Module I

Introduction
• SMPS is an electronic power supply that incorporates a

switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently.
• The pass transistor of a SMPS continuously switches
between low-dissipation, full-on and full-off states
• Spends very little time in high dissipation transitions –
minimizes wasted energy
• Ideally SMPS dissipates no power
1/19/2019 CHN -Module 1 - Sreeeraj K. P., GWPTC, Kottakkal 1

Introduction
• Power supply supplies electric power to an electrical load
• Power converters convert one form of electrical energy(or
mechanical energy) to another.
• Regulated power supply controls the output
voltage/current to specific value.
• It is kept const. despite variations in either load
current/voltage by energy source.
• Voltage regulation is achieved by varying ratio of on-to-
off time.
• SMPS are smaller and lighter than linear supply to smaller
transformer size and weight.
Introduction
• Power supply is a necessary for
smooth functioning of the
computer
• A computer power supply unit
converts high power AC into
multiple DC voltages.
• Low voltage DC power is usually
integrated with computers.
• In such cases we use different
power supply systems to convert
high voltage AC power to well
regulated lower voltage DC
power as required by the
components of computer.
Working
• Linear regulator provides desired output voltage by
dissipating excess power in ohmic losses.
• It regulates either output voltage/current by dissipating
excess electric power in form of heat – wasting power
efficiency.
• SMPS regulates output voltage/current by switching ideal
storage elements like inductors and capacitors.
• Ideal switching elements have no resistance when closed
and carry no current when open – hence efficient.
• Boost convertor

Connectors of Power Supply
• PC Main (P1) – connects to motherboard and powers it -
12V
• P!) – System monitoring – responsible for supplying
power to Power Supply Unit’s fan
• ATX 12V – 4-pin cable – Connected to motherboard –
Powering of disk drives
• This is also used for powering accelerated graphics cards.
• SATA cable connectors – connecting SATA HDD and SATA
Drives
• 6-pin connectors – PCI Express audio-video cards
• 6+2 pin – reverse compatibility of PCI Express card.
20/24 ATX Pin
• It allows to tun on the motherboard
• Early models had 20-pin; current has 24
• Comes as a block of 20, to which block of 4 can be added
– ensures compatibility
ATX P4
• Called P4-ATX(ATX 12V)
• Introduced by Intel for Pentium 4
• It plugs into motherboard and powers the processor
MOLEX
• Present in every PC
• Sometimes used directly on motherboard(MSI) and used to
connect hard disk and other drives.
• Used for some graphic cards also
SATA Connector
• Modern power supply must have at lest 4
• Used to power up drives at SATA standard
PCI Express power connector
• Used for modern graphics cards since they need more power
• Originally 6-pin; now available in 8-pin

Power Good Signal
• When power supply first starts up. It takes some time for
components to get “up to speed” and start generating
proper DC voltages that computer needs to operate.
• It may take half a second for the supply to get stabilized.
• Before this time, if computer try to boot, it may cause
problems.
• So if power good signal is not obtained, lights and fans
will operate, but system will not boot.
• To prevent the computer from starting up prematurely,
power supply puts out “Power Good” signal to mother
board after it completes its internal tests ensuring the
power is ready to use

Power Good Signal
• Power supply will turn off Power Good signal if a power
surge or glitch causes it to malfunction.
• When power is OK, this signal is again generated
restarting the computer

Power Signal Control
PS-ON
• Signal from motherboard to power supply.
• Power supply turns ON, only when this is connected to
ground by motherboard.
• Hence it is active low signal.
• Turns on 3.3V, +5V, -5V, 12V and -12V.
• When this signal is held high by board, outputs of power
rails should not deliver current and kept at zero potential.
• This signal held at +5V DC by pull-up resistor internal to
power supply.

5VSB
• Standard voltage used to power circuits that require
power input during powered-down stage of power rails.
• It should deliver 5V±5% at a minimum of 10mA for PC
boards to operate.
• This power is used to operate circuits such as soft power
control, Power On signal.

