Radar Systems & Applications: Department of Ece, Pesit-Bsc

RADAR SYSTEMS & APPLICATIONS
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1........................................................................................................................................3
1.1 ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2........................................................................................................................................4
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO RADAR................................................................................................4
2.2 A BASIC IDEA OF RADAR...................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 3........................................................................................................................................5
3.1 COMPONENTS OF A RADAR SYSTEMS............................................................................5
3.1.1 A Transmitter:..................................................................................................................5
3.1.2 Waveguides:......................................................................................................................5
3.1.3 Antenna:..........................................................................................................................5
3.1.4 Duplexer:..........................................................................................................................5
3.1.5 Receiver:...........................................................................................................................5
3.1.6 Threshold Decision:.........................................................................................................5
CHAPTER-4........................................................................................................................................6
4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF MIMO RADAR....................................................................................6
CHAPTER-5........................................................................................................................................7
5.1 SYSTEM MODELLING..........................................................................................................7
5.2 BLOCK EXPLANATION........................................................................................................8
5.2.1 TRANSMITTER...............................................................................................................8
5.2.2 CHANNEL.........................................................................................................................8
5.3 RECEIVER SIGNAL PROCESSING....................................................................................10
CHAPTER-6......................................................................................................................................11
6.1 RESULTS...............................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER-7......................................................................................................................................12
7.1 APPLICATIONS OF RADARS..............................................................................................12
7.1.1 MILITARY APPLICATIONS..........................................................................................12
7.1.2 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL..............................................................................................13
7.1.3 REMOTE SENSING.......................................................................................................14
7.1.4 VEHICULAR RADAR FOR ROAD SAFETY...............................................................16
CHAPTER-8......................................................................................................................................17
8.2 CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................18
DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 1

TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1.Basic Block Diagram..............................................................................................................3
Figure 2. COMPONENTS OF A RADAR.............................................................................................4
Figure 3. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A MIMO RADAR..........................................................................6
Figure 4. TARGET DETECTION.......................................................................................................10
Figure 5. TARGET CHARACTERIZATION......................................................................................10
Figure 6. MILITARY RADARS..........................................................................................................11
Figure 7. Primary Surveillance Radar..................................................................................................12
Figure 8. Transmission from satellite...................................................................................................14
Figure 9. Reception from Earth...........................................................................................................14
Figure 10. Beam Footprint...................................................................................................................15
Figure 11. VEHICULAR SYSTEM SAFETY…………………………………………………………………………………………….19

CHAPTER 1
1.1 ABSTRACT
RADAR works on the principle of reflection and need not have clear visibility to LOS, by
using radio waves position, range, angle, or velocity can be determined based on received
echo signal. Loss of signals and interference is more with SISO system. Therefore, MIMO
system is used to minimize errors, improve resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio as they
provide substantially improved immunity to interference and detection probability of the
targets. This paper deals with the development of a MIMO radar system of the proposed
design specification in LabVIEW (software) and with that, detection and characterization of
the target are done and further comparison with the SISO radar system
A few applications of radars have been discussed in order to throw light upon the importance
and significance of radars in a variety of areas of utilisation.

CHAPTER 2
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO RADAR

RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging System. It is basically an electromagnetic
system used to detect the location and distance of an object from the point where the RADAR
is placed. It works by radiating energy into space and monitoring the echo or reflected signal
from the objects. It operates in the UHF and microwave range.
2.2 A BASIC IDEA OF RADAR

The RADAR system generally consists of a transmitter which produces an electromagnetic
signal which is radiated into space by an antenna. When this signal strikes any object, it gets
reflected or reradiated in many directions. This reflected or echo signal is received by the
radar antenna which delivers it to the receiver, where it is processed to determine the
geographical statistics of the object. The range is determined by the calculating the time
taken by the signal to travel from the RADAR to the target and back. The target’s location is
measured in angle, from the direction of maximum amplitude echo signal, the antenna points
to. To measure range and location of moving objects, Doppler Effect is used.
Figure 1.Basic Block Diagram

CHAPTER 3
3.1 COMPONENTS OF A RADAR SYSTEMS
3.1.1 A Transmitter: It can be a power amplifier like a Klystron, Travelling Wave Tube or
a power Oscillator like a Magnetron. The signal is first generated using a waveform generator
and then amplified in the power amplifier.
3.1.2 Waveguides: The waveguides are transmission lines for transmission of the RADAR
signals.
3.1.3 Antenna: The antenna used can be a parabolic reflector, planar arrays or
electronically steered phased arrays.
3.1.4 Duplexer: A duplexer allows the antenna to be used as a transmitter or a receiver. It

can be a gaseous device that would produce a short circuit at the input to the receiver when
transmitter is working.
3.1.5 Receiver: It can be super heterodyne receiver or any other receiver which consists of
a processor to process the signal and detect it.
3.1.6 Threshold Decision: The output of the receiver is compared with a threshold to
detect the presence of any object. If the output is below any threshold, the presence of noise
is assumed.
Figure 2. COMPONENTS OF A RADAR

