 𝐶𝑂𝑆 ∅ + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 )2 + (𝑉 𝑆𝐼𝑁 ∅ ± 𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑠 )2

+ for lagging p.f

- for leading p.f

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

The percentage regulation of alternator for a given p.f is :

Where Eo = Generated emf of alternator.

V = Full-load, rated terminal voltage per phase.

1. Connections must be made tight.

Academic Year: 20 _ - 20_

laboratory by Mr./Ms_____________________________ of POLYTECHNIC Sem

and Performed Programs/Experiments out of ______ Programs/Experiments under my