CONTENTS

• ABSTRACT

• INTRODUCTION

• WORKING

• APPLICATIONS

• FUTURE

• CHALLENGES , RISKS AND ETHICS

• REFERENCES

ABSTRACT
A basic definition of Nanotechnology is the study manipulation
and manufacture of extremely minute machines or devices.These
devices are so small to the point of manipulating the atoms
themselves to form materials.By this Nanotechnology we can
make computers billions of times morefull than today’s and new
medical capabilities that will heal and cure in cases that are now
viewed as utterly hopelessly. The properties of manufactured
products depend on how those atoms are arranged.If we know
about exactly how many dopant atoms are in a single transdistor
and exactly where each individual dopant atom is located and
placed roughly the right number in roughly the right place,we
can make a working transistor.Another improvement in
Nanotechnology is self replication.Self replication make a
effective route to truly low cost manufacturing
 INTRODUCTION
• Nanotechnology refers to the branch of science and
engineering devoted to designing, producing, and using
structures, devices, and systems by manipulating atoms and
molecules at nanoscale.
• Their size allows them to exhibit novel and significantly
improved physical, chemical, and biological properties,
phenomena, and processes.
• Nanotechnology can be described as a branch of science, that
deals with the study of particle less than 100 nanometer range
• Nano-technology is the processing, separation and
manipulation of materials atom by atom.
WORKING
• The role that quantum mechanics is very significant in nano-
technology.
• The rules of quantum mechanics are very different from
classical physics, -which means that the behavior of
substances at the nanoscale can sometimes contradict
common sense by behaving erratically.
• Substances that are insulators, meaning they can't carry an
electric charge, in bulk form might
become semiconductors when reduced to the nanoscale.
• Melting points can change due to an increase in surface area.
• A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a meter, smaller than
the wavelength of visible light and a hundred-thousandth the
width of a human hair.
• Nanotechnology is dealing with anything measuring
between 1 and 100 nm. Larger than that is the microscale,
and smaller than that is the atomic scale.
• The ability to see nano-sized materials has opened up a
world of possibilities in a variety of industries and scientific
endeavors.
• A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a meter, smaller than
the wavelength of visible light and a hundred-thousandth the
width of a human hair.
• Nanotechnology is dealing with anything measuring
between 1 and 100 nm. Larger than that is the microscale,
and smaller than that is the atomic scale.
• The ability to see nano-sized materials has opened up a
world of possibilities in a variety of industries and scientific
endeavors.
 Nanowires and Carbon Nanotubes
• Nanowires are wires with a very small diameter, sometimes as
small as 1 nanometer.
• Nanowires are able to confine excitons in two directions, so
that both their electrical and optical properties are
dramatically modified.
• Scientists use them to build tiny transistors for computer chips
and other electronic devices.
• A carbon nanotube is a nano-size cylinder of carbon atoms.
Imagine a sheet of carbon atoms, which would look like a
sheet of hexagons. If you roll that sheet into a tube, you'd
have a carbon nanotube. Carbon nanotube properties depend
on how you roll the sheet.
• Single CNTs are able to outperform Cu in terms of
electrical and thermal conductivity, and exhibit an
extraordinary mechanical strength and rich optical spectra.
• With the right arrangement of atoms, you can create a
carbon nanotube that's hundreds of times stronger than
steel, but six times lighter.
• In the last couple of years, carbon nanotubes have
overshadowed nanowires.
• Hybrid solar cells, where a thin film of double-walled CNTs
forms a heterojunction with a Si NW array, have been
recently reported. These cells show high energy conversion
efficiencies of about 6%.

APPLICATIONS
• Sunscreen- Many sunscreens contain nanoparticles of zinc oxide or titanium • Antimicrobial bandages - Scientist Robert Burrell created a process to
oxide. Older sunscreen formulas use larger particles, which is what gives manufacture antibacterial bandages using nanoparticles of silver. Silver
most sunscreens their whitish color. Smaller particles are less visible, ions block microbes' cellular respiration. In other words, silver smothers
meaning that when you rub the sunscreen into your skin, it doesn't give you harmful cells, killing them.
a whitish tinge.
• Self-cleaning glass - A company called Pilkington offers a product they
• Clothing - Scientists are using nanoparticles to enhance your clothing. By
coating fabrics with a thin layer of zinc oxide nanoparticles, manufacturers call Activ Glass, which uses nanoparticles to make the
can create clothes that give better protection from UV radiation. Some glass photocatalyticand hydrophilic. The photocatalytic effect means
clothes have nanoparticles in the form of little hairs or whiskers that help that when UV radiation from light hits the glass, nanoparticles become
repel water and other materials, making the clothing stain-resistant. energized and begin to break down and loosen organic molecules on
the glass (in other words, dirt). Hydrophilic means that when water
• Scratch-resistant coatings - Engineers discovered that adding aluminum silicate makes contact with the glass, it spreads across the glass evenly, which
nanoparticles to scratch-resistant polymer coatings made the coatings more helps wash the glass clean.
effective, increasing resistance to chipping and scratching. Scratch-resistant
coatings are common on everything from cars to eyeglass lenses.
 The Future of Nanotechnology
• In the world of "Star Trek," machines called replicators can produce
practically any physical object, from weapons to a steaming cup of Earl
Grey tea. Long considered to be exclusively the product of science
fiction, today some people believe replicators are a very real possibility.
They call it molecular manufacturing, and if it ever does become a
reality, it could drastically change the world.
• Patients will drink fluids containing nanorobots programmed to attack
and reconstruct the molecular structure of cancer cells and viruses
• New products incorporating nanotechnology are coming out every day.
Wrinkle-resistant fabrics, deep-penetrating cosmetics, liquid crystal
displays (LCD) and other conveniences using nanotechnology are on the
market.
• Before long, we'll see dozens of other products that take advantage of
nanotechnology ranging from Intel microprocessors to bio-
nanobatteries, capacitors only a few nanometers thick. While this is
exciting, it's only the tip of the iceberg as far as how nanotechnology
may impact us in the future

• There's even speculation that nanorobots could slow or reverse the

aging process, and life expectancy could increase significantly.

Nanotechnology Challenges, Risks

and Ethics
• The most immediate challenge in nanotechnology is that we need to • Some doctors worry that the nanoparticles are so small, that
learn more about materials and their properties at the nanoscale. they could easily cross the blood-brain barrier, a membrane that
protects the brain from harmful chemicals in the bloodstream.

• We have to find ways to mass produce nano-size products • If we plan on using nanoparticles to coat everything from our
like transistors and nanowires. clothing to our highways, we need to be sure that they won't
poison us.

• Nanotechnology may also allow us to create more powerful weapons, • Assuming we can build anything we need with the click of a
both lethal and non-lethal. button, what happens to all the manufacturing jobs.

• There are some hefty social concerns about nanotechnology too.

• Elements at the nanoscale behave differently than they do in their
bulk form, there's a concern that some nanoparticles could be toxic.
 References
• "Nanotechnology." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 11 Oct. 2007http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9384821

• "Nanotechnology: Past, Present and Future." Sage Crossroads video

podcast. April 21, 2004. http://www.sagecrossroads.net/webcast22

THANK YOU
• "Nanowires form atomic switch." Nanotechweb.org. January 6, 2005.
http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/tech/21176

• "Nanowires within nanowires." Physicsworld.com. November 8, 2002.

http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/16393

• "Using Nanowires to Generate Electricity by Harvesting Energy from the

Environment." Azonano.com. September 28, 2007.
http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=5036