PWR_OK
• Power good signal
• Asserted high by power supply to indicate that +5V DC
and +3.3 V DC outputs are above the under voltage
thresholds of the power supply.
• It remains low for a brief time(100-500 ms) after the
PS_ON signal is pulled down
• When this signal is asserted high, there should be
sufficient mains energy stored by converter to guarantee
continuous power operation with specification
• When either +5V DC and +3.3 V DC outputs falss below,
PWR_OK should be decreased.
Block diagram of SMPS

Block diagram of SMPS
Input rectifier stage
• AC input is converted to DC
• In some power, the rectifier circuit can be configured as a
voltage doubler by the addition of a switch operated either
manually or automatically.
• This feature permits operation from power sources that are
normally at 115 V or at 230 V.
• The rectifier produces an unregulated DC voltage which is
then sent to a large filter capacitor.
• Will have pulses- reduces the power factor
• Power supplies that use Active PFC usually are auto-ranging,
supporting input voltages from~100 VAC – 250 VAC, with no
input voltage selector switch.
Inverter stage
• The inverter stage converts DC to AC by running it
through a power oscillator, whose output transformer is
very small with few windings at a frequency of tens or
hundreds of kilohertz.
• The frequency is usually chosen to be above 20 kHz, to
make it inaudible to humans.
• The switching is implemented as a multistage (to achieve
high gain) MOSFET amplifier.

Voltage converter and Output rectifier
• If the output is required to be isolated from the input, the
inverted AC is used to drive the primary winding of a high-
frequency transformer.
• This converts the voltage up or down to the required output
level on its secondary winding.
• The output transformer in the block diagram serves this
purpose.
• If a DC output is required, the AC output from the transformer
is rectified.
• For output voltages above ten volts or so, ordinary silicon
diodes are commonly used.
• For lower voltages, Schottky diodes are commonly used as the
rectifier elements(faster recovery times than silicon diodes
and a lower voltage drop when conducting).
• The rectified output is then smoothed by a filter
consisting of inductors and capacitors.
• Simpler, non-isolated power supplies contain an inductor
instead of a transformer. This type includes boost
converters, buck converters, and the buck-boost converters.
• A feedback control loop is employed to regulate the
output voltage by varying the duty cycle to compensate
for variations in input voltage.

Regulation
• A feedback circuit monitors the output voltage and
compares it with a reference voltage
• Depending on design and safety requirements, the
controller may contain an isolation mechanism (such as
an opto-coupler) to isolate it from the DC output.
• Switching supplies in computers, TVs and VCRs have
these opto-couplers to tightly control the output voltage.
• The feedback circuit needs power to run before it can
generate power, so an additional non-switching power-
supply for stand-by is added.
ATX Block diagram

ATX simplified circuit diagram

Block diagram - explanation
• Switching power supply creates a feedback loop to
account for the wastage of input energy
• A feedback circuit senses the output voltage provided to
load; switches the AC primary voltage on or off as needed
to maintain steady levels at the output
• Raw AC line voltage entering supply is immediately
converted to pulsating DC, then filtered to provide a
primary DC voltage
• On start up, switching transistor is turned on and off at a
high frequency (20 kHz – 40 kHz)
• Switching transistor acts as a chopper which breaks up
primary DC to form chopped DC and used as the primary
signal for step-down transformer
• A long duty cycle means large output voltage (for heavy
loads) and small duty cycle means small output voltage
(for light loads).
• AC voltage produced on transformer secondary winding is
not a pure sine wave, but alternates regularly, and treated
as AC
• Secondary voltage is re-rectified and rectified to form a
secondary DC voltage that is actually applied to the load.
• Output voltage is sensed by sensing/switching circuit,
which adjusts chopped DC duty cycle.
• As load increases on secondary circuit, output voltage
tends to drop.

• Sensing circuit detects this voltage drop and increases
switching duty cycle.
• In turn, duty cycle for chopped DC increases, which
increases the voltage produced by secondary winding
• Output voltage climbs back again and voltage is regulated
• Reverse will happen as load decreases on secondary.
• A smaller load will make output voltage to increase.
• Same action take place in unregulated power supply.
• Sensing/switching circuit detects this increase in voltage
and reduces the switching duty cycle.
• So duty cycle for chopped DC decreases and transformer
secondary voltage decreases and gets regulated.
Introduction
• Adapter is a hardware device or software component that
converts transmitted data from one presentation form to
another
• Data presentation
• message sent between objects in an application
• Packet sent through a network
• Almost every peripheral device uses a adapter to
communicate with system bus
• Display adapter used to transmit signal to monitor
• USB adapters for printers, keyboards and mouse
• Network adapter required to attach to any network
• Host bus adapter to connect hard disks or other storage.

Introduction

Display adapter
• Video card(video adapter, display care, graphics card,
display adapter) – feed of output images to a display.
• Video cards are built with either AMD-sourced or Nvidia
sorced graphics chips
• Functions
• Accelerated rendering of 3D scene and 2D graphics
• MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding
• TV output
• Ability to connect multiple monitors
• Use PCI Express interface(initially PCI and AGP)
• Display adapter determines maximum resolution, refresh
rate and no. of colours that can be displayed.
Display adapter
• Display adapters performs two operations:
• Graphics rendering
• Moving the graphics data through a pipeline that creates the
image frames and adds texture and shading
• Continuously convert graphic patterns that have been
rendered in the memory frame buffers into signals for
monitor’s screen
• First PC adapters (CGA, EGA, PGA) output digital signals
and monitor converted them to analog for CRT
• VGA(1987) adapters sent analog signals to monitors
• Modern adapters output digital DVI
• On laptops, display circuitry has digital from end to end.

