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Deepak Kumar Yadav | 11813705 | August 31, 2018
Motherboard
A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as
the mainboard, system board, baseboard, planar
board or logic board, or colloquially, a mobo) is the
main printed circuit board (PCB) found in general
purpose microcomputers and other expandable
systems. It holds and allows communication between
many of the crucial electronic components of a
system, such as the central processing unit (CPU)
and memory, and provides connectors for
other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard
usually contains significant sub-systems such as the
central processor, the chipset's input/output and
memory controllers, interface connectors, and other
components integrated for general purpose use and
applications.
Motherboard specifically refers to a PCB with
expansion capability and as the name suggests, this
board is often referred to as the "mother" of all
components attached to it, which often
include peripherals, interface cards, and daughter cards: sound cards, video
cards, network cards, hard drives, or other forms of persistent storage; TV tuner cards,
cards providing extra USB or FireWire slots and a variety of other custom components.
Similarly, the term mainboard is applied to devices with a single board and no additional
expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in laser printers, televisions,
washing machines and other embedded systems with limited expansion abilities.
History
Prior to the invention of the microprocessor, a digital computer consisted of multiple
printed circuit boards in a card-cage case with components connected by
a backplane, a set of interconnected sockets. In very old designs, copper wires
were the discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit
boards soon became the standard practice. The Central Processing Unit (CPU),
memory, and peripherals were housed on individual printed circuit boards, which
were plugged into the backplane. The ubiquitous S-100 bus of the 1970s is an
example of this type of backplane system.
Design
A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of
the system communicate. Unlike a backplane, it also contains the central processing
unit and hosts other subsystems and devices. A typical desktop computer has
its microprocessor, main memory, and other essential components connected to the
motherboard. Other components such as external storage, controllers for video display
and sound, and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in
cards or via cables; in modern microcomputers it is increasingly common to integrate
some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself.
Components of
Motherboard
1) Input/output Ports
Generally, input and output ports are placed at
the very side (back) of computer chassis. In
particular, the I/O ports is built to connect the
monitor, speakers, a microphone, an Ethernet
networking cable and multiple USB devices. At
the same time, sometimes you can see the connection with the legacy
devices. For example, parallel ports which work with the older printers.
2) BIOS:
BIOS is the short form of “Basic Input
Output System.” BIOS is the
components of Motherboard, and it is
positioned as the Integrated Chip.
Important to realize, BIOS contains all
the information and settings of the
motherboard, and you can update or
modify the setting from the BIOS mode.
All motherboards include a small block
of Read Only Memory (ROM) which is
separate from the main system memory used for loading and running
software. On PCs, the BIOS contains all the code required to control the
keyboard, display screen, disk drives, serial communications, and a number
of miscellaneous functions.
The system BIOS is a ROM chip on the motherboard used during the startup
routine (boot process) to check out the system and prepare to run the
hardware. The BIOS is stored on a ROM chip because ROM retains
information even when no power is being supplied to the computer.
3. CPU Socket
CPU socket helps to install the processor
into the Motherboard. That means the
CPU connects to the socket for
connecting to the motherboard. On the
bottom of the motherboard, the socket
carries hundreds of metal connectors
for the metal pins or balls. It helps to
supply the power to the processor. At
the same time, it transports the data
among the other parts/components of
the computer. You can’t update the computer’s processor without being the
same socket types.
i) Socket7: This types of old 321 pin socket supports the older versions of processor
including Intel Pentium 1/2/MMX, AMD k5/K6, and Cyrix M2.
ii) Socket370: This types of 370 pin socket supports the older versions of processors
including Celeron processors and Pentium-3 processors.
iii) Socket 775: This types of 775 pin socket supports the older versions of processors
including Intel dual-core, C2D, P-4 and Xeon processors.
iv) Socket 1156: It is one of the latest sockets of 1156 on the motherboard components
which supports Intel i-3, i-5, and i-7 processors.
v) Socket 1366: This is the most updated socket of 1366, and it can be used for any
types of latest processors including i-7 900 processors.
ii) DIMM slots: DIMM is the short form of “Double Inline Memory Module.” It is the most
updated, well-configured and latest RAM slots and it can run simultaneously with a 64-
bit bus. Another key point, the RAM slots which is used on the Laptop motherboard is
known as SO-DIMM.
i) ISA slots: There slots of the expansion card slots are the oldest slots on the
motherboard. The display and sound card were installed in this card slots and it was
positioned on the AT board. It was in a 16-bit bus and identified by black color. ISA is the
short form of “Industry Standard Architecture”
ii) PCI Slots: PCI Slots is the short form of “Peripheral Component Interconnect.” It is
the most familiar and latest components of the motherboard and it is used to install add-
on card on the motherboard. The PCI Slots supports the high-speed 64-bit bus.
7. Power Connectors
A Motherboard needs the power to keep
running and it gets the power from SMPS.
There are connectors to keep the process
going on.
8. IDE connector
IDE is the short form of “Integrated Drive
Electronics” and it is used to connect the
disk drives including floppy disk drives and
HDD (Hard Disk Drives). Here you will
find 40-pin male connector that connects
HDD. At the same time, the 34-pin male
connector that connects the FDD.
9. SATA connector
SATA is the abbreviation of “Serial Advanced Technology Attachment.”
Important to realize, it is the latest connectors with 7-pin interface. It is used
to connect the SATA hard disks or optical drives. It is faster and better than
the IDE Connector.
10. Co-Processor
One of vital parts or components of the motherboard is Co-Processors. It is
used to perform mathematical calculations and computer graphics with the
main processors.
When working the motherboard, you will find some other parts or
components on the motherboard. As we are describing all the parts of
Motherboard, We should also know these components of the motherboard
too. Let’s take a look at the name, use, and functions.
Chipset-North Bridge (CNB): It is an integrated circuit with two chipsets and performs
some particular task.
Fire wire header (IEEE 1394): It is the serial bus which is used to transfer digital and
audio data.
PS/2 Connectors: It is the very common connects and all the motherboard contains
two of it’s for connecting the keyboard and mouse.
USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port: USB port is located on every motherboard for
connecting external devices or storages including pen drive or audio jack.
Parallel or (LPT) Port: The port helps to connect the scanners and printers.
Game Port: The port is used to connect all the gaming devices, for example, a joystick.
COM (Communication) Port: This device has been built to connect different devices
including mouse, modem.