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WATER PROOFING FOR ROOFS

 Waterproofing  33 comments

  Terrace is the most crucial segment of a building,

and it is exposed to direct climatic variations,
extremes of rainfall and structural movements
caused thereby. So every effort should be taken at
the design stage itself to ensure that a proper
protection system has been incorporated. It has
often been found that the economic solution is not
always the best solution. So, the system, which
assures maximum protection, should be selected
even though it may cost little more.

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF WATER PROOFING FOR ROOFS
ROAD FORMWORK SOIL
A building or structure needs waterproofing as
ADMIXTURES WATERPROOFING
concrete itself will not be watertight on its own. All
CEMENT REINFORCEMENT
the flat roofs in the modern age are generally
constructed of reinforced cement concrete. This CONCRETE

material removes all the problems of flat roofs PRE STRESS/POST STRESS

VAASTU
except that the roof should be made water proof by
employing any of the various methods available for Popular Posts
moisture proofing.
· USUAL PRACTICE
BRIEF AND DETAILED
The R.C.C. Slab of the terrace is generally done with
SPECIFICATIONS OF
ordinary concrete without using any admixture to
PAVEMENT QUALITY
take care of the extra workability required to proper
CONCRETE (PQC)
placement and compaction of the concrete through
  PURPOSE:-     ・         The
the congested reinforcement.
purpose of this Quality Plan
Sometimes integral waterproofing compounds are
for Construction of
used in the concrete. But often they are not used
Pavement Quality Concrete
properly or sufficiently. Lime terracing, i.e.,
(PQC) is to provide detailed
Brickbat coba with lime, is done on the R.C.C. slab
Const...
to serve dual purpose. First is weatherproofing of
the slab by providing heat insulation for the area WATER
below it. The second purpose is waterproofing. This PROOFING FOR
layer also provides the slope required for easy ROOFS
drainage of rainwater. The parapet is of brick     Terrace is the
masonry and plastered with ordinary cement most crucial segment of a
mortar. building, and it is exposed to
· PROBLEMS direct climatic variations,
1. In due course numerous cracks are developed in extremes of rainfall and
the lime terracing. Water penetrates through these structural ...
cracks to the R.C.C. slab below it. Due to shrinkage
of cement mortar, lots of cracks are formed on the Singly reinforced
plaster of the parapet walls. Rainwater seeps beam(Limit state
through these cracks into the bricks and slowly method of
comes down to the R.C.C. slab. design)
2. Because of improper compaction, often the Different methods of design
concrete of the R.C.C. slab is full of voids and of RCC 1.Working Stress
honeycombs. Once the water reaches the R.C.C. Method 2.Limit State Method
slab, it easily seeps inside and corrodes the 3.Ultimate Load Method
reinforcement, thus weakening the structure itself. 4.Probabilistic Method of
3. Water, after seeping through the R.C.C. slab, Desi...
makes the ceiling and walls damp. In severe cases
water starts dripping from the ceiling. All these
leave ugly patches of dampness on the ceiling and Recent Posts
walls and paints peel off.
4. To avoid leakage of water through terrace, often
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE
tar felting is done on the terrace. But due to
STRUCTURES
weathering, the tar felt gets cracked within a couple
of years and water penetrates through the cracks to Soil Stabilisation using Lime
come down to the ceiling. Vastu Shashtra - A Scientific
· SUGGESTIONS Approach
To protect the terrace it should be made properly Civil Engineer Job openings
waterproof. There are numerous terrace for freshers in Bangalore
waterproofing systems available in the market; the Metro
choice of products will depend upon the
DOKA Formwork
requirements of the client under given
considerations.
A. The environment conditions (dirunal and
seasonal temperature variations) a building is Labels
subject to expansion/contraction caused as the
consequence. Admixtures

Cement
B. If the entire structure is weak for the reason of
poor quality of construction, sub-soil being weak, Concrete
vibrations from surrounding pattern of land use too
Construction Management
vigorous etc., then terraces are likely to be affected.
A waterproofing system should allow such Formwork
movements. However, if the movement is too Pre Stress/Post Stress
significant and the structure is not designed to
Reinforcement
overcome the same, then none of the waterproofing
systems will last unless adequate structural Road
strengthening is done prior to waterproofing.
Soil
C. Insulation properly desired - some structures are
designed to retard excessive heat penetration Vaastu
through the terraces to the areas underneath. At Waterproofing
times lightweight concrete is used. In such cases a
strong waterproofing layer becomes most essential,
because the surface has an element of porosity.
WATER
D. Terrace garden - Continuous presence of water
and contact of organic matter would require PROOFING
additional treatment of waterproofing than normal FOR ROOFS
ones.     Terrace is the most crucial
E. Cost factor - Quality and durability of a system is segment of a building, and it
directly proportional to cost. If the budget available is exposed to direct climatic
permits an option for a cheaper system only, then variations, extremes of
we could recommend such treatment. rainfall and structural ...
· TYPES OF SYSTEM
Terrace-waterproofing is possible with varying
permutations and combinations within a wide
product range, to suit the 'tailor-made'
requirements of the clients.
1. Whilst any water proofing system is decided, it is
imperative to have a basic substrate, which is
structurally sound. If the base on which a
waterproofing application is done, happens to be
weak, then the system chosen will also weaken. In
order to have the base concrete strong enough, the
concrete should be admixed with an integral Followers
waterproofing compound which would give a
homogeneous, workable mix at lower water/cement Followers (37) Next
ratio and reduce the permeability. It should be
ensured that the terrace is given a proper slope. Any
standing water shall not be permitted. Many
waterproofing systems have been found to fail
because of standing water remaining on the surface
consistently for longer duration.