CHAPTER-4
4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF MIMO RADAR

 RADAR works on the principle of reflection and need not have clear visibility to
LOS, by using radio waves position, range, angle, or velocity can be determined
based on received echo signal. Loss of signals and interference is more with SISO
system. Therefore, MIMO system is used to minimize errors, improve resolution, and
signal-to-noise ratio as they provide substantially improved immunity to interference
and detection probability of the targets. This paper deals with the development of a
MIMO radar system of the proposed design specification in LabVIEW (software) and
with that, detection and characterization of the target are done and further comparison
with the SISO radar system.
 By using statistical MIMO radar, one can describe the improvement in radar
performances by creating spacing between the antennas at the transmitter and receiver
side so that target angular spread is observed which exploits the spatial diversity of
target scatterers and shows that how MIMO radar outperforms the conventional
phased array radar whenever the detection probability is above 0.8. In MIMO radar, it
is not restricted to detection only but the application of MIMO radar with angular
diversity with multiple targets through coherent processing and rank analysis of
channel matrix and signal processing modelling in different radars like phased array
radar and MISO radar with their mathematical analysis.
 For target detection and localization space–time coding is used in which transmitted
signals are space–time coded, which allows to digitally steer the beam pattern in the
transmitted signal in addition to the received signal, which helps to avoid beam shape
loss. Virtual sensors are used to form narrower beams having lower sidelobes, which
provide high performance in target detection, angular estimation, and resolution.
 Simultaneous transmission and reception of multiple coded waveforms are observed
from multiple phase centres and to process them different signal processing is used
which initially appears as spatial samples, which correspond to the convolution of the
transmitted and received aperture phase centres.

CHAPTER-5
5.1 SYSTEM MODELLING

 Here, an abstract model of a system is being developed in which each block
represents different aspects of the system, which help to understand the working of
Figure 3. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A MIMO RADAR

the system.
 Here, in this proposed model, the polyphase code (P4 code) is developed in the
software. Then, pulsed P4 code is developed at the baseband level of 75 kHz.
 On-time bits and off-time bits are calculated, and the signal is up-converted and
down-converted at RF frequency of 2.4 GHz.
 The upconverted signal is fed into the channel and inside the channel noise and delay
is provided and target modelling is done which is dependent on the distance, which is
provided by realizing the radar range equation.
 The output from the channel is fed to the down-converter and correlation in SISO and
MRC (maximal ratio combiner) in MIMO is performed on the received signal with

that of the reference signal. Then, target detection and characterization using a flat
plate are observed and analysed.
5.2 BLOCK EXPLANATION
5.2.1 TRANSMITTER
Baseband Generation:
Polyphase code is used as a baseband signal that uses harmonically related phases based on
phase increment. The phase sequence of the P4 signal is given by:
5.2.2 CHANNEL
The channel consists of:
(a)RADAR range equation:
where,
Pt = Transmit power
Gt = Transmit antenna gain
λ = Transmit wavelength
σ = Target radar cross section
Gr = Received antenna gain
R = Distance.
(b)Target Modelling:
Horizontal polarisation of the target is given by:

Table 1 Design specification of the MIMO radar
Sl. no. Parameters Specification

1 RF 2.4 GHz
2 Radar waveform Spread spectrum
3 Unambiguous range 2 km
4 PRF 75 kHz
5 PRI 13.33 μs
6 Duty cycle 45%
7 Bandwidth 5 MHz
8 Length of P4 code 30 bits
9 Antenna configuration 2×2
10 Target type Flat plate
11 Data acquisition Using LabVIEW
where k 2π/λ, a width of the target, b height of the target.

5.3 RECEIVER SIGNAL PROCESSING
On the ith receive antenna, the received signal is
yi = hi x + n (9)
where
yi is the received symbol on the ith receive antenna,
hi is the channel on the ith receive antenna,
x is the transmitted symbol and
ni is the noise on ith receive antenna.
(a) Correlator:
Correlation is a measure of similarity of two series as a function of the displacement of one

relative to the other.
(b)
Maximal-Ratio Combiner:
Maximum-ratio combining (MRC) is the method of combining the signal received by multiple
receiver antenna to enhance signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and thus limiting the impact of noise,
interference, etc.

