TABLE OF CONTENT

No Title Page
1 Abstract 1
2 Introduction 2
3 Objectives 3
4 Theory 4-5
5 Material and Apparatus 6
6 Methodology 7
7 Data and Results 8
8 Calculations 9-11
9 Discussion 12-13
10 Conclusion 14
11 Recommendations 14
12 Reference 15
13 Appendix 16

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ABSTRACT

The objective of this experiment is to calculate heat transfer and heat lost for energy balance
study, the log mean temperature difference, LMTD, heat transfer coefficients and to perform
temperature profile of counter current concentric heat exchanger. Heat exchangers are devices
that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids. Concentric heat exchanger demonstrates
the fundamentals of heat transfer and is the simplest form of heat exchanger and is a design that
may be analyzed and described by empirical equations, In counter current heat exchanger, both
fluids flow parallel to each other but in opposite directions. The manipulating factor that affect
the performance of heat exchanger are the fluids physical properties, volumetric flow rate, area
of heat transfer surfaces and inlet temperature of fluid. The heat loss, heat release, heat transfer
coefficient and LMTD in each flowrate had been calculated and tabulated in data.

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INTRODUCTION

Devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids is known as Heat Exchanger. In
order to exchange the heat, the fluid must be in different temperature. Role of Heat Exchanger is
either to remove heat from a hot fluid or to add heat to the cold fluid. Heat exchangers are alike
to mixing chamber except that they did not allow any streams of fluid to mix (Cengel, 2015). In
heating and air conditioning system, heat exchanger is widely used in practice in range
application. The heat transfer usually involves convection and conduction where in convection
the heat transfer is between the fluids and conduction is occur through the wall separating the
two fluids.

Heat exchangers are manufactured in variety of types thus it divided into two classifications
which is according to its flow arrangement and according to its construction type. The simplest
type of heat exchanger consists of two concentric pipes of different diameters. Two types of flow
arrangement are possible in double pipe heat exchanger. The two types is parallel flow which is
also known as co-current flow and counter flow. On the other hand, a shell-and-tube heat
exchanger is similar to a concentric tube but it consists many small tubes inside one larger shell.

In this experiment, it is only focusing on counter flow of concentric tube heat exchanger with
different combination of flowrate FT1 and FT2. Counter current flow is where both hot and cold
fluids flow in the opposite direction and both exit the heat exchanger on the opposite end.

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OBJECTIVE

1. To calculate heat transfer and heat lost for energy balance study

2. To calculate the log mean temperature difference, LMTD.

3. To calculate heat transfer coefficients.

4. To perform temperature profile of counter current concentric heat exchanger.

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THEORY

Concentric heat exchanger reveals the basic principles of heat transfer and is the simplest form of
heat exchanger and is a design that may be analyzed and described by empirical equations, In
counter current heat exchanger, both fluids flow parallel to each other but in opposite directions.
This type of flow arrangement allows the biggest change in temperature of both fluids therefore
it is said to be the most efficient of flow arrangement.

figure 1 Temperature Profile of Counter current Heat Exchanger (Malhotra, 2016)

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U can be expressed as

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
𝑈=
∆𝑇𝑚 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)

Where Area is

Area = 𝜋𝐷𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝐿

However, before calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient, heat released and heat absorbed
must be calculated first to determine the heat lost by using formula;

Heat Absorbed (kW) = 𝑄𝐶 𝜌𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 ( Tc,in - Tc,out )

Heat Released (kW) = 𝑄𝐻 𝜌𝐻 𝐶𝑝𝐻 ( TH,in – TH,out )

Heat lost (kW) = Heat released (kW)- Heat Absorbed (kW)

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The value efficiency also can be calculated using this formula;

ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂 = × 100%
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑

The log mean temperature difference is appropriate average temperature difference to use in heat
transfer calculations. The equation is;

∆T1 -∆T2
∆Tm=
∆T
ln ( ∆T1 )
2

The manipulated factor that affect the performance of heat exchanger are the fluids physical
properties, volumetric flow rate, area of heat transfer surfaces and inlet temperature of fluid.