2. The concrete, after casting, should be cured by

ponding or sprinkling water or with a suitable
curing compound spread over the entire surface.
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Initial curing is critical and should start
immediately after the initial setting of the concrete,
say after 4 to 6 hours of placing concrete. Lack of
initial curing is the main cause of drying shrinkage 1547676
cracks.
3. For construction of the parapet wall, a suitable
mortar plasticizer should be used with the
bricklaying and plastering mortar to improve the Follow Us
quality of the mortar.
4. Before starting any treatment for waterproofing
of the slab, all the visible cracks, undulations, joints Construction Updates
4,325 likes
etc. should be taken care of with a suitable
waterproof repair mortar.
5. On the cured and repaired concrete surface, there
Like Page
are 3 alternatives, which can be considered for
waterproofing. Be the first of your friends to like this
Alternate 1
After taking care of all the vertical and horizontal
Construction Updates
joints with the waterproofing mortar, the concrete about 3 weeks ago

surface may be treated with a surface applied

https://civiljobportal.blogspot.com/…/urgent-
cement based, crystalline action, hygroscopic opening-at-ada…
waterproofing chemical and then covered with layer
of cement mortar (25 to 75 mm) admixed with a
mortar plasticizer (commonly known as IRS finish.) CIVILJOBPORTAL.
Expansion joints and Dynamic cracks shall be filled Urgent Openi
with flexible and waterproof sealing compound. Position - Archite
Alternate 2
After taking care of all the horizontal and vertical
joints with the waterproofing mortar, the concrete
surface may be treated with a polymer based, Like Comment Share
flexible waterproofing chemical, which would take
care of thermal movements. Then the terrace may
be finished as in alternative 1.
Alternate 3
Where the terrace is likely to come in contact with
water and organic matters regularly, as in roof
gardens the terrace should be treated with epoxy
resin based surface waterproofer.
6. The plaster of the parapet wall should be treated
with a resin based water repellant chemical to avoid
any chance of water seeping through the wall down
ward to the concrete slab just below the wall.
7. If the brickbat coba or surki is to be done on the
terrace for weatherproofing, that should be done
only after the waterproofing treatment is done. An
admixture should be used with the surki mix to
make it watertight itself.

METHODS FOR WATER PROOFING

Water proofing can be done by the various following
methods:
1. Brick Bat Lime Coba Treatment
2. Mud Phuska Treatment
3. Bitumen Coating With Sand Sprinkling
4. Bitumen Felt Treatment and Glass Fibre Felt
Treatment
5. China Mosaic Treatment
6. Indian Waterproofing Method
7. Oversees Waterproofing Method
8. Proof Solution Method (by Nina Industry)
9. Leak Proof (by Water Proofing Corp, India)
10. Aqua Proof (by ACC)
11. Roof-Con (by De-Rust Chemical Corp)
12. Aqua (by Crystal Chemical)
13. Britex 100 (by Britex Chemical Industries)
14. Poly Urethane Foam (by Oversees Water
Proofing Company)
15. Latex Phalte W H (by Synthetic Asphalt)
16. Silicon Based Water Repellant (Syltrit 1772)
17. Epoxy Coal Tar (Paribond)
18. Aqua Seal
19. Mendo
20. Chime Seal
21. Epoxy Painting Or Grouting
22. Cico, Puddlo, Impermo
23. Snowcem
24. M-Seal & Epoxy In Various Formulation
25. Polythene Trt
26. Mastic Asphalt
These are some of the methods that are employed
for water proofing of roofs. There are many more
techniques available which can also be used in
combination with these methods.

PRINCIPLES OF WATER PROOFING FLAT

ROOFS
The functions of any dwelling unit are broadly three
in number:
1. Protection from rain
2. Shelter from extreme cold or heat
3. Privacy and safe storage of possessions
The evolutions of modern dwelling units- call them
flats, houses or bungalows- can be traced to natural
caves, which must have been the earliest form of
shelter. Traditional house types have developed in
response to the needs- when agriculture was the
predominant occupation or business, over a
hundred years or so, the building materials were
provided by the neighboring country. Everybody
was a house-builder as he was a herdsman or an
agriculturist. Today we are living in a world of
specialists and specialization. We have masons who
can do wonders in stone but not brick and vice-
versa. In the same way we are looking at a particular
aspect of construction technology and methods and
maintenance; that of water proofing and that too
terraces.
Architecturally, terraces would imply a flat-roof or
an open platform. The other meaning is a
colonnaded porch or a promenade or a porch. In the
mountainous region in our country, especially in
north and north-east, where flat land is minimal,
hill slopes are flattened at different levels and look
like steps. An ingenious system of channel provides
water to each flat piece of land and rice is grown.
This is known as terrace cultivation.
Today our terraces in construction provide a very
useful space, practically for anything, drying,
storage, parties, and functions and so on. The
terrace performs the same functions as the
courtyard, which once formed an integral part of
the vernacular architecture of Indian houses.
On one hand, we need terraces functionally, while
on the other we perceive it as a problem area, as it
often is the source of unwanted water, in form of
damp, or water seepage or as rain sometimes, even
as rain has stopped outside.
Not so long ago, flat roofs or terraces were a byword
for trouble and there was a common saying was that
the only way in which the problems of a flat roof
could be avoided was only through building a
pitched roof over it. But in the recent years, there
have been advancement in materials and design
choices and the record of terraces has improved
tremendously.
Historically also, terraces did have problem of
leakage and some solutions must be found. Perhaps
the degradation of material does cause permeability
or cracks or both, volume changes, shrinkages,
expansion, entrapment of water- all these caused by
the characteristics f the materials cause us
problems. Many new materials provide us with
novel solutions also.
Many concrete structures are designed and built to:
· Contain water within the structure
· Maintain dry condition within the structure,
where it is subject to water conditions on the
outside
We are looking at the second condition, wherein the
roof or the building envelope at the top of the
building has to keep the water away. The water is
due to rain and in the part of the world where we
live in, it is the monsoon rain, severe at times, more
than 25 -30 mm of rain per hour and over 250 cms
in most parts of the west coast. We are also looking
concrete, which is used as the structural slab with
beams and columns of the structure.
Since concrete is not completely impermeable to
water and since concrete may sometimes develop
cracks after placement, it is sometime necessary to
cover the surface with a barrier material to meet
these requirements.
To understand the factors affecting the
performance of various barrier systems, it is
necessary to consider them not isolated, but as a
part of the whole.
The specific elements are the barrier materials, the
interface of the barrier and concrete surface,
concrete to a depth of 6 -10 mm, the reminder
concrete and supporting systems.
Awareness of the systems concepts will make one
appreciate the selection of barrier material is only
one of the many inter related steps to offer
satisfactory performance. Equally important are
placement, consolidation, curing of the concrete,
surface cleanliness, surface preparation, application
procedure and inspection.

