Specific Volume:

Specific Gravity:

Specific heat:

Devices for fluid:

Venturimeter:
It measures discharge of fluid.
Notches :
It measures discharge of fluid.
Orifice meter:
It measures discharge of fluid.
Pitot tube :
It measures velocity of fluid.

Mach Number:
It is the ratio of the velocity of fluid to the velocity of sound.
M=1 ----------------- Sonic flow
M> (1-6) ----------- Super-Sonic flow
M>6 ---------------- Hyper-Sonic flow

Fluid discharge/Fluid flow:

Quantity of fluid flowing per second.

(through a section of pipe/ through a section of channel)

Q=AV

where, V= velocity of fluid,A= cross-sectional area of pipe/channel

Note: 1m³ = 1000 L1 cusec = 1 ft³/sec1 ft = 0.3048 m

Hydraulic Machine:
Turbine,Pump,Compressor etc.

Draft tube:
It attaches with reaction turbine . Its function is to reduce energy loss from reaction
turbine & it also reduce pressure at outlet which is must blow the atmospheric
pressure.

Themodynamics Law:
Zeroth Law
First Law of Thermodynamic
Second Law of thermodynamic

Zeroth Law:
If two body are in thermal equilibrium with a third body then these two body are also
in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First Law of Thermodynamics:
In a closed system, work deliver to the surrounding is directly proportonal to the heat
taken from the surrounding.And also, In a closed system, work done on a system is
directly proportonal to the heat deliver to the surrounding.

Second Law of Thermodynamics:

It is impossible to make a system or an engine which can change 100 percent input
energy to 100 percent output.

Entropy:
It is a thermodynamic property.

ds = dq/T

where, ds = change of entropy, dq = change of heat, T = Temperature.

In adiabatic process, entropy can not change. Actually,lacking or mal-adroitness of

tranfering energy of a system is entropy.

Calorific Value of fuel:

It us the total amount of heat obtained from burning 1 kg solid or liquid fuel.

Boiler/Steam
Generator:
It is a clossed vessel which is made of steel. Its function is to transfer heat to water to
generate steam.

Economiser:
It is a part of boiler. Its function is to heat feed water which is supplied to boiler.

Superheater:
It is a part of boiler. Its function is to increase temperature of steam into boiler.

Air-Preheater:
It is a part of boiler. Its funtion is to preheats the air to be supplied to furnace and it
recover heat from exhaust gas.

Boler Draught:
It is an important term for boiler. It is the difference of pressure above and below the
fire grate. This pressure difference have to maintain very carefully inside the bolier.
It actually maintaind the rate of steam generation. This depends on rate of fuel
burning. Inside the boiler rate of fuel burning is maintained with rate of entry fresh
air. If proper amount of fresh air never entered into the boiler, then proper amount
of fuel inside the boiler never be burnt. So, proper fresh air enters into the boiler only
by maintaining boiler draught.

Nozzle:
Nozzle is a duct of varying cros-sectional area. Actually, it is a passage of varying
cross-sectional area. It converts steam's heat energy into mechanical energy. It is one
type of pipe or tube that carrying liquid or gas.
Scavenging:
It is the process of removing burnt gas from combustion chamber of engine cylinder.

Supercharging:
Actually, power output of engine depends on what amount of air enter into the
engine through intake manifold. Amount of entry aiy if increased, then must be
engine speed will increased. Amount of air will be increased by increasing inlet air
density. The process of increasing inlet air density is supercharging. The device
which is used for supercharging is called supercharger.Superchargeris driven by a
belt from engine crakshaft. It is installed in intake system.

Turbocharging:
Turbocharging is similar to the supercharging. But in that case tubocharger is
installed in exhaust system whereas supercharger is installed in intake system.
Turbocharger is driven by force of exhaust gas. Generally, turbocharger is used for 2-
stroke engine by utilizing exhaust energy of the engine, it recovers energy otherwise
which would go waste.

Governeor:
Its function id to regulate mean speed of engine when there are variation in the load.
If load incrases on the engine, then engine's speed must decrease. In that case supply
of working fluid have to increase. In the otherway, if load decrease on the engine,
then engine' speed must increase. In that case supply of working fluid have to
decrease.Governor automatcally, controls the supply of working fluid to the engine
with varying load condition.