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MATERIAL AND APPARATUS

1. Concentric tube 6. Main switch

2. Pump 7. Temperature sensor
3. Flowmeter
4. Storage tank
5. Heating element

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METHODOLOGY

The equipment had been installed on a firm. An electrical supply was also required

 The drain valve underneath the water storage tank was checked so it fully closed
 The tank was filled with clean water

1. The valve was switched to counter current Concentric Heat Exchanger arrangement.
2. Pumps P1 and P2 were switched on.
3. Valves V3 and V14 were opened and been adjusted to obtain desired flowrates for hot and
cold water streams respectively.
4. The systems was allowed for 10 minutes to reach steady state.
5. FT1,FT2,TT1,TT2,TT3,TT4 was recorded
6. Steps 1 to 5 were repeated for different combination of flowrate FT1 and FT2.
7. P1 and P2 pumps were switched off after the completion experiment.
8. The equipment had been shut down.

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RESULT AND DATA

FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 Heat Heat loss 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 U
(LPM) (LPM) (℃ ) (℃ ) (℃ ) (℃ ) released (kW) (℃) (W/m2℃)
(kW)
10.0 2.0 36.2 31.3 47.0 47.4 0.27565 -0.402975 13.32 1217.39

10.0 4.0 33.4 30.9 47.0 47.5 0.344558 -0.34824 15.08 1097.92
10.0 6.0 32.0 30.4 47.1 47.7 0.413445 -0.25189 16.20 981.37
10.0 8.0 32.1 30.7 47.0 47.7 0.48236 -0.2938 15.95 1162.79
10.0 10.0 32.4 31.2 46.9 47.5 0.41348 -0.418 15.39 1290.30

FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 Heat Heat 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 U

(LPM) (LPM) (℃ ) (℃ ) (℃ ) (℃ ) released loss (℃) (W/m2℃)
(kW) (kW)
2.0 10.0 32.1 31.5 46.1 49.5 0.46845 0.0528 15.95 622.4
4.0 10.0 32.2 31.4 46.4 48.3 0.52370 -0.0306 15.54 852.15
6.0 10.0 32.2 31.4 46.6 47.7 0.45483 -0.0995 15.35 862.89
8.0 10.0 32.4 31.4 46.6 47.5 0.49620 -0.1966 15.15 1092.78
10.0 10.0 32.4 31.2 46.9 47.5 0.41350 -0.4180 15.40 1290.33

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SAMPLE CALCULATION

Calculation at QC = 2 l/min

Average temperature at TH and Tc

TH,in + TH,out 47.0+47.4
TH, average = = = 47.2
2 2

TC,in + TC,out 36.2+31.3

TC, average = = = 33.75
2 2

Density of the water at TH, average and TC, average

𝑘𝑔 47.2℃−47℃
𝜌𝐻 ( 𝑙 ) = ( 0.9889-0.98935) +0.98935 = 0.98926
48℃−47℃

𝑘𝑔 33.75℃−33℃
𝜌𝑐 ( 𝑙 ) = (0.9944-0.9947) + 0.9947 = 0.994475
34℃−33℃

Specific Heat Capacity at TH, average and TC, average

𝑘𝐽 47.2℃−47℃
𝐶𝑝𝐻 (𝑘𝑔) = (4.1799-4.1796) + 4.1796 = 4.17966
48℃−47℃

𝑘𝐽 33.75℃−33℃
𝐶𝑝𝑐 (𝑘𝑔) = (4.1779-4.178) + 4.178 = 4.17793
34℃−33℃

Heat Absorbed (kW)

Heat Absorbed (kW) = 𝑄𝐶 𝜌𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 ( Tc,out - Tc,in )

( 2 l/min) (0.994475 kg/l) (4.17793 kJ/kg ) (36.2℃ − 31.3℃ ) ( 1min/ 60s)

Heat Absorbed (kW) = 0.678625

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Heat Released (kW)

Heat Released (kW) = 𝑄𝐻 𝜌𝐻 𝐶𝑝𝐻 ( TH,in – TH,out )

