Fertilization

 The fusion of female and male gamete. This is the simplest definition.
 Zygote is a unicelullar embryo.
 The most common location for fertilization is the ampula of tuba uterina.

Ovum transport

 At the time of ovulation, the fimbriae of infundibulum become very active. It catches the
ovum.
 Fallopian tube has a ciliated mucosa. It also produce some fluid.
 There’s a small peristaltic movement of fallopian tube to transport the ovum.

Sperm transport

 Normally, sperm has a 200-500 millions of concentration of one ejaculation.

 There’s an important enzyme which function is to coagulate the semen to the vagina. It was
secreted by the vesicula seminalis. This enzyme make the sperm stay longer in the vagina.
 Sperm uses fructose to produce ATP for it’s movement. Semen is rich of fructose.
 Only 200-500 sperm out of 200-500 millions reach the conception location.
 In the semen, there’s also a prostaglandin which induce the contraction of the uterus and
the fallopian tube. This is essential for the transport of sperm to the conception location.
 Corona radiata, which surrounds the ovum, secretes a chemotractan substance which called
allurin. This chemotractan substance induce the sperm to get closer to it’s original source,
especially when the sperm is already located at the os of the tuba uterina.
 It takes about 5 minutes for the sperm to move from the servical os to the site of
fertilization.

Sperm will go to a capacitation state and an acrosome reaction before continues to the conception
process.

Capacitation

 It takes about 7 hours.

 Sperm has two membrane on it’s head part. Plasma membrane and acrosomal membrane
 It also has some glycoprotein deposits on it’s head. Until that load of glycoprotein deposits is
washed away, the sperm is unable to fertilize any ovum.
 The enzyme, cillia and other part of female reproductive mucosa helps to clean and digest
these glycoprotein.
 Only the capacitated sperm can go through the corona radiata.

Acrosomal reaction

 It happens as soon as the sperm attaches the zona pelucida.

 Once the sperm attached to the zona pelucida at it’s acrosomal membrane, it creates some
pores and the sperm secrete some enzyme such as acrosine, tripsine like substance,
hyaluronidase to digest the zona pelucida which is rich of glycoprotein.
 Sperm loses it’s acrosomal and plasma membrane in order to proceed from this reaction.
  There’s actualy a specific protein on the zona pelucida which induce acrosomal reaction, this
protein is called protein number 3 or ZP3.

Cortical reaction

 Once a sperm manage to pass through the zona pelucida and intouch with the ovum, the
ovum immediately runs a cortical reaction which release cortical granules into the zona
pelucida and alters it which makes the zona pelucida impermeable to other sperm.
 The next reaction would be the zona reaction. In this reaction, all of the sperm receptor
become inactivated.

Before the chromosomes of ovum and sperm fuse together, they doubles their chromosomes first.
From 23 single DNA chromosomes (chromatids) into 23 double DNA chromosomes (true
chromosome). It must be understanded that a chromosome is counted by it’s sentromer, not it’s
allele. Then, each of this chromosome (23 paternal and 23 maternal) will be placed in a equator line
with each of it’s copy being pulled away into 2 different pole. By this difision, each cell will have
every gene of preceding cell, before undergo a mitotic division.