“20WATTS, 220VOLTS PORTABLE SOLAR BASE POWER GENERATOR”

ERON S. DASMARIÑAS

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

 Introduction

 This study prevails the supporting study in regarding of the quantitative

experimental research entitled: “20watts, 220volts PORTABLE SOLAR BASE

POWER GENERATOR”.

 Power System from 2006 – 2016

Power system restoration has attracted more attention and made great progress

recently. Research progress of the power system restoration from 2006 to 2016 is

reviewed in this paper such as: black-start, network reconfiguration and load restoration.

Some emerging methods and key techniques are also discussed in the context of the

integration of variable renewable energy and development of the smart grid .There is a

long way to go to achieve automatic self-healing in the bulk power systems because of

its extreme complexity. However, rapidly developing artificial intelligence technology will

eventually enable the step-by-step dynamic decision-making based on the situation

awareness of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and wide area

measurement system (WAMS) in the near future. (Liu; Fan; Terzija, 2016).

 Power Supply: Modern Situation

 A method to manage energy storage in electricity grids. Starting from the

stochastic characterization of electricity generation and demand propose an

equation that relative the storages level for every time-step as a function of its

previous state, and the realized surplus/deficit of electricity therefrom. We can

 obtain the probability that, in the next time-step, there is the generation surplus

that cannot be stored or there is a demand need that cannot be supplied by

available storage. We expect this simple procedure can be used as the basis of

electricity self-management algorithms in micro-level (e.g, households) or in

meso-level (e.g, groups of houses).(Pedro; Nardelli; Alves, 2016).

 Generator and other forms of electricity

 It was identified the components needed for the realization of the project such as

inverters, transformer, electric motor, generator, batteries, controller and wires

were the components of the self-sustaining power generator. Materials needed

have been also identified for the packaging of the project. The conceptualization

of the design has been done by using the selection process of the components

and depending also in the needed flow of the project with respect to the concepts

behind every components. The researcher has come up with the final design and

specifications of the project. (Destreza, 2014).

 The development of the project has been recommended. Generation of electricity

has many different sources where waterfall is the famous among it have been

made. Wind energy was also a source of the electrical energy in other countries

that wind is continuously blowing. Solar panels have been also converted solar

power to electrical power which is now abundant in many tropical countries.

(Destreza, 2014).
 Those sources mentioned the prime movers from natural made sources. Portable

generators were made possible with the use of fuel, diesel or gasoline. Moreover,

they prove the portable generator is very useful in many ways such as: lessen

the noise generated, smoke free, less fuel consumption, portability, etc. The

main problem is the rising price of the fuel in the market which is very needed to

make the generator operate. Moreover, to help to the other sources electrical

energy like waterfall, solar panel and wind turbines to proven also as one the

sources of electrical energy to every countries in the world. (Destreza , 2014).

 Generator Components

 Permanent magnet machines are well-known and spreading class of rotating and

linear electric machines used in both motoring and generating modes. They have

been use for many years in applications where its structures are simple and has

a low-cost. More recently, they have applied to more in demand applications,

which is the result of the availability of low-cost power electronic control devices

and the improvement of permanent magnet characteristics. Generally, modern

permanent magnet machines are competitive in both performance and cost with

many types of machines. Permanent magnet generators form a class of

permanent magnet machines. These generators have divided into two groups:

geared machines and direct-driven machines. Currently, the tendency to

eliminate the gearbox from the permanent magnet generator structure is

increasing because the gearbox brings additional weight and costs, demands
 regular maintenance, generates noise and incurs losses. (Aleksahkin; Mikkola,

2008).

 However, many problems may occur while constructing a new direct-driven

permanent magnet generator design. A number of papers deal with the solution

of these problems: design features and specialties, generator assembly

complexity, dynamics behavior and vibration damping of generator compounds.

This literature review covers some of such papers and highlights some efficient

ways to solve the above-mentioned problems. Today, the gearbox tends to be

eliminated from permanent magnet generators. Although it helps in solving some

problems such as overweight of the structure, gearbox compound damage, etc.,

many other design and manufacturing still difficulties remain. For example,

fastening of the magnets is a critical issue; especially as gluing is not a reliable

method. In this review, one of the suggested alternative methods is considered –

the magnets can be fastened to the core by brass wedges between the magnet

poles. (Aleksahkin; Mikkola, 2008).

Statement of the problem

This study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. How to construct 20watts, 220volts portable solar base power generator?

2. How to design 20watts, 220volts portable solar base power generator with the

capacity to supply the consumers need?

Objectives of the study

This study was realized for the following specific objective:

1. To construct 20watts, 220volts portable solar base power generator.

2. To design 20watts, 220volts portable solar base power generator with the

capacity to supply the consumers need.

