Name: Nicole Ann M. Pedriña Date Performed: Oct.

25, 2018

Group No.: 1 Date Submitted:Nov. 14, 2018

Section: 6L

Exercise 7

Surface Tension of Pure Liquids and Solutions

I. Introduction

Surface tension is a property of a liquid defined as the energy or work per unit area

needed to increase the surface area of a liquid due to intermolecular forces. It is the

natural tendency of the surface of a liquid to behave like a stretched elastic membrane

acquiring the least surface area possible. The surface tension, γ, is related to the work

expended to increase the net surface area by one unit area.

The free energy of a system of variable surface area can be written as:

(7-1) 𝐆𝐀 = 𝑮𝒐 + ∑ 𝜸𝒐𝒊 𝑨𝒐𝒊

where:GA = specific surface free energy =surface tension of a surface i whose area is A

γoi = interfacial tension

Different solutions are known to exhibit differing surface tension properties due to the

nature of the liquid on which the intermolecular forces may vary. Surface tensions of

pure solvents are in general different from that of a solution. Solutes whose addition

tends to decrease the surface tension induce a positive surface concentration. On the

other hand, those whose addition tends to increase the surface tension induce a

negative surface concentration. Liquids tend to adopt shapes that minimize the surface

area to have a maximum number of molecules in bulk. This tendency for reduction in the

surface drags the molecules inward to a point of minimum potential surface energy.

Surface tension, γ, can be expressed as energy/area or force/length.

 At equilibrium, the tendency for free energy decrease due to decreasing surface

tension is balanced by an opposing tendency for free energy decrease due to increase in

non-uniformity of the solute concentration near the surface. This principle is governed by

the Gibbs isotherm where µ is the surface concentration of the excess of the number of

moles solute per unit area surface present if the bulk concentration, c, is extended up to

the surface.

µ 𝟏 𝒅𝜸𝒐
(7-2) = − 𝑹𝑻
𝒄 𝒅𝒄

𝟏 𝒅𝜸 𝟏 𝒅𝜸
(7-3) µ = (− 𝑹𝑻)(𝒅 𝒍𝒏𝒐𝒄) = (− 𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝑹𝑻)(𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒐 𝒄)

In this exercise, the capillary rise method is used in the determination of the surface

tension of a liquid. This method is governed by the equation:

(7-4) 𝛄 = (𝐀𝚫𝐡 − 𝐁)(𝛒 − 𝝆𝒐 )

where:A and B= calibration constants ρ = density of solution

Δh = change in liquid levels in the capillary tube ρo = density of moist air

The surface tension of a liquid varies with temperature. This relationship can be

described by the Katayama equation:

𝑴
(7-5) 𝜸(𝛒−𝝆 )𝟐/𝟑 = 𝑲(𝑻𝒄 − 𝑻)
𝒐

where: M= molecular weight of solvent K = Katayama constant

Tc = critical temperature

This exercise aims to (1) determine the surface tension of aqueous solutions at

various concentrations, (2) determine the effect of temperature on surface tension, (3)

obtain the Katayama constant and the critical temperature of the test liquid, and (4)

calculate the surface excess concentration, µ, and the effective cross-sectional area per

molecule (ECAPM).
II. Materials and Methods

Figure 7.1. Apparatus for the capillary rise method.

Prior to the experiment proper, the following data were recorded: room temperature

(TR), atmospheric pressure (Patm), and percent relative humidity (%RH).

The general procedure of the experiment involved the preparation of 100 mL of the

test liquids – 1-propanol and 2-propanol. The solution containers and capillary tubes

were washed and rinsed with distilled water, acetone, and then the liquid to be used prior

to the experiment. The solution was then equilibrated in a thermostatted bath and the

differential capillary rise and bath temperature were recorded. During the experiment, the

capillaries were made sure to be vertical and without air bubbles or trapped liquid.

Using the general procedure, the apparatus was calibrated by measuring the

differential capillary rise and densities of three calibration liquids – water, acetone, and

ethyl acetate.

In determining the surface tension of aqueous solutions, 0.05, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50,

0.60, 0.70, and 0.80 M of the test solutions were prepared by serial dilution from 1.0 M

stock solution. Each solutionswere then subjected to the general procedure.

 Similarly, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 M solutions of the electrolyte (NaCl) were

also prepared from a 2.5 M stock solution from the pure solid. Also, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 %

(w/v) detergent solutions were prepared and subjected to the general procedure.