CHAPTER-6
6.1 RESULTS
Detection and characterization of the target using a flat plate is done.
Figure 4. TARGET DETECTION
Figure 5. TARGET CHARACTERIZATION
CHAPTER-7
7.1 APPLICATIONS OF RADARS
7.1.1 MILITARY APPLICATIONS

The RADAR has 3 major applications in Military:
 In air defence it is used for target detection, target recognition and weapon control
(directing the weapon to the tracked targets).
 In missile system to guide the weapon.
 Identifying enemy locations in map.
Figure 6. MILITARY RADARS


7.1.2 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
 The air traffic control radar beacon system (ATCRBS) is a system used in air
traffic control (ATC) to enhance surveillance radar monitoring and separation of air
traffic. It consists of a rotating ground antenna and transponders in aircraft. The
ground antenna sweeps a narrow vertical beam of microwaves around the airspace.
When the beam strikes an aircraft, the transponder transmits a return signal back
giving information such as the flight number designation and altitude of the
aircraft.To control air traffic near airports.
 The Air Surveillance RADAR is used to detect and display the aircraft’s position in
the airport terminals.
 To guide the aircraft to land in bad weather using Precision Approach RADAR.
 To scan the airport surface for aircraft and ground vehicle positions
 First, the ATCRBS interrogator periodically interrogates aircraft on a frequency of

1030 MHz. This is done through a rotating or scanning antenna at the radar's assigned
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF). Interrogations are typically performed at 450 - 500
interrogations/second. Once an interrogation has been transmitted, it travels through
space (at the speed of light) in the direction the antenna is pointing until an aircraft is
reached.
 When the aircraft receives the

interrogation, the
aircraft transponder will send a reply on
1090 MHz after a 3.0 μs delay indicating
the requested information. The
interrogator's processor will then decode
the reply and identify the aircraft. The
range of the aircraft is determined from the
delay between the reply and the Figure 7. Primary Surveillance Radar
interrogation.

 Interrogations consist of three pulses, 0.8 μs in duration, referred to as P1, P2 and

P3. The timing between pulses P1 and P3 determines the mode (or question) of the
interrogation, and thus what the nature of the reply should be. P2 is used in side-lobe
suppression etc.
 The Reply: Replies to interrogations consist of 15 time slots, each 1.45 μs in width.
The reply is encoded by the presence or absence of a 0.45 μs pulse in each slot. These
are labeled as follows:
 F1 C1 A1 C2 A2 C4 A4 X B1 D1 B2 D2 B4 D4 F2 SPI
 The F1 and F2 pulses are framing pulses, and are always transmitted by the aircraft
transponder. They are used by the interrogator to identify legitimate replies. These are
spaced 20.3 μs apart.
 The A4, A2, A1, B4, B2, B1, C4, C2, C1, D4, D2, D1 pulses constitute the
"information" contained in the reply. These bits are used in different ways for each
interrogation mode.
7.1.3 REMOTE SENSING

 In general, the word remote sensing is used for data collection from artificial
satellites orbiting the earth and processing such data to make useful decisions.
 Achieved through a parameter called as backscattering per unit area.
 When microwaves strike a surface, the proportion of energy scattered back to the
sensor depends on many factors:
 Physical factors such as the dielectric constant of the surface materials which also
depends strongly on the moisture content;
 Geometric factors such as surface roughness, slopes, orientation of the objects relative
to the radar beam direction;
 The types of landcover (soil, vegetation or man-made objects).
 Microwave frequency, polarisation and incident angle.

Figure 8. Transmission from Figure 9. Reception from Earth

satellite
A radar pulse is transmitted The radar pulse is scattered by the ground targets
from the antenna to the ground back to the antenna.
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
 In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, microwave pulses are transmitted by an

antenna towards the earth surface. The microwave energy scattered back to the
spacecraft is measured. The SAR makes use of the radar principle to form an image
by utilising the time delay of the backscattered signals.

 The microwave beam sent out by the antenna illuminates an area on the ground (known as
the antenna's "footprint"). In radar imaging, the recorded signal strength depends on the
microwave energy backscattered from the ground targets inside this footprint. Increasing the
length of the antenna will decrease the width of the footprint.

Figure 10. Beam Footprint
7.1.4 VEHICULAR RADAR FOR ROAD SAFETY
 Used in Pre-collision system as a passive safety system in automotive industry.

 An ACC(Automatic cruise control) maintains the vehicle speed set by the driver, and
it changes the speed to maintain a safe distance if a vehicle in front is moving at a
slower speed, then again attains the former set speed once the slow moving vehicle is
off the path.
Figure 11. VEHICULAR SYSTEM SAFETY
 The majority of automotive radars on the market today operate in the millimeter wave
(mmWave) band.
 Specifically, long range radar operates at 76−77GHz, medium range radar operates at
77−81 GHz, and short range radar operates at 79 − 81 GHz.