A decision to use a barrier and its selection should

be made when the concrete structure is being
designed. Configuration of the structure,
construction methods and job sequencing can affect
barrier installation and quality. Barrier penetration
can be minimized and barrier aspect of the job
better planned.
Concrete is a material par excellence. One only
needs to appreciate its behavior in the
environment, in which it is to function. We live in a
tropical climate- parts of the country are hot and
arid, whereas along the western coast we are in hot
and humid climates with heavy precipitation. The
environment clearly has two different phases. In the
hot part of the year it is subject to nearly 40.C
ambient temperature and unless insulated it could
reach up to 70.C and the interior of the dwelling
unit can be uncomfortable to live in.
Thus it appears for the roof we really require two
barriers- against heat and against water. The
traditional approach has been to provide a lime
terracing (100 to 200 mm thick) comprising of lime,
surkhi and brick bats along with many indigenous
admixtures- both organic and inorganic. Such a
layer functioned to provide both courses of
weathering course- the insulation part and the
water proofing part; the top level of the course
being so adjusted to have the water flow freely into
the drain outlets.
Today flat roofs are much more than just that. At
their periphery usually there is a parapet wall
provided about a meter high. The dwarf wall with
1:3 (or leaner) cement mortars and at times a stone
coping is provided. If we look at the roof, wall in it’s
entirely; we see a water tank, by and large. Of
course the rain water outlets are there. Imagine
these outlets, which have some grills, blocked by
leaves and other debris, when it rains we do have
standing water. Even when the other outlets are not
blocked, when there is a very heavy downpour,
many of us many of us may have seen a pool of
water increasing or decreasing. When such is the
case, that is we have a water tank literally, should
we not go for the same specifications as we do for
an RC water tank or reservoir, lower allowable
stresses, crack free, neat cement punning and all
proper joints and all of the rest of it. Otherwise if it
does not behave like a water tank, are we not to
blame ourselves.
Concrete leaks due to the following reasons:
1. Thermal Variation
2. Long Term Drying Shrinkage
3. Crack In Transition Zone
4. Structural Stresses
5. Creep Deformation
6. Thermal Incompatibility Between Paste &
Aggregate
7. Rusting Of Steel
8. Sulphate Action , Moisture Movement Due
To Volume Change

In many countries, the roof is variably sloping roof-

sometimes steep and sometimes not so steep. This
has been our tradition. But in the recent years, for
various reasons, we have dragged a flat roof from a
relatively arid, low rainfall area where it works very
well, to the west coast also. This is perhaps a folly.
It would still be useful is possible to provide a
sloping roof, with purlins, rafters and tiles taking
off from a short parapet wall, or limit the terrace
part to only the periphery of the building. This is
what is done for many buildings even today in
Malaysia, where the climate is like ours.
Of course- timber is scarce- we can have alternative
material like steel and aluminum. Actually the RC
roof will then function - more like false ceiling
perhaps we will design it with lesser dead loads-
access not provided and no lime terracing or brick
bat coba.
Of course if this is done all over, the water proofing
contractors will curse the architects and engineers
for the change.
The general principles for a successful weathering
course consist in knowing about the correct
procedures for their installations together with
incorporating sufficient details in the planning of
the job.
Rain water must be drained effectively and quickly
off the roof and it should not be allowed to pond. To
achieve effective drainage a minimum fall of 1 in 80
is recommended. Allowing for construction
inaccuracies and roof deflections, it is advisable to
design for a fall of 1 in 40, correct detailing is
necessary to see that rain water discharges into the
drain pipes properly.
Modern materials are all excellent. However they
could be quite sensitive to variance in application if
not done properly, as per instructions. The
manufacturer’s guidance when in doubt is essential.