Before each dilution, the density of each solution was measured using the

pycnometer. The following equation gives the density of the solution by utilizing the

pycnometer:

𝒎𝒑𝒚𝒄+𝒔𝒐𝒍′𝒏 −𝒎𝒑𝒚𝒄
(7-6) 𝛒𝒔𝒐𝒍′𝒏 = 𝛒𝑯𝟐𝑶
𝒎𝒑𝒚𝒄+𝑯𝟐𝑶 −𝒎𝒑𝒚𝒄

For determining the effect of temperature, the differential capillary rise for the pure

test liquids (1-propanol and 2-propanol) from 30oC to 70oC at 5 degree interval was

recorded.

III. Results and Discussion

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length that opposes the increase in

surface area. It is the work expended to increase the net area of surface by one unit of

area. The surface tension mainly exists between the liquid and its saturated vapor in air,

usually at atmospheric pressure (Atkins and de Paula, 2010).

Figure 7.2. Force due to surface tension of a particle.

In a liquid-air interface, the surface tension results from the greater attraction of liquid

molecules to each other due to cohesion than that of the molecules in air due to

adhesion. This results to an inward force at the surface causing the liquid to behave as if
its surface was covered with a stretched elastic membrane. Hence, the surface

experiences surface tension due to the imbalanced forces. Several factors that affect the

surface tension of a solution was studied in the experiment – (1) nature of the liquid, (2)

temperature, (3) pressure, and (4) added solute.

In this exercise, the capillary rise method is used in determining the surface tension

of a liquid. This method is known to be the oldest method for surface tension

determination wherein the liquid in the capillary rises until the weight of the liquid in the

tube balances the pressure differences above and below the surface, and, therefore,

restores hydrostatic equilibrium.

Figure 7.3. Capillary rise of a liquid.

If the inner radius of the capillary, r, is sufficiently small, the surface of the meniscus

can be taken as a sphere of radius R. Hence, the contact angle of the liquid with the

capillary walls can be expressed as:

𝒓 𝒓
(7-7) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 = ;𝑹 =
𝑹 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

The pressure difference is then given by:

𝟐𝜸𝒐 𝟐𝜸𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

(7-8) 𝚫𝐏 = =
𝑹 𝒓
 With Δh as the capillary rise, and ρ and ρo as the densities of the liquid and gas,

respectively, the force per unit area, Fa, which balances the pressure differences can be

obtained from:

(7-9) 𝐅𝒂 = 𝒈𝒉(𝛒 − 𝝆𝒐 )

Since Fa=ΔP, combining equations (7-8) and (7-9) yields:

𝒓
(7-10) 𝛄𝒐 = 𝒈𝒉(𝛒 − 𝝆𝒐 ) 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

Correcting equation (7-10) for the weight of the liquid above the bottom of the

meniscus wherein R can be approximated as r gives an equation for the volume of liquid

above the meniscus, Vm.

𝟐
(7-11) 𝐕𝒎 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝑹 − 𝟑 𝝅𝒓𝟑

𝟐
𝐕𝒎 = 𝝅𝒓𝟑 − 𝟑 𝝅𝒓𝟑

𝟏
𝐕𝒎 = 𝟑 𝝅𝒓𝟑

Substituting equation (7-11) to (7-10),

𝒓
𝒈𝒓(𝛒−𝝆𝒐 )(𝒉+ )
𝟑
(7-12) 𝛄𝒐 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

By differential capillary rise method wherein the Δhin two capillary tubes of bore radii

r1 and r2 is measured, equation (7-12) becomes:

𝒈𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 (𝛒−𝝆𝒐 )(𝜟𝒉) 𝒈𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 (𝛒−𝝆𝒐 )

(7-13) 𝛄𝒐 = −
𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽(𝒓𝟐 −𝒓𝟏 ) 𝟔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

In practice, two different liquids of known surface tension are used instead of taking

the actual tube dimensions. Their densities and height differences are measured which

gives a simplified form of equation for the surface tension, γo – equation (7-4).
 Prior to the experiment, the data on atmospheric conditions were recorded as shown

in Table 7.1. The density of moist air was then determined at the given conditions of the

experiment.

For the calibration of the apparatus, the calibration constants, A and B, were

determined using the literature values of the density (ρ) and surface tension (γ) of the

three calibrating liquids – water, acetone, and ethyl acetate. Data for the calibration are

presented in Table 7.2.