VGA
• VGA – Video Graphics Array
• Developed by IBA in 1987
• 640 x 480 resolution
• Colour display
• Refresh rate 60 Hz
• 16 colours
• At 320 x 200 – 256 colours can be displayed

VGA – Pin out

VGA Pin Functions
Pin Function
1 Red Video
2 Green Video
3 Blue Video
4 Monitor ID2
5 TTL Ground(monitor self-test)
6 Red Analog Ground
7 Green Analog Ground
8 Blue Analog Ground
9 Key (Plugged Holder)
10 Sync Ground
11 Monitor ID 0
12 Monitor ID 1
13 Horizontal Sync
14 Vertical Sync
15 Monitor ID 3
VGA Monitor Port
• Used to connect monitor to computer.
• VGA offers clean images at higher resolution.
• Can produce 256 colours at a time.
• VGA extends to monochrome world also
• Uses colour summing to translate colour graphics into
graphics using 64 different shades of grey.
• VGA requires a VGA monitor or one capable of accepting
analog output of a VGA card

VGA
Setting up multiple monitors on a desktop
• Check the number of VGA ports at back of computer.
• If two VGA/DVI ports – one more can be connected.
• If not, get and add a video adapter(more than one VGA
port)
• Connect the monitors and turn them on
• Bot monitors will have same screen

AGP
• AGP – Accelerated Graphics Port.
• Enables 3D graphics to display on ordinary PC
• Designed to convey 3D images much more quickly and
smoothly on any computer.

AGP
• Useful in gaming, 3D video and any graphics programs
• The interface uses PC’s RAM to refresh the monitor image and
to support the texture mapping, z-buffering and alpha
blending required for 3D image display.
• AGP offers high speed data transfer to and from RAM
• AGP main memory is dynamic - when not being used for
accelerated graphics, main memory is restored for use by OS
or other applications.
• AGP runs much faster than PCI(Peripheral Component
Interconnect) – data transfer rates are higher than PCI video
cards.
• AGP employs eight sideband address lines – allowing multiple
data transfer concurrently.
Benefits of AGP
• Peak bandwidth is four times higher than PCI bus
• Direct execution of texture maps from system memory
• Enables direct access to system memory by graphics
controller
• Less AGP bus congestion
• AGP operates concurrently with and independent from most
transactions on PCI
• Improved system concurrency for balanced PC
performance
• Provides a dedicated pathway between the slot and the
processor rather than sharing PCI bus
Benefits of AGP
• AGP uses sideband addressing – address and data buses are
separated so the entire packet does not need to be read to get
addressing information
• This is done by adding an extra 8-bit "SideBand
Address" bus that allows the graphics controller to issue new
AGP requests and commands at the same time other AGP
data is flowing through the main 32 address/data (AD) lines.
• This results in improved overall AGP data throughput.
• The maximum amount of system memory available to AGP is
defined as AGP aperture.
• A PCI graphics card must copy it from the system's RAM into
the card's video memory, whereas an AGP card is capable of
reading textures directly from system RAM using the graphics
address remapping table (GART), which reapportions main
memory as needed for texture storage, allowing the graphics
card to access them directly.
I/O Devices
• Input and output devices are used to communicate with
the computer
• Known as peripheral devices
Input Devices Output Devices
Keyboard Monitor
Mouse LCD
Joystick Printer
Scanner Plotter
Light Pen
Touch Screen

Keyboard
• It is a text base input device that allows the user to input
alphabets, numbers and other characters.
• Consists of a set of keys mounted on a board.

Matrix organization of keyboard
• Generally consists of a matrix circuit with eight rows and
eight columns of wires cross.
• 16 wires can provide (8 x 8) 64 crossings
• Keyboard controller scan these crossing to determine which
key is pressed
• With matrix circuit any 61 notes of 61-key press can be
determined with only 16 wires.