Significance of the study

The result of this study will be beneficial and significant to every person who is

affected of rotating brown out. It will also help the engineering students to apply their

knowledge in constructing portable solar base power generator. The study is also

significant to the researcher for the additional knowledge on portable solar base power

generator it can give and the concept of it.

Sun Light as a component to generator

 I evaluated the Son Light to become the source to supply the generator.

Everything that can provide a light is qualified to drive the solar component, but
 the light of the sun is must required because this form of light is visible

everywhere.

 evaluated the chemical and physical properties of sun light. These studies

pointed out that the sun light have very differently from light of the devices.

Because it change, the behavior was attributed to the sun light’ high viscosity.

Engine tests and showed that carbon deposits in the engine were reduced it if

the sun light was heated prior to combustion. In addition, It was noted that light

deposit levels differed for sun light with similar viscosities, and indicate that the

composition of light was also an important factor.

Direct solar energy

The word “direct” solar energy refers to the energy base for those renewable

energy source technologies that draw on the Sun’s energy directly. Some renewable

technologies, such as wind and ocean thermal, use solar energy after it has been

absorbed on the earth and converted to the other forms. Solar energy technology is

obtained from solar irradiance to generate electricity using photovoltaic (PV) (Asumadu-

Sarkodie&Owusu, 2016.)

Declination Angle

The declination angle, denoted by δ, varies seasonally due to the tilt of the Earth on its

axis of rotation and the rotation of the Earth around the sun. If the Earth were not tilted
on its axis of rotation, the declination would always be 0°. However, the Earth is tilted by

23.45° with respect to the plane of the earth's orbit around the sun and the declination

angle varies plus or minus this amount. Only at the spring and fall equinoxes is the

declination angle equal to 0°. The declination of the sun is the angle between the

equator and a line drawn from the center of the Earth to the center c of the sun.(Cooper,

2017)

Figure 1. Declination Angle

Hour Angle

The angle formed at the pole, or its arc on the celestial equator, between the

hour circle of a celestial object and the observer's celestial meridian measured in hours,

minutes, it represents the elapsed time since the object passed directly over the

observer. (Anonymous, 2010)

Solar Altitude

The solar altitude is the vertical angle between the horizontal and the line

connecting to the sun. At sunrise the altitude is 90° while at sunset the altitude is 0°
 when the sun is at the zenith. The altitude relates to the latitude using the declination

angle and the hour angle. (Mormson, 2008)

Figure 2. Solar Altitude

Solar Azimuth

The azimuth is the compass direction from which the sunlight is coming. The

solar azimuth angle is the azimuth angle of the sun. It defines in which direction the sun

is, whereas the solar zenith angle or its complementary angle solar elevation defines

how high the sun is. There are several conventions for the solar azimuth, however it is

traditionally defined as the angle between a line due south and the shadow cast by a

vertical rod on Earth. This convention states the angle is positive if the line is east of

south and negative if it is west of south. (Sukhatme, 2008)

Solar Power Made Easy

In a significant step forward for photovoltaic technology, advance energy system

and technology have independently introduced PV panels that feature built-in micro

inverters. The small 250 watts micro inverters allow the panels to act as AC generators,
thus eliminating the need for direct-current wiring and an in-home inverter to convert DC

current. In addition, because the micro inverters are built into each panel, homeowners

can start with a small system and add on. According to Tim (1999) Chairman of the UF

chemical energy Department “They have a more complex structure and require more

complicated processing. Our role is to better understand the processing and transfer the

technology, to industry.

 (Schoeder, 1981) was using a rapeseed oil as a diesel fuel replacement in

Germany with mixed results. The Short-term of engine tests indicate and

rapeseed light had a similar as an energy outputs when compared it to the diesel

fuel. As the initial, the long-term engine tests and showed that difficulties arose in

engine operation after 100 hours due to deposits on piston rings, valves, and

injectors. Moreover, the investigator indicated that the long-term tested that we

needed to determine if these difficulties could be adverted.

 (Auld, 1982) indicated that undergo long-term testing was needed to use

rapeseed oil to study the effect of using an alternative fuel in diesel engines. In

addition, analysis the rapeseed oil showed a relationship between viscosity and

fatty acid chain length. The engine power and torque results using rapeseed oil

were the similar to the diesel fuel. Results of the short-term tests its indicated

further long-term testing was needed to evaluate engine durability when

rapeseed oil was used.

 (Pryor, 1983) conducted the short and long-term engine performance tests using

100% soybean oil in a small diesel engine. Short-term test results indicated the
 soybean performance was equivalent to that of diesel fuel. However, long-term

engine testing was aborted due to power loss and carbon buildup on the

injectors.