Using equation (7-4) as a linear expression and plotting x=Δh vs. y=γ / (ρ-ρo), the

calibration constants, A and B, were determined as presented in Table 7.3.

Table 7.1. Data on the atmospheric conditions.

Room temperature, oC 29

Corrected atmospheric pressure, mmHg 747.014

Relative humidity, % 73

P*H2O, mmHg 30.043

Mmoist air, g/mol 28.53755713

Density of moist air (ρo), g/cm3 1.131355263x10-3

Table 7.2. Data on the determination of calibration constants, A and B.

Calibrating Δh, cm
ρ, g/cm3 γ, dyne/cm
liquids I II

Water 0.995647 71.1833 2.6 5.95

Acetone 0.77825 22.4275 1.1 2.3

Ethyl Acetate 0.888 22.69494 0.95 2.5

Table 7.3. Computed values of the calibration constants, A and B.

Values
Parameters
I II

Slope = A, cm2/s2 28.11636189 12.42473125

y-intercept = B, cm3/s2 1.571817693 2.513410421

R 0.9996566874 0.9873939094

Figure 7.4. Plot of Δh vs. γ / (ρ-ρo) for the determination of the calibration constants.

From the data, it is observed that among the three calibrating liquids, water has the

highest surface tension. Surface tension is defined as the work expended to increase the

net surface per unit area, thus, liquids with strong intermolecular forces are expected to

have higher surface tensions since greater work is needed to break these forces in order

for the molecules to be able to reach the surface. Due to extensive hydrogen bonding,

the cohesive forces in water are relatively large resulting to a high surface tension

(Rosenbaum, 1970). On the other hand, acetone and ethyl acetate exhibit only a dipole-

dipole interaction, hence, the lower values of their surface tension.

 Different factors affecting the surface tension of liquids are observed in the

experiment – nature of the liquid, temperature, and concentration. On the effect of

concentration, aqueous solutions of 1-propanol and 2-propanol were used as test liquids.

The differential capillary rise at different concentrations was measured in the experiment.

In determining the density of the solution, a pycnometer was used. Essentially, a

pycnometer is a vessel with a capillary neck in which a definite volume of liquid is

weighed. By weighing the vessel filled with water at definite temperature, the volume of

the liquid is determined (Daniels, 1956). Using equation (7-6) and (7-4), the density and

surface tension of the solution was calculated.

As observed from the obtained values shown in Table 7.5 and Table 7.6, the surface

tension (γ) of 2-propanol solution is relatively higher than that of 1-propanol solution.

From the structure of a compound, the interactions that the compound may exhibit both

in an intermolecular and intramolecular way may basically be determined. Generally, as

previously stated, a substance with stronger intermolecular forces of attraction (IMFA)

would require greater work to bring the molecules to the surface of the liquid, hence, the

higher surface tension it exhibits. From the stated effect of the IMFA on the surface

tension of a liquid, 1-propanol should give a higher value of surface tension since 1-

propanol is more tightly packed than 2-propanol. The linear structure of 1-propanol

allows it to have stronger molecular interactions, thus, a higher surface tension.

Figure 7.5. Structures of 1-propanol and 2-propanol.

 Theoretically, an increase in the concentration of a solution corresponds to a

decrease in the surface tension. As the concentration is increased, the number of

molecules that may occupy the surface area also increases, hence, the work expended

to bring the molecules to the surface subsequently decreases. Based on the

experimental data, the surface tension of 1-propanol solution generally decreases with

decreasing concentration while for the 2-propanol solution, the surface tension generally

increases with decreasing concentration.

Table 7.4. Data on density determinations.

Data
Parameters
1-propanol 2-propanol

Density of water, g/cm3 0.9958733146

Mass of water + pycnometer, g 26.1246 26.5342

Mass of pycnometer, g 15.9034 16.6031

Table 7.5. Data on the determination of the surface tension of 1-propanol solution with

different concentrations.

Concentration, M Δh, cm mpyc+sol’n, g ρ, g/cm3 γ, dyne/cm

1.0 2.0 26.0303 0.986685464 53.8712825

0.8 2.2 26.0452 0.988137203 59.50083778

0.7 1.3 26.0632 0.989890982 34.58627536

0.6 1.1 26.0798 0.991508355 29.07369139

0.5 1.0 26.0882 0.992326785 26.31083683

0.4 1.0 26.0865 0.99216115 26.30644013

0.3 1.0 26.0964 0.993125728 26.33204442

0.2 1.0 26.0995 0.993427768 26.34006193

 0.05 1.0 26.1142 0.99486002 26.37808042

Table 7.6. Data on the determination of the surface tension of 2-propanol solution with

different concentrations.