• 8 x 8 matrix with switch at every intersection.
• Keyboard controller scans the columns.
• If a key has been pressed, controller scans the rows and
determines the row-column combination at which a key
has been pressed

Limitations
1. This provides only a crude binary on/off signal for each key
Better electronic keyboards employ two sets of switches
for each key with a small offset. Determining the timing
between activation of first and second switches, velocity of
key press can be determined
2. Instruments with matrix circuit can only play in a
monophonic fashion
This can be avoided by adding a diode for each key
crossing
This diode is a one-way valve which prevents phantom keys
from being triggered
Simple keyboard matrix
• The keyboard has only 4 keys : A, B, C, D
• Each has a grid location
• Key A : C1R1 Key B : C2R1
• Key C : C1R2 Key D : C2R2

Simple keyboard matrix
Scanning to detect a keypress
• To detect a key press, keyboard controller will scan all
columns, one by one
• When a column is activated, controller detects which row
is activated.

Single key press
• Lets assume key A is pressed
• Key A corresponds to C1R1

• Controller activated column 1 and detects which row is
activated
Single key press
• When row R1 is activated,
controller knows node C1R1 is
pressed. C1R1 corresponds to key
A. Controller decodes A is
pressed
• When A key is released, circuit

goes back to original and
controller detects that node C1R1
is no longer active

Multiple key press
• Let A and D are pressed together
• Both C1R1 and C2R2 should be detected

Multiple key press
• Scanning column C1 and C2 produces output:
• When column C1 is activated, row R1 is active, hence C1R1 is

active
• When column C2 is activated, row R2 is active, hence C2R2 is
active
Simultaneous key press & Ghosting
• When three keys are pressed at the same time, ghosting
may occur. In this example, keys A, B, and D are pressed.
• The matrix looks like this:

When activating column 1
• Row R1 is activated as well as row R2,
so both nodes C1R1 and C1R2 are
activated.
• Node C1R2 corresponds to the C key.
• Switch C is open, so the key is not really
pressed. The keyboard incorrectly
generates a C key press.
• Closing switch B and switch D at the
same time creates an electrical path
from C1 to R2, bypassing the open
switch C.

Simultaneous key press & Ghosting
• When activating column C2:
• nodes C2R1 and C2R2 are activated
corresponding to the B and D keys.

Masking
• Take the scenario above where keys A, B, and D are all
pressed.
• Now press the C key. Given the ghosting affect, nothing
changes as the controller already thought that C was
pressed.
• Release the B key.
• The same problem occurs.
• The key release is not detected because switch B is
bypassed by the closed switches A and C.

Getting rid of ghosting & masking
• By using diodes, both the ghosting and masking problems
are eliminated.
• Just put diodes in series with each switch

Getting rid of ghosting & masking
• Consider A, B, and D are pressed simultaneously.
• Activating columns C1 and C2 now look like this:
• The diodes stop the current from flowing in the "wrong" direction
back up switch B.
• When column C1 is activated, only node C1R1 is activated not C1R2.
• Also,1/19/2019
when column C2 isCHNactivated, both R1 and R2 as expected.
-Module 1 - Sreeeraj K. P., GWPTC, Kottakkal 53
Mouse
• Pointing device which helps to operate the computer
• Most of the applications are operated with mouse for
ease of working
• Optical mouse overcome ball mouse

Disadvantages of ball mouse
• Movement of the pointer in
computer is decided by ball inside
the mouse
• Damage of ball or accumulation of
dust makes the operation ineffective
• When dust gets gathers, it takes
some time to clear it also

Types of mouse depending on connector
1. PS/2 mouse
• PS/2 mouse is connected to PS/2 port –
green in colour – 6-pin mini-din
connector.
• PS/2 – Personal Systems/2

USB Mouse
• Gets connected to USB(Universal
Serial Bus) port.
• It defines the cables, connectors and
communication protocols for
connection and communication
between computers and attached
peripheral devices.
• USB port provides power to attached
device
• USB ports supports hot plugging –
connect or remove a device without
turning off the computer
Wireless mouse
• Does not use a cable to connect to
computer
• Connect via a USB receiver and make
use of Bluetooth connection
• Mouse is power by a pair of AA type
battery

Working of optical mouse
• Components of optical mouse
• Inbuilt optical sensor
• Reads the movements of the optical mouse done by the user with the
help of light rays which comes out from the bottom
• High speed camera which can take 1000 pictures at a time
• LED
• When user moves the mouse, LED present inside the mouse
emits light according the minute movements.
• These movements are send to camera as light rays.
• Camera captures difference in light rays as images.
• Each and every picture are compared to one another.
• With the comparison, speed of mouse and direction of
movement are calculator and pointer moves according to this.
Comparison between optical and ball mouse
• Optical mouse does not have any movable parts as of ball
mouse
• So life of optical mouse is more
• Since optical mouse works with the sensor recognition,
movements are clearly captured.
• Since ball is absent is optical mouse, weight is less.
• Dust clearing problem is avoided in optical mouse
• Optical mouse can function good without a mouse pad
• Optical mouse cannot be used above reflecting glass or
glass materials