ANATOMY OF WATER PROOFING

Significant factors contributing towards the
dampness coming from the terraces into the soffit
of the ceilings are:
· The entry of water through cracks in
external plaster
· Failure of pointing
· Hollow left due to insufficient grouting of
stone masonry
· Capillary action
· Incorporation of incompatible components
like RCC lintel bands in stone/brick masonry
walls
· Flashing of water on external surfaces
· Inadequate and imperfect expansion
structural deformations etc.

NEED OF WATER PROOFING PRODUCTS

Ideally concrete, the most widely and regularly used
construction material is supposed to be water tight
with co efficient of hydraulic permeability between
10-8 to 10-10 m/sec. a well made concrete with
proper mix design and with proper pouring and
curing practices is regarded as a very low porous
material. However it is seen in practice that
concrete loses its permeability due to the following
reasons:
1. Improper gradation of materials
2. Excessive water cement ratio
3. Less compaction
4. Awkward architectural section
5. Improper shuttering
6. Cold joints shuttering either in mass
concreting or in tall vertical structures
7. Use of bad quality construction materials
such as corrosive reinforcement or reactive
aggregates
8. Lack of curing : timely curing specially in
high cement content concrete mix or where
high grade cement is used in plastering
9. Damage to structures due to earthquake
effects
10. Failure of plumbing

TYPES OF WATER PROOFING METHODS

Water proofing can be broadly classified into the
following types:
· Traditional Waterproofing Methods
· Modern Waterproofing Methods
Some of the Traditional Water Proofing Methods
are
1. Integral Waterproofing Compounds
2. Brick Bat Lime Coba Treatment
3. Mud Phuska
4. China Mosaic
5. Indian Waterproofing Method
6. Shalimar Treatment (Tar Felt)
· Hessian Felt
· Glass Fiber Felt
· In-Situ Glass Fiber Felt
7. Bitumen Coating With Sand Sprinkling
8. Poly Ethylene Film
9. Aluminum Foil
Some of the Modern Water Proofing Methods are
 1. Silicon Based Water Repellent
2. Polymerized Bitumen
3. Water Proofing By Crystallization (Cement
And Liquid Polymer)
4. Water Proofing Membrane Forming Coating
5. Polymer Based Water Proofing Compound
Ready To Use
6. Water Proofing Tile Adhesive
7. Protective And Decorative Coating
8. Injection Grouting For Cracks
9. Poly-Sulphide Joint Filler
10. Silicon Sealant

A number of new products with different

combination have come to the market in the recent
past, to overcome the disadvantages of normal
bitumen based products. Salient features and
recommended areas of applications are given
below:
MODERN METHODS OF WATER PROOFING

STAGES OF WATER PROOFING

Water proofing as a process needs to be take care of
at two stages:
· During Construction Stage
· Post Construction Stage
STAGES OF WATER PROOFING
This diagram only gives a basic idea regarding the
number of water proofing methods available. Both
the stages- construction stage and post
construction stage- are equally important for
effective water proofing.
A. DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGE
Some of the essential precautions to be taken at the
time of construction are as follows:-
1. Every building plan, whether for new
building OR for addition/alteration to new
building, must give details of terracing to be
provided , water proofing system for roof
with details of joint with parapet wall,
sunken floor and down water pipes in scale
not smaller than 1:20.

2. Specifications laid down by the

manufacturers of the water proofing
products should be followed scrupulously to
ensure that no air bubbles are left between
the under lying surface and the water
proofing layer. Adequate overlaps should be
provided for the water proofing layers,
including cover up to the parapet wall. There
are a large number of relevant Indian
Standards and Code of practice available.

3. Drainage slope of the roof is one of the most

important factors. For the guidance of the
field Staff, each building plan must also
incorporate a roof plan, showing the position
of drainage Pipes and direction and extent of
slope on the roof. Drainage slope should not
be flatter than 1 in 80 and should preferably
 be 1 in 40. There should be no undulations in
the roof surface, which may result in
accumulation of rain water. At the time of
construction, the roof levels should be
personally recorded by the Inspector of
Works and 100% check exercised by the
Assistant Engineer. Extra care is necessary
for construction of golas, coping and joints.

4. At the extension joints in buildings, water

proofing has to be strengthened by inserting
a PVC Or a copper plate to prevent water
from seeping. These joints should also be
plugged by a good sealant. Polysulphide
based flexible sealants have good adhesion to
concrete surfaces and can be compressed or
stretched upto 50% of the width of the joints
and are good material for sealing of
expansion joints. Depth of the expansion
joints above the copper/PVC plate should
normally be kept half of the joint width and
should not exceed 20 mm.

5. Special precautions should be taken for

sealing of area around the water spouts to
make them water proof.

6. Any type of impermeable layer/coating

should never be applied on both faces of the
wall as the wall must be allowed to
“breathe”. A non-permeable finish or
waterproof finish should not be applied on a
wet wall, as it takes a long time to lose water
used during construction. The interior of a
new building should preferably be provided
with lime based color wash.

7. Quality of casting of concrete slab and

quality of terracing has to be good and
strictly as per specifications. Dense and low
permeability of concrete also ensures relief-
from dampness and comes by adequate
cement content and low water cement ratio
in concrete apart from required level of
compaction and adequate curing.

8. Area surrounding plinth of the building

should be filled with good earth and rammed
with slope away from the building, preferably
with plinth protection apron.
 9. Proper drip course should invariably be
provided on parapet wall copings, sun-
shades, chajjas etc.

10. Sunken floors are a constant source, of

leakage and dampness. These floors are
provided for accommodating the toilet seats.
Sunken floors must invariably be coated with
suitable epoxy or polyurethane compound or
polymer cementitious waterproofing
compound. These coatings should be given
over the slabs as well as on the walls up to 40
cms above the floor level.