Concentration, M Δh, cm mpyc+sol’n, g ρ, g/cm3 γ, dyne/cm

1.0 4.6 26.4337 0.985795351 53.80239087

0.8 4.5 26.4487 0.987299524 52.65929216

0.7 4.4 26.4614 0.988573058 51.50042653

0.6 4.4 26.4682 0.98925495 51.53599089

0.5 4.55 26.4793 0.990368039 53.43769425

0.4 4.75 26.4979 0.992233214 56.00128395

0.3 4.95 26.5088 0.993326247 58.52859544

0.2 5.1 26.5187 0.994319002 60.43817028

0.05 5.15 26.5233 0.994780282 61.08353139

For the electrolytic and detergent solutions, the surface tensions (γ) at varying

concentrations were shown in Table 7.7 and Table 7.8. From the data, relatively higher

surface tensions were observed in the electrolytic solution (NaCl) than that of the

detergent. Surface tension of solutions generally differs from those of pure liquids. Ionic

salts, such as NaCl, increase the surface tension of aqueous solutions above the value

of pure water due to electrostatic interactions. Generally, electrolytes increase the

surface tension of solvents due to the Coulombic attraction that draws the ions together

and farther from the surface. Moreover, the surface tension (γ) increases linearly with

concentration in dilute solutions (Shoemaker et. Al, 2003).

The complicated molecular structure of detergents gives its unique properties. Along

the surface of a detergent solution are the water molecules and the hydrophobic ends of
the detergent. Hence, in a detergent solution, the surface tension gets lower than that of

pure water since it is easier to break the surface of the solution than that of the surface of

pure water.

Figure 7.6. Illustration of detergent-water molecules interaction.

The stated effect of the concentration and nature of the solute added is somehow

observed from the experimental data of NaCl and detergent solutions. As the

concentration of the solution decreases, its respective surface tension also decreases.

Deviations on the data may be due to various personal and experimental errors that may

affect the differential capillary rise (Δh) of the liquid and the weight of the pycnometer

and the liquid.

Table 7.7. Data on the determination of the surface tension of NaCl solution with different

concentrations.

Concentration, M Δh, cm mpyc+sol’n, g ρ γ, dyne/cm

2.50 2.5 27.1091 1.09179524922839 74.949427042781

2.00 2.3 26.8883 1.07028223433154 67.458945694502

1.50 1.6 26.6886 1.05082503743434 45.571780798968

1.00 2.2 26.4887 1.03134835411061 62.105785408497

0.75 2.0 26.3970 1.02241382754340 55.824225298679

0.50 1.6 26.3046 1.01341109848330 43.947478534734

Table 7.8. Data on the determination of the surface tension of detergent with different

concentrations.

Concentration, Δh, cm mpyc+sol’n, g ρ γ, dyne/cm

(%w/v)

1 2.8 26.5409 0.99654517886557 32.127814401780

0.8 2.45 26.5559 0.99804935259446 27.841109499081

0.6 2.45 26.5637 0.99883152293349 27.862953311826

0.4 2.40 26.5689 0.99935296982617 27.257384089122

0.2 2.40 26.6445 1.00693400541979 27.464391426926

Due to the unequal distribution of a solute between the surface and the body of a

solution wherein the solute tends to stay in the surface, the surface excess concentration

(μ) dictates the increase or decrease of the surface tension. Basically, the surface

excess concentration shows the relationship between the concentration of a solution and

its surface tension. This relationship, thus, shows the effect of the added solute to the

surface tension.

(7-14) 𝛄 = −𝝁𝑹𝑻𝒍𝒏𝑪 + 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕

Considering equation (7-14) as a linear expression and plotting ln C vs. γ, the surface

excess concentration of the test solutions were determined. By simply getting the inverse

of the surface excess concentration (μ), the effective cross-sectional area per molecule

(ECAPM) can be determined. The ECAPM suggests either an increase or decrease in

surface area with addition of solute. Data on the surface excess concentration (μ) and

ECAPM are presented in Table 7.9.