Flywheel:
It is the one of the main parts of the I.C. engine. Its main function id to store energy
in the time of working stroke or expansion stroke. And, it releasesenergy to the
crankshaft in the time of suction stroke, compression stroke & exhaust stroke.
Because, engine has only one power producing stroke.

Rating of fuel:
S.I. Engine:
Octane number. Octane number indicates ability of fuel to resist knock.

C.I. Engine:
Cetane Number. Cetane number indicates ability of ignition of diesel fuel. That
means, how much fast ignites diesel fuel.

Stoichiometric ratio:
It is the chemically correct air-fuel ratio by volume. By which theoratically sufficient
oxygen will be gotten to burn all combustible elements in fuel completely.

Heat Transfer:
It is a science which deals with energy transfer between material bodies as a result of
temperature difference.There are three way to heat transfer such as-
ConductionConvectionRadiation

Thermal Conductivity:
It is the quantity of heat flows between two parts of solid material by conduction. In
this case following consideration will be important fact-
Time------ 1 sec

Area of that solid material-------- 1 m²

Thickness of that solid material------ 1m

Temperature difference between two parts of that material------ 1k

Heat Exchanger:
It is one type of device which can transfer heat from one fluid to another fluid.
Example- Radiator, intercooler, preheater, condenser, boiler etc.

Refrigeration:
It is the process of removing heat from a substance. Actually, extraction of heat from
a body whose temperature is already below the temperature of its surroundings.

1 tonne of refrigeration:
It is amount of refrigeration effect or cooling effect which is produced by uniform
melting of 1 tonne ice in 24 hours from or at 0 degree centigrade or freezing 1 tonne
water in 24 hours from or at 0 degree centigrade.

Humidification:
It is the addition of moisture to the air without change dry bulb temperatur.

Dehumidification:
It is the removal of moisture from the air without change dry bulb temperature.

Gear Train:
Meshing of two or more gear. It can transmit power from one shaft to another shaft.

Heat Treatment:
Operation involving heating and cooling of a metal in solid state for obtaining
desirable condition without being changed chemical composition.Its object-increase
hardness of metal.increase quality of metal ( heat, corrosion,wear resistance quality
)improve machinability.

Ferrous Metal:
1. Cast Iron - (2-6.67)%C, Si, Mn, P, S

2. Steel - (0-2)%C

3. Wrought Iron - 99.5% Fe

Non-Ferrous Metal:
1. Brass - (Cu+Zn)

2. Bronze -

(Sn+Cu) ------ Tin Bronze

(Si+Cu) ------- Silicon Bronze

(Al+Cu) ------- Aluminium Bronze

Allowance:
It is the difference between basic dimension of mating parts. That means, minimum
clearance between mating parts that can be allowed.

Tolerance:
It is the difference between upper limit of dimension. It is also the permissible
variation above and below the basic size. That means maximum permissible
variation in dimensions.

Clearance:
It is the difference in size between mating parts. That means, in that case the outside
dimension of the shaft is less than internal dimension of the hole.

Stiffness:
It is the ability to resist deformation.

Toughness:
It is the property to resist fracture.

Fatigue:
When a material is subjected to repeated stress below yield point stress, such type of
failure is fatigue failure.

Nuclear Fission:
It is a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous divided into two or more nucleous.

Nuclear Fussion:
It is also a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous will produced by adding two
small nucleous.

Welding:
It is the process of joining two similar or dissimilar metal by fusion.

Arc Welding -

* need D.C current

* produced (6000-7000) Degree Centegrade Temperature

Gas Welding -

* Oxy - acetylene flame join metals

* Oxygen & acetylene gas works

* produced 3200 Degree Centegrade Temperature

Machine Tool:
It is the power driven tool. It cut & form all kinds of metal parts.

Example - 1. Lathe2. Drill Press3. Shaper4. Planer5. Grinding6. Miling7. Broaching8.

Boring
Cutting Tool:

Tool Materials for Cutting Tool:

1. High Carbon Steel

2. High Speed Steel (W+Cr+V)

3. Carbide (W Carbide+Ti Carbide+Co Carbide)

Indexing:

It is the method of dividing periphery of job into equal number of division. Actually,
it is the process of dividing circular or other shape of workpiece into equal space,
division or angle.

Jig:
It is one type of device which hold & locate workpiece and also guide & control
cutting tool. It uses in drilling, reaming and tapping.

Fixture:
It is one type of device which hold and locate workpiece. It uses in miling, grinding,
planning & turnin