11. Proper distribution, design and installation

of joints in the building e.g.
expansion/contraction and construction
joints and maintenance thereof can go a long
way towards improving the water proofing of
the building, since any crack may give rise to
ingress of water.

12. Adequacy of drainage must be ensured. As a

general guide line for every 40 M2 of roof
area, one 100 mm diameter rain water pipe
must be provided. Drainage will also depend
upon the intensity of rain fall in the area.
Softer/compressible finishing material for
roof surface like lime concrete or mud
phuska, which may develop local
depressions, will need steeper slopes.

It becomes all the more important to take care of

water proofing in the construction stage. Some of
the methods have been described below:
1. Concrete Admixtures
Many of the concrete plasticizer and super
plasticizer complying to  IS 9103 act as water
reducing agents, thus reduce permeability of
concrete and also comply with IS 2645
requirements, at reduced water cement ratio.
2. Integral Water Proofing
Available powders as well as liquid form, integral
water proofing compounds are the most popular
and commonly used products. Here, powder water
proofing is to be mixed with neat cement, which
subsequent by will be used for products. Here
powder water profess is to be mixed with neat
cement, which subsequent by will be used for
preparing mortar or concrete liquid. Water proffer is
to be mixed with dosing water, which can be used in
cement mix or dry concrete mix.
Such compound will be effective only when water
cement ratio is controlled and proper inter locking
of ingredients of concrete is observed to get a
cohesive mix based on particular size distribution,
while designing concrete mix.
Depending on nature of crack, suitable product is
suggested. Hydraulically fast setting non-shrink
powder is used after widening.
Hairline cracks and making ‘V’ grooves using cutter
machine. Water is added for obtaining trowel able
consistency and crack is filled with gloved palm or
steel spatula. There are products also used for
plugging running leakage from water tank, RCC
Hume pipe and can be used under water in fully
submerged conditions.
Semi-liquid acrylic flexible sealer can be used where
thermal stresses are high and crack tends to expand
and contract. Such products are user friendly and
can be used by anybody without any hitch, without
any special tool tackles/training.
3. Expansion Joint Treatment
Poly sulphide silicone or polyurethane silicones are
used depending upon specifications and user
preference. Polysulphide is grey in color while
silicone sealant is colorless or white in color. PU can
be made available in few selective colors. Most
important here is movement accommodation factor.
Size of expansion joint and distance of joint is
design aspect and is in preview of consulting
engineers. However, correct joint preparations at
edges and bottom surface and application
methodology here is of utmost importance. Epoxy
mortar is used to repair worn out broken edges and
expanded polystyrene /PUF / bituminous board are
used as backing materials for such joints.
4. Water Proofing Coating
Depending on basic materials, water proofing
coatings can be divided into the following types:
a) Silicate based crystalline penetrating type
single component powder
b) Single or two component polymer modified
brush applied coating
 c) Single component epoxy based liquid
coatings
d) Epoxy or polyurethane coatings
Due to its moisture sensitive nature, epoxy and PU
coatings have not become very popular. Care should
be taken to protect the coating against mechanical
damage using screed or plaster on top of it. Coating
can fail if proper surface preparation is not
observed. Manufacturer’s recommendation must be
followed religiously.
5. Exterior Water Repellent Coating
Silicone/ silane/ siloxane based color less coating is
applied on exterior face of buildings for:
a) Protection against salt efforance formation
b) Protection against growth of algae or fungus
c) Prevention of water seepage through
hairline crack in external plaster
d) Protection of exterior paint for longer
duration
Silicones water repellents are of two types:
· Water based- having lesser life span
· Solvent based- having life of 5-10 years.
Silicone water peller is very cost effective.
Solutions which can be applied on various
substrate such as bricks, stones, cement,
paint, stone cladding and many more.

6. Water Proof Concrete Film

Aquascud is a patented “sandwich” made of two

waterproof concrete films with interposed inside an
elasticized membrane which is micro-porous and
hydro-repellent (the “shield”). A total thickness of 3
mm that forms up a really safe barrier impermeable
to water (no permeability up to 1,5 atm)      FIGURE
3.1 – LAYERS OF WATER PROOF CONCRETE FILM
that adapts to the deformations of the structure
thanks to the high elasticity of the system (crack
bridging ability 1,5 mm).
 B. POST CONSTRUCTION STAGE
Water proofing needs to be done not only during
the construction stage, but it also may happen that
the existing buildings may experience dampness.
The following table helps in analyzing the reason
for dampness in existing buildings:

: WATER PROOFING IN CASE OF EXISTING

STRUCTURES
In case of repair work for a leaking roof, the
procedure is different from the water proofing done
during construction stage. The method has been
described below:
· Remove the existing water proofing
treatment, whether brick bat coba or bitumen
felt to expose the sound RCC surface.
· Repair any cracks or honey combs with
prema crack fill to get an even workable
surface
· Mix the guard and apply with a brush and
immediately cover it up with cement sand
screed. Lay back the brickbat coba to provide
water proofing is so desired.
Materials:
· Water proofing seal slurry
· Water proofing guard
· Fiber mesh
· Proof solution
 ·

 Polymer

(chemical)