Table 7.9. Data on the surface excess concentration (μ) and ECAPM determination.

Data
Parameters
1-propanol 2-propanol NaCl Detergent

μ, molecules/Ȃ2 0.019874829 -0.008435719 0.034629476 0.00489971

ECAPM, Ȃ2/molecules 50.31489707 -118.5435477 28.87713317 204.0937219

Figure 7.7. Plot of ln C vs. γfor 1-propanol (blue) and 2-propanol (red).

Figure 7.8. Plot of ln C vs. γfor NaCl solution.

 Figure 7.9. Plot of ln C vs. γfor detergent solution.

Theoretically, a positive surface excess (+μ) indicates that the solute stays more at

the surface; hence, the surface contains higher concentration of solute. This result to

lower energy required to bring the molecules to the surface, thus, the lower surface

tension which can be observed in alcohols, polar molecules, and detergents. Conversely,

a negative surface excess (-μ) indicates that the solute stays more at the bulk; hence,

the body of solution is richer in the solute than the surface. This property requires higher

energy to bring the molecules to the surface, thus, the higher surface tension which can

be observed in electrolytes. By looking at the effective cross-sectional area per molecule,

an ECAPM greater than 0 dictates an increase in the surface area, hence, higher surface

tension. On the other hand, an ECAPM less than 0 dictates a decrease in the surface

area, hence, lower surface tension. Considering NaCl, since it completely ionizes when

dissolved, forming Na+ and Cl- ions, it is classified as a strong electrolyte. Theoretically,

strong electrolytes are surface inactive and give a negative surface excess (-μ).

Surfactants tend to concentrate itself on the surface of the solution and, thus, lowers

surface tension significantly and give a positive surface excess (+μ).

For the effect of temperature on surface tension, the differential capillary rise of pure

test liquids of 1-propanol and 2-propanol were observed from 30 to 70oC at 5 degree

inrterval. Table 7.10 shows the observations of the effect of temperature.

Table 7.10. Data on the effect of temperature on surface tension of pure liquids.

1-propanol 2-propanol

Temp., oC Δh, cm γ Temp., oC Δh, cm γ

30 1.1 28.93982684 30 2.6 29.33401759

35 1.1 28.93982684 35 2.6 29.33401759

40 1.1 28.93982684 40 2.6 29.33401759

45 1.1 28.93982684 45 2.6 29.33401759

50 1.1 28.93982684 50 2.5 28.11059904

55 1.1 28.93982684 55 2.5 28.11059904

60 1.0 26.16806759 60 2.4 26.88718049

65 0.9 23.39630835 65 2.3 25.66376194

70 0.9 23.39630835 70 2.3 25.66376194

Figure 7.10. Plot of T vs. γ(M/ρ-ρo)2/3 for 1-propanol and 2-propanol solutions.

Generally, the surface tension decreases linearly as temperature rises and is

basically unaffected by changes in pressure, total area, or volume (Daniels, 1956). This

relationship may be due to the expansion of the liquid or disruption of the interactions

between the liquid molecules as the temperature rises. This is also observed from the
experimental data of surface tension at varying temperatures as shown in Table 7.10. At

higher temperature, two phases become more and more alike. The temperature

dependence of the surface tension can be described by the Katayama equation – (7-5).

By plotting T vs. γ(M/ρ-ρo)2/3, the katayama constant (K) and the critical temperature (Tc)

of the solution were determined.

From the experiment, the Katayama constant (K) for 1-propanol and 2-propanol

solutions are found to be 2.289846 and 1.643683 dyne*cm/mol2/3*K, respectively. The

critical temperatures calculated are 508.50 and 586.9882727 K for 1-propanol and 2-

propanol, respectively. The katayama constant (K) relates the change in the product of

the γ and Ṽ with temperature. Moreover, at critical temperature (Tc), liquid and vapor

interface disappears and only one phase is present and, thus, gives γ=0.

Another factor that may affect surface tension is pressure. Theoretically, higher

pressure gives lower surface tension. Increase in pressure results to a decrease in

volume, hence, an increase in interaction of the molecules at the surface and vapor

phase. Pressure neutralizes to some extent the attraction towards the body of the liquid.

Errors in the experiment may be due to (1) temperature fluctuation in the water bath,

(2) presence of contaminants in the capillary tubes, (3) inaccurate estimation of the

differential capillary rise, (4) impurities in the test solutions, and (5) vertical position of

capillary tube.