( 10 l/min) (0.98926 kg/l) (4.17966 kJ/kg ) (47.4℃ − 47℃ ) ( 1min/ 60s)

Heat Released (kW) = 0.27565

Heat lost (kW)

Heat lost (kW) = Heat released(kW)- Heat Absorbed (kW)

=0.27565- 0.678625

= - 0.402975

Log mean temperature difference, ∆𝑇𝑚

∆T1 -∆T2
∆Tm=
∆T
ln ( ∆T1 )
2

( TH, in – Tc, out ) − (TH, out − Tc, in)

∆Tm=
TH, in – Tc, out
ln ( TH, out − Tc, in )

( 47.4℃ − 36.2℃ ) − (47 − 31.3℃)

∆Tm=
47.4℃ − 36.2℃
ln ( 47℃ − 31.3℃ )

∆Tm= 13.32℃

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Heat Transfer Coefficient,U

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
𝑈=
∆𝑇𝑚 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)

Where Area is

Area = 𝜋𝐷𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝐿

= 3.142 (0.02664m ) (0.5m)

=0.04185

678.625𝑊
𝑈=
13.32℃ (0.04185𝑚)

U= 1217.39 W/m2 ℃

0.678625
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂 = × 100%
0.27565
=246.19%

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DISCUSSION

In this experiment, concentric tube heat exchanger was used to achieve objective of the
experiment. Concentric heat exchanger is built in several ways such as connected in series and
coil.

Based on the experiment, TT1 TT2 TT3 and TT4 has been determine that

TT1 is temperature of cold fluid that exit the heat exchanger, TC,out

TT2 is temperature of cold fluid that enter the heat exchanger, TC,in

TT3 is temperature of hot fluid that exit the heat exchanger, TH,out

TT4 is temperature of hot fluid that enter the heat exchanger, TH,in

These are the important information that should be taken in order to proceed with heat lost, heat
released, heat transfer coefficient and LMTD calculation. Part A is conducted with constant
flowrate, FT1 yet varying fluid flowrate, FT2 from 2 to 5. From the calculation it is showing that
heat absorbed is much larger that heat release which makes it to have higher efficiency than
100% in each variation combination of flowrate. However, 100% efficiency operation is difficult
to be obtained by an equipment. Thus, this experiment is assumed to have encounter with some
problems.

figure 2: Temperature Profile for FT1-10 FT2-2.0

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The temperature profile for all the combination flowrate showed a same pattern since it was
operated under same flow arrangement that is counter current heat exchanger. The hot and cold
fluid enters the heat exchanger at opposite ends and flow in opposite direction.

Factors that might contribute an error to this experiment is systematic error where it is arise from
the equipment such as the presence of bubble in the tube while performing the experiments.

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CONCLUSION

Based on the experiment, it can be concluded that concentric tube heat exchanger follows the
fundamentals of thermodynamic. In counter current flow configuration, the outlet temperature of
the cold fluid can never exceed the inlet temperature of hot fluid. This statement is clarified by
observing temperature profile that had been perform in the result and data section. The heat loss,
heat release, heat transfer coefficient and LMTD in each flowrate had also been calculated and
tabulated in the data successfully using the equation given.

RECOMMENDATION

1. The tube must be free from bubble before performing the experiment which may disrupt the
accuracy of the objectives of the experiments

2. Experiment should be repeated three times for each flowrate to get average values. Thus, the
results are more convincing and precise.

3. Experiment should be repeated with the different flow arrangement which is parallel flow heat
exchanger so that comparison can be made.

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REFERENCES

1.(n.d.). Retrieved from

https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/59064/mod_resource/content/3/Experiment%
2010_Concentric%20Tube%20Heat%20Exchanger.pdf

2.Cengel, Y. A. (2015). Heat Exchanger. In Heat and Mass Transfer (p. 594). New York: Mc
Graw-Hill Education.

3.Malhotra, A. (2016, May 14). Retrieved from Quora: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-

temperature-profile-of-a-double-pipe-heat-exchanger-in-counter-current

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APPENDIX

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