                                                                WATER PROOFING OF

EXISTING STRUCTURES
LIME COBA AND LIME CHEKA COBA
This is a system used particularly for roofs in the
coastal region and consists of putting brickbat on
roofs to give a slope and then grouting the same
with mortar admixed with various proprietary
chemicals most in the nature of water proofing
compounds. This is mostly finished with IPS
topping with a tile pattern cut into the top to form
crack inducer joints to prevent cracks from
appearing. This has the advantage of providing an
excellent slope so that the water drains away.
ADVANTAGES
1. Provides Slope:
The system provides an excellent slope for the water to
drain away and since water does not accumulate there is
no leakage. Also it has a certain water retaining capacity
and water is absorbed by the brick when it rains and
released when it stops. Of course overloading results in
leakages
DISADVANTAGES
1. Cracks Due To Temperature Variations
The brick bat coba treatment through successful in
the damp heat of coastal regions cracks up
completely on contact with the variations of
temperature faced in North India between day and
night temperature.
2. Imposes Unnecessary Load
This system has the disadvantage of imposing an
unnecessary load on the system. Once cracks appear
they are almost impossible to repair and water as in
the case of the tar felting travels below the coba and
exits wherever it finds a path. It is impossible to trace
the inlet point let alone repair it.
3. Almost Impossible to Dismantle For Repairs
Some parts of the coba stick so well to the concrete
that even if an attempt is made to dismantle the
system, the slab gets damaged.

1. LIME COBA
            Lime Concrete is made as below:
· Brick Bat (100 mm size) – 40 parts
· Lime mortar 1:2made with sukhi – 50 parts
· Admixtures – gud, bel fruits, resins, white of
egg, methi and udad      cereals
3 kg of Gud Jaggery and 1.5 kg of bel fruit are added
to 100 litres of water by boiling and this solution is
sprinkled while tampering. In South India the
solution of Terminalia Chebula (Kadukai) is
prepared by breaking dry nut to small pieces and
soaked in water. Proportions are 6oo grams of
kadukai, 200 grams of jaggery and 40 litres of water
for 10 m2 area. The solution is brewed for 12 to 24
hours. Resulting liquor is decanted and used in the
work. Some people have used soap solution. The
lime mortar is ground usually in bullock driven
ghaani for 21 days. When it becomes suitably
flexible, then admixtures are added and concrete,
which can be consumed in one day. This concrete is
spread over flat roof stone slab. About 112 mm thick
layer is spread and finished with appropriate slopes
1/60. The sides of parapet wall are also finished
with a curve so that there is no leakage.

From the next day the lime concrete is tamped by

wooden rammers and while tamping a liquid of Bel
and Gud is sprinkled. The tamping continues for 10
days. Young girls of age 15 and below usually do the
tamping so that it is a light and rhythmic tamping.
They sing traditional folk songs during tamping.
This imparts rhythm to the lime concrete mass. The
top surface is finished with white part of egg and
made smooth and glossy. Many other materials like
methi and udad dal are added with lime to make it
flexible and ductile. This technique was used for
waterproofing of RCC roof at Medical College
Jabalpur in 1971-72 where soap solution was used
for sprinkling over coba.
2. LIME CHEKA COBA
This is very popular in hot areas of Gwalior and
Rajasthan when temperature rises upto 47 degree
celcius. In this treatment, small water pots 75 mm
high are kept over stone slab with top of opening
facing the stone. Lime concrete is first filled in
space between small 75 mm high pots and then 75
to 100 mm above and it is tamped for 21 days. The
hollow pots impart thermal protection to the space
below.
In place of hollow pots, thin 12 to 15 mm thick
bricks of size 75x75 mm are placed in vertical
profile in various patterns, rectangular, square or
circular. Lime concrete is spread in the space
between them. Then top 100 mm thick lime
concrete layer is spread over it and finished in a
similar process.
Both the treatment can last up to the life of the
building and there may not be any need to replace
them. In old buildings replacement is done after 200
years.
Cost of lime concrete cob a treatment will be about
Rs. 500 per sq.m. Cost of water proofing treatment
with polymerized material is Rs. 250 to 300 per
sq.m. The traditional treatment is more time
consuming and costly. But it can last for 100 years.

FIGURE 4.1 – BUILDING SECTION SHOWING THE

VARIOUS LAYERS FOR LIME COBA
BITUMINOUS FELTS AND POLYMERIC
BITUMINOUS SYSTEMS
It is a generally provided water proofing treatment
for old roofs showing signs of leakage. Mixture used
is as follows:-
BITUMIN
(Blown Grade of
COAT Bitumin) MINERAL OIL
Conforming to
IS-702-1988

Prime Coat Brush 2 3

Under Coat Brush 3 2
Final Coat Neat

TABLE 4.1 – BITUMINOUS FELTS MIXTURE FOR

EXISTING STRUCTURES
Primer coat is applied with brush over dry clean
surface and allowed to dry for 24 hours. Second coat
is applied next day and final coat is applied third
day. It is finally covered with 2 cm thick coarse sand
or gravel.
WATER PROFING WITH BITUMEN FELT
Hessian based tar felt is the most common product
for water proofing on the new roofs. These felts use
hessian as the barrier medium for bitumen and
bituminous compound. Bitumen felts are classified
as Type 1, 2, 3 depending on type of base used in
their manufacture and the uses for which the felts
are suited. Grades refer to minimum weight of
bitumen felt -
The bitumen felt should be laid over finished roof
surface of slope not flatter than 1 in 120.
In normal weather conditions the treatment should
consist of 4 courses as under:-
- Hot applied bitumen @ 1.2-1.464 Kg/Sqm.
- Hessian base self- finished felt type 3 Grade I.
- Hot applied bitumen @ 0.7-1.2 Kg/Sqm.
- Pea size gravel or grit @ 0.006-0.008 Cum/Sqm.