Block Diagram of the Circuit

Figure 1 shows the components of the completed 20watts, 220vols portable

solar base power generator. This is how electricity produces and flows through an

20watts, 220vols portable solar base power generator. It consists of its major

components and how electricity travels to make those components in function. It

includes the Sunrays, PV solar panel, motor converter and battery. As the sunray hits

the solar panel, the solar panel send a charge to the battery, a battery will send the

charge to the motor converter. The motor will adjust the solar panels position in the

sun's location. The electricity that produced as an output of the solar panel will pass

through a diode so that it will directly stored to a battery, even at night time the portable

solar base power generator still usable. Electricity from the battery will pass through a

15A fuse for over-current protection and then the 220V supply will be fed to the coin slot

and voltage regulator. The voltage regulator will be set into 220V, and then this supply

will be used to power the light display. The generator now will send the load into a

circuits breaker, and then sends to the electrical components.

10W SOLAR PANEL DIODE 15A

 FUSE 15A 220v
BATTERY BANK
V
220v 220v

MOTOR VOLTAGE REGULATOR

110v

GENERATOR COMPONENT

CONSUMERS

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the completed arduino-based solar-powered vending

machine loading station.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 2 reflects the purposes to expose how the study came with three

representations, the input, throughout, and the output. The goal isn’t possible, without

any reference, materials and most of all motivation. Throughout it is more on the effort

exerted to do so, to make the project possible and have the 20watts, 220volts portable

solar base power generator.

Input Throughout Output

1. Goals 1. Planning 20watts,

2. References 2. Designing 220volts
3. Supplies 3. Programming portable solar
 Fig. 2. Conceptual Model of the Study

1 Design Computation

The following are the formulas that should be considered:

Design computations are attached at Appendix D.

1.5 Power values for the solar panel.

P = EI

Where:

P = The power generated from the solar panel (Watts)

E = Voltage (Volts)

I = Current (Amperes)

1.6 Average Power output for the solar panel.

∑𝑥
x= 𝑛

x = Average power output

∑ 𝑥 = Power output

N = Number of Power output from different trials

2 Procedure of Construction
 The following are the construction procedure to consider in making the circuit,

program and the standee.

1. Circuit

1.1 Gather the materials and all electronic equipments.

1.2 Follow the circuit diagram then connect all the modules in the

breadboard.

1.3 Insert all the electronics and module pins to the breadboard and

slowly press it to avoid damage of the pins or the thin legs of the

electronic component.

2. Program

2.1 Solar panel with its defined functions and procedures.

2.2 Upload solar panel to perform the expected output and observed its

operations and performance to the generator.

3. Standee

3.1 Collect all the needed materials.

3.2 Follow the structure planned and join the metal bars by welding.

Safety Precautions
 These are the safety precautions that should be followed in constructing

the project:

1. Make sure all the connections are tightened properly.

2. Never touch any part of the circuit while in operation.

3. Avoid placing electronic equipment to the bread board while the source is

on.

Troubleshooting

When the vending machine is malfunctioning, troubleshooting to the parts

should be done. The following are as follows;

1. Check the supply of electricity in the circuit and make sure it is powered

consistently.

2. Check the component connection for a possible loss contact.

3. Check the components of solar if functional.

Testing and Revising

 This section discussed the defects and adjustments, testing procedures and

revising method of the project.

For testing, the designer realized that the project must be tested.

Table 1 shows how the defects are being adjusted to avoid error and

malfunctioning of electronic components.

Table 1. Defects and Adjustments

Defects
Defects Adjustments
Adjustments
1. Loose contacts Check each wire and reconnect detached

wires.

2. Display motor converter must be functional

Maintenance

In maintaining
3. GSM Module the project,
Connectthese should
the solar be followed:
panel in generator source..

1. Check the connections with a slight pull in the wire to ensure a tight

Unit Testing

The designers checked if all electronic components were properly inserted.

Also, the program functions were observed if it really match to the hardware interfaced.

Project testing
 The designers tested if all the objectives of the project were attained

accordingly.

Revising

The designers applied revision from the unit testing procedure for the

program code that did not match the expected output. Also the electronic components

were checked and replaced the disconnected wires and malfunctioned parts.

Construction Framework

Table 2 reflects the construction framework that consists of the schedule and

number of days of planning, designing and construction of the portable solar base

power generator. It took 4 weeks for research, 6 weeks for canvassing and ordering, 2

weeks for installing and 4 weeks to connect and construct all its parts.
Table 2. Construction Framework

Research

Canvassing and ordering

Programming

Constructing and connecting

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of weeks