CHAPTER-8
8.2 CONCLUSION
 In the detection of the target by using SISO, the amplitude of the correlated signal is
(8.21E−04) and by using MIMO the amplitude of the MRC is (1.65E−03). Hence, by
using MIMO the amplitude is increased by (8.29E−04). Therefore, it concludes that
the detection probability of the target is increased in case of MIMO.
 In case of pattern characterization, the pattern of the target received by using SISO is
having power of (−60.5 dB) and the pattern received by using MIMO is having power
of (−54.4 dB), which means by using MIMO of 2 × 2 antennas 6 dB gain is achieved.
 Hence, by using MIMO target detection and characterization are improved.
 Different Applications have been discussed and it is found that MIMO radars are
much more efficient in modern applications.

REFERENCES
1. Donnet BJ, Longsta ID (2006) MIMO radar, techniques and opportunities. In: 3rd
European radar conference, Queensland, Australia, pp 112–115
2. Haimovich AM, Blum RS, Cimini LJ (2008) MIMO radar with widely separated
antennas.IEEE Signal Process Mag 25:116–129
3. Fishler E, Haimovich A, Blum R, Ciminio L, Chizhik D, Valenzuela R (2004)
Performance of MIMO radar systems: advantages of angular diversity Eran. In: IEEE
thirty-eighth Asilomar conference on signals, systems and computers, vol 1, pp 305–309
4. Li J, Blum RS, Stoica P, Haimovich AM, Wicks MC (2010) Introduction to the issue on
MIMO radar and its applications. IEEE J Select Top-ICS Signal Process 4:2–4
5. Maio AD, Lops M (2007) Design principles of MIMO radar detectors. IEEE Trans
AerospElectron Syst 43(3):886–898
6. Robey FC, Coutts S, Weikle D, McHarg JC, Cuomo K (2004) MIMO radar theory and
experimental results. In: Proceedings of the 38th Asilomar conference on signals, systems
and computers, vol 1, pp 300–304
7. Bekkerman I, Tabrikian J (2006) Target detection and localization using MIMO radars
and sonars. IEEE Trans Signal Process 54:3873–3883
8. Lewis BL, Kretschmer FF Jr (1982) Linear frequency modulation derived polyphase
pulse compression codes. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst AES-18(5):637–641
9. Skolnik M (2008) Radar handbook, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill
10.Inaba T, Araki K (2004) Space-frequency maximal ratio combining for low-elevation
radar target. Electron Commun Japan (Part I: Communications) 87(5):75–85.

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RADAR SYSTEMS & APPLICATIONS

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 1

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 2

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 3

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO RADAR

2.2 A BASIC IDEA OF RADAR

Figure 1.Basic Block Diagram

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 4

3.1.4 Duplexer: A duplexer allows the antenna to be used as a transmitter or a receiver. It

Figure 2. COMPONENTS OF A RADAR

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 5

4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF MIMO RADAR

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 6

5.1 SYSTEM MODELLING

Figure 3. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A MIMO RADAR

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 7

5.2 BLOCK EXPLANATION

(a)RADAR range equation:

Horizontal polarisation of the target is given by:

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 8

Table 1 Design specification of the MIMO radar

Sl. no. Parameters Specification

where k 2π/λ, a width of the target, b height of the target.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 9

5.3 RECEIVER SIGNAL PROCESSING

On the ith receive antenna, the received signal is

yi is the received symbol on the ith receive antenna,

hi is the channel on the ith receive antenna,

x is the transmitted symbol and

ni is the noise on ith receive antenna.

Correlation is a measure of similarity of two series as a function of the displacement of one

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 10

Figure 4. TARGET DETECTION

Figure 5. TARGET CHARACTERIZATION

7.1 APPLICATIONS OF RADARS

7.1.1 MILITARY APPLICATIONS

 In missile system to guide the weapon.

 Identifying enemy locations in map.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 11

Figure 6. MILITARY RADARS

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 12

7.1.2 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

 First, the ATCRBS interrogator periodically interrogates aircraft on a frequency of

 When the aircraft receives the

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 13

 Interrogations consist of three pulses, 0.8 μs in duration, referred to as P1, P2 and

7.1.3 REMOTE SENSING

 The types of landcover (soil, vegetation or man-made objects).

 Microwave frequency, polarisation and incident angle.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 14

Figure 8. Transmission from Figure 9. Reception from Earth

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

 In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, microwave pulses are transmitted by an

by utilising the time delay of the backscattered signals.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 15

Figure 10. Beam Footprint

7.1.4 VEHICULAR RADAR FOR ROAD SAFETY

 Used in Pre-collision system as a passive safety system in automotive industry.

Figure 11. VEHICULAR SYSTEM SAFETY

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 16

 Hence, by using MIMO target detection and characterization are improved.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 17

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, PESIT-BSC Page | 18