For severe climatic conditions and important

structures/courses heavy duty treatment should be
given as detailed below:-
· Hot applied bitumen @ 1.464 Kg/Sqm
minimum.
· Hessian base self-finished felt type 3
Grade I. 
· Pea size gravel or grit @ 0.008
Cum/Sqm.
Two types of bitumen can be used and treated as
detailed below:-
i) Bharat Industrial bitumen R-85/25 (I.S.702) – 177
C.
ii)Bharat bitumen 30/40 (I.S.73) – l77 to 191 C.
In the laying of 4 or 6 courses of bitumen felt, as the
case may be, over the last course of hot bitumen,
stone grit or gravel of 6 mm and down size shall be
spread uniformly on horizontal surfaces.
Bitumen felts suffer from following deficiencies
a)   Contents of a factory finished felts are not
viscous enough to retain the shape and intended
characteristics of roofing felt. High viscosity is
desirable as it ensures better life for waterproofing
system and helps retain its flexibility over longer
duration.
b)    Defective lap joints allow seepage of water.
c)    Hessian being organic in nature is subject to
decay within a short time, resulting in decrease in
tensile strength and life of tar felt.
Now glass fibre reinforced bitumen felts are also
available in market and can be used in place of
vegetable fibre or hessian felts.
WATER PROOFING FOR ROOFS WITH BITUMEN
FELT
STANDARD APPLICATION METHODOLOGY:
BITUMEN BASED SYSTEM
There are certain essential pre-requisites for any
bitumen based water proofing system to be
successful.
These are:
· The surface to be treated should be smooth,
having proper slope.
· There should be no depression or cracks
· The surface should be bone dry.
· Any structural defaults in the roof or the
parapet wall should be attended to before
starting the treatment.
· Detailed steps in laying of the bitumen
based surface barrier systems will be:-
i) Make surface smooth, even and dry, remove local
depressions and loose dirt.
ii) Paint the dried surface with bituminous primer
and allow it to cure.
iii) Apply foundation coat of bitumen.
iv) Lay surface barrier membrane i.e. bitumen felt.
v)  Apply on coat of bitumen and finish with grit or
coarse sand.

INTRODUCTION TO TERRACE GARDEN

WATER PROOFING

Terrace gardening is a type of indoor gardening

where you take care of your indoor plants.
Important features before gardening
· The roof on which the gardening is to be
done should be strong enough to carry the
weight of the garden
· The terrace should be sloppy with an
 effective drainage system.
· Lastly there should not be any leakage of
water in your roof garden.
STRUCTURING TERRACE GARDEN
1. Unlike any type of gardening this terrace
garden also needs a detailed plan. It should
be proportionate with lawns, shrubs, ground
covers and small trees. If desired you can also
assimilate the concept of water garden or
rock garden or create a shady structure on
your roof garden.
2. The next step is the choosing of plants.
Fiber-rooted plants are preferred to tap root
system. Tap-rooted plants have the tendency
to grow through the building causing harm to
it.
3. The soil that should be used must not exert
pressure on the building. The adequate soil
for this purpose is soil rite or peat moss. As it
is a costly material you can blend it with
garden earth, manure.
4. To prepare your drainage system you need to
do the roof garden construction. Lay only
burnt bricks approx. 2" - 4" uniformly on the
terrace. Burnt bricks are the best because
normal ones turn into mud and collapse the
drainage system. Corrugated sheets are
another option and should be placed at 3'
distance to make the water flow to the drain.
5. In top of the bricks lay a net lawn. This will
prevent the soil (prepared by you) to get
inside the bricks.
6. You have to construct drain at several places
of the roof if it is quite large (say more than
500sq. ft.). Place pipes at several places
leading to main holes. But be careful while
laying pipes it should not be visible and gets
covered by lawn when complete.
7. Put the mixture of the soil prepared
beforehand to the pot according to a level
you choose. Then sow the selected indoor
plants.
WATERPROOFING IN TERRACE GARDEN
The first and most important procedure is the
waterproofing of the selected area. Buildings not older
than 30 years that are RCC (Reinforced Cement
Concrete) structures can be considered for a terrace
garden. To begin with, the slab porosity is checked (for
leakage) and accordingly steps are taken for
waterproofing. At weak points, pressure grouting is done
i.e. holes are drilled into the RCC slabs and via nozzles
cement neat slurry is forced into them. Foam is formed
and this fills all the holes, making the concentration of
the slab denser.
The 90-degree angle formed where the floor meets the
parapet wall is the weakest point and waterproofing is a
must at these points. A cement-polymer mixture is used
to reinforce these junctions. This procedure is called
coving. Water-proofing plaster is applied at pipe
junctions, sealing all the gaps where the pipe and the
roof meet. Slopes are prepared if it is a new building;
otherwise, existing slopes are examined to see if
adequate drainage is present for excess water.
METHODS OF WATERPROOFING IN TERRACE GARDEN
· Brickbat Coba
· Integral Crystalline Waterproofing System
· Atatic Poly Propylene Membrane