There are other methods in measuring the surface tension of liquids.

IV. Summary and Conclusions

V. Sample Calculations

A. Calculation of density of moist air, ρo

(%𝑅𝐻)(𝑃′ 𝐻2𝑂 )
XH2O =
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟
 (0.73)(30.043 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)
XH2O = = 0.02935874026
747.014 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

XN2 = (1 − XH2O )(0.79) = 0.7668065952

XO2 = (1 − XH2O )(0.79) = 0.2038346645

Mm.a = MH2O XH2O + MO2 XO2 + MN2 XN2

Mm.a = (18.016)XH2O + (32.00)X O2 + (28.02)XN2 = 28.53755713 g/mol

(𝑀𝑚.𝑎 )(𝑃𝑐 )
ρo =
𝑅𝑇𝑅

g 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
(28.53755713 ) (747.014 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)(760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)
mol
ρo = 𝐿 𝑎𝑡𝑚
(0.082056 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾) (302.15𝐾)

𝑔
ρo = 1.131355263 = 0.00131355263 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝐿

B. Calculation of A and B

Calibrating x = Δh
y = γ/(ρ-ρo)
liquids I II

Water 71.57584738 2.6 5.95

Acetone 28.85981459 1.1 2.3

Ethyl Acetate 25.58996773 0.95 2.5

γ
= 𝐴Δh − B
ρ − ρo
γ
Plotting vs. Δh for Trial I:
ρ−ρo

slope = A = 28.1163618865669
 y − intercept = B = 1.57181769291053

C. Determination of γ of liquids and solutions

𝑚𝑝𝑦𝑐+𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 − 𝑚𝑝𝑦𝑐
ρ𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 = ρ
𝑚𝑝𝑦𝑐+𝐻2𝑂 − 𝑚𝑝𝑦𝑐 𝐻2𝑂

26.0303 − 15.9034
ρ𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 = (0.995873315)
2601246 − 15.9034

ρ𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 = 0.9866854649 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

γ = (AΔh − B)(ρ − 𝜌𝑜 )

γ = ((28.11636)(2.0) − 1.5718176)(0.9866854649 − 0.00131355263)

γ = 53.8712806 dyne/cm

D. Calculation of μ and ECAPM

γ = −𝜇𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝐶 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Plotting ln C vs. γ:

slope = −𝜇𝑅𝑇 = 8.318028 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒/𝑐𝑚

𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 𝑁 100 𝑐𝑚 𝑚
− (8.318028 ) (105 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒) ( ) (1𝑥1010 Ᾱ)2
𝑐𝑚 𝑚
µ= 𝐽 𝑁𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙
− (8.314 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾) ( ) (6.0221367𝑥1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠) (303.15 𝐾)
𝐽

µ = 0.019874829 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠/Ᾱ2

1 1
ECAPM = = = 50.31489707 Ᾱ2 /𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝜇 0.019874829

E. Effect of temperature

γ = (AΔh − B)(ρ − 𝜌𝑜 )

γ = ((28.11636)(1.1) − 1.5718176)(0.9866854649 − 0.00131355263)

γ = 28.93210421 dyne/cm
 𝑀
Katayama Equation: 𝛾( )2/3 = 𝐾(𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇)
ρ−𝜌𝑜

𝑀
Plotting T vs. 𝛾( )2/3:
ρ−𝜌𝑜

dyne cm
slope = −K = −2.289846
mol2/3 K

dyne cm
K = 2.289846
mol2/3 K

dyne cm
y − intercept = KTc = 1164.389784
mol2/3

Tc = 508.50 K

VI. Literature Cited

VI. LITERATURE CITED

Atkins, P. and de Paula, J. . 2010. Physical Chemistry. 9 th ed. Great Britain:

Oxford University

Press.

Castellan, G.W. 1964.Physical Chemistry. 3 rd ed. United States of America:

Addison - Wesley

Publishing Company, Inc.

Daniels, F. et al. 1956.Experimental Physical Chemistry. McGraw-Hill Book

Co.: New York.

Levine, I.N. 2009.Physical Chemistry. 6 th ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc.: New York.

Mortimer, R.G. 2008. Physical Chemistry.3rd ed. Elsevier Academic Press:

Canada.

Shoemaker, D.P.,C.W. Garland and J.W. Nibler. 2003. Experiments in

Physical Chemistry. 8 th

ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc: NewYork.

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