1. BRICKBAT COBA
This involves laying of 80-l00 mm thick coba
concrete on a prepared surface with graded broken
brick aggregate. Concrete can be lime concrete or
cement concrete with water proofing compound.
This is useful for giving the surface the required
slope so as to drain out water quickly. Since brick-
ballast is hygroscopic, very good workmanship,
mixing of all the ingredients in correct proportion
and adequate compaction by rammers for lime
concrete and by vibrators for C.C. is of paramount
importance.
The brick bed coba is topped with IPS or with China
Mosaic.
China mosaic is usually provided over a Coba
surface by broken pieces of ceramic, China or
Mosaic tiles are set over bed of cement mortar (1:3,
15mm thick).
2. INTEGRAL CRYSTALLINE WATERPROOFING
 SYSTEM
An innovative technology is changing the way concrete
structures around the world are waterproofed and
repaired. Used for more than 30 years worldwide,
“Integral Crystalline Waterproofing (ICW)” utilizes a
chemical reaction to turn concrete into a permanent,
waterproof barrier.
While conventional waterproofing involves applying a
coating or membrane to the concrete surface, crystalline
technology permanently seals concrete by plugging its
natural pores and capillaries and blocking the movement
of water. It also reacts with incoming water to self-seal
the cracks that
inevitably develop in concrete, protecting structures
against water and contaminants that can weaken or
destroy concrete and corrode steel reinforcement.
· Working of Integral Crystalline Waterproofing
When added or applied to concrete, crystalline
chemicals create a reaction that causes long, narrow
crystals to form, filling the pores, capillaries and hairline
cracks of the concrete mass. As long as moisture remains
present, crystals continue to grow throughout the
concrete, reaching lengths of many inches over time.
Once the concrete has cured, the crystalline chemicals
sit dormant until another dose of water (such as through
a new crack) causes the chemical reaction to begin
again.
The ability to reactivate in the presence of water gives
crystalline-treated concrete the ability to “self-seal”.
When cracks form due to curing shrinkage, settling,
seismic activity, etc., water entering through them
causes new crystals to form and grow, blocking and
filling the cracks. Its ability to self-seal cracks is one of
crystalline technology’s most unique and useful features,
and can help to dramatically reduce the long-term
maintenance and repair costs of a concrete structure.
· Other Benefits of Integral Crystalline
Technology
Along with superior waterproofing and self-sealing
properties, integral crystalline waterproofing technology
offers a number of key benefits:
Permanent solution – becomes a part of the concrete
matrix so it will not crack, peel, tear or wear-away.
Even against high hydrostatic pressure. Unlike
externally applied membranes, which are best on the
day they are applied, crystalline applications become
more effective with time.

Perfect for blind-wall applications – can be added to the

concrete mix or applied to the negative side of the
structure (against the water pressure). There's no need
to save room outside the structure for membrane
application. Project teams can design a larger
structural footprint and build right to the property line.

Protect reinforcing steel – adds to the longevity of

concrete structures by preventing the penetration of
waterborne contaminants and chloride-laden liquids
that cause the corrosion of reinforcing steel.

Save weeks on construction schedules – can be applied to

green concrete, or added to the ready-mix truck. There
is no need to wait for membrane application and
backfilling can begin right-away.

In hot or tropical climates, integral crystalline

waterproofing offers several key advantages. Hot
weather can dramatically shorten concrete’s setting
time, resulting in weaker concrete and enhancing the
likelihood of shrinkage and cracking. Adding crystalline
chemicals to the concrete mix reduces premature
moisture loss, creating a more durable structure and
reducing shrinkage and cracking. Unlike membrane
systems that become brittle and deteriorate when
exposed to prolonged heat, crystalline waterproofing is
unaffected by climate and remains effective for the life
of the structure. The soil in many hot or tropical climates
can contain high levels of sulphates, chlorides and other
chemicals that decrease concrete’s integrity and corrode
steel reinforcement. By blocking the penetration of
water that can carry these contaminants and
safeguarding concrete and reinforcements against
corrosion, crystalline technology helps to prolong a
structure’s useful life.
· Application of Integral Crystalline
Waterproofing
 In the case of new concrete construction, crystalline
chemicals are supplied as a dry powder comprised of
Portland cement, silica sand and special chemicals. This
powder can simply be added to the concrete mixture at
the plant to create a powerful moisture barrier in slabs,
walls and construction joints. There is no need for any
sort of surface application at the construction site.
Use of Integral Crystalline Waterproofing in Existing

Concrete Structures

A number of manufacturers produce surface-

applied formulas that can be brushed onto existing
concrete structures to repair existing cracks, fortify
and waterproof concrete and protect against
contamination and steel reinforcement corrosion.
The best systems may be applied on the negative
side of the                 Figure 5.1 COATING OF
CONCRETE
concrete against the water pressure where access to
outside walls may be difficult or impossible. This
allows concrete to be repaired without digging up
the perimeter, destroying landscaping and incurring
extra cost.   
When applied to existing concrete, crystalline chemicals
are absorbed into the concrete by capillary action (the
natural wicking movement of liquids through a porous
structure) and diffusion (the natural movement of
chemical molecules.) Once inside the concrete,
crystalline chemicals begin growing crystals and filling
the spaces between concrete particles. The majority of
active crystalline chemicals migrate into the concrete
within the first 28 days, meaning the surface-applied
system can be completely removed from the surface
after this time without impacting its waterproofing
properties.

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Related Posts:
NEW WATERPROOFI WATER
TECHNOLOGIE NG OF PROOFING FOR
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WATERPROOFI
NG IN
WATERPROOFI
RESIDENTIAL
NG IN
BUILDINGS
BASEMENTS
← Newer Post Home Older Post →

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