Optical mouse specifications
1. Connection
• USB and PS/2 are most common peripheral interfaces.
• PS/2 mouse can be connected to PS/2
• USB mouse can be connected to USB or PS/2 using USB
to PS/2 convertor
2. Resolution
• Reflects accuracy of image captured by the camera in the
mouse – expressed in cpi(counts per inch).
• Mouse with resolutions 400 and 800 cpi are used.
• With resolutions upto 2000 used fro gaming and graphics
intensive applicatioins.
Optical mouse specifications
3. Frame rate
• No. of pictures taken by camera every second
• Varies between 500 fps (frames / second) to 7000 fps

Introduction
• Scanner is a device that captures images from photographic
prints, posters, magazine pages and similar sources for
computer editing and display.
• Different types
• Hand-held
• Feed-in
• Flatbed
• High resolution scanners – scanning high resolution printing
• Low resolution scanners – capturing images for computer
• Usually attach to PC with Small Computer System
Interface(SCSI)
• Manufactures – Hewlett-Packard, Microtek, Relisys

How scanners work
• Flatbed scanners – desktop scanners – commonly used
• Sheet-fed scanners
• similar to flatbed scanners – document is moved and scan head is
immobile
• Handheld scanners
• the user should move the document instead of a motorized belt
• Does not provide good image quality.
• Drum scanners
• Used by publishing industry to capture incredibly detailed images
• Use technology – Photo Multiplier Tube(PMT)
• The document to be scanned to mounted on a glass cylinder.
• At the center of cylinder is a sensor that splits light bounced from
document into three beams
• Each beam is sent through a colour filter into photo multiplier tune
where light is changed into an electrical signal

Types of scanners
1.Flatbed scanner
Entry – level flatbed scanners
• It is flat, glass platen (or bed) which serves as both the
scanning area and surface for laying objects down to be
scanned.
• Specifications
• 8 ½ “ x 11” scanning area
• 300 to 400 spi scanning ability
• 8-bits per colour channel
• Low cost
• Comes bundled with “Adobe Photoshop”.

Types of scanners
Mid-level scanners
• They differ from other scanners in three ways
• They cost much more
• They are targeted toward a professional market – so no value
added softwares
• They have better specifications
High-end scanners
• Alternatives to drum scanners
• Features
• Noise-free design
• Large scanning area
• High dynamic range
• High resulotion

Types of scanners
• A flatbed scanner is usually composed of a glass pane
(or platen), under which there is a bright light
(often xenon, LED or cold cathode fluorescent) which
illuminates the pane, and a moving optical array
in CCD scanning.
• CCD-type scanners typically contain three rows (arrays) of
sensors with red, green, and blue filters

Types of scanners
2.Handheld scanners
• Useful for their portability and low price
• They plug into a computer’s printing port – allowing then
to be shared from workstation to workstation.
• Ideal to use with a notebook or laptop.
• Less accurate than flatbeds because they have weaker
light sources and often produce uneven scans.
• Offers 400 spi resolution and 24-bit colour
• 4” to 5” wide scan head require multiple passes to scan
even average sized document
• A stitching software has to be used to merge these partial
scans back together again
Introduction
• A printer is an electromechanical device which converts
the text and graphical documents from electronic form to
physical form.
• They are external peripheral devices connected with
computers or laptops through a cable or wireless.
• Quality of printer depends on
• Colour quality
• Speed of printing
• Resolution
• Modern printers come with multipurpose function –

printing, scanning, photocopier, fax etc.
Types of printers
1.Laser Printer
• Produces high quality text and graphics by passing a
laser beam on to plain paper.
• Users a xerographic printing process using cylindrical drum
coated with selenium to print an image
• Huge and bulky
• Require fast paper feeders.
• Found in offices and commercial places requiring high quality
and fast printing.
• Very expensive
• Maintenance level is high
• Common in black and white.
Types of printers
• Working is similar to photocopier.
• Machine uses the data sent from the computer to create a
raster line.
• The Raster Image Processing (RIS) built into the printer
creates a bitmap of the final image in the raster memory.
• Then an electrostatic charge is applied to photosensitive drum
• System also applies AC bias to the roller to remove any
previous charges and a DC bias on the drum surface ensure a
uniform negative potential.
• A laser is then fired on the electro statically charged light-
sensitive drum.
• The drum attracts the toner in the places the charge is present
• The drum then becomes hot and fuses the toner to the paper,
which produces the image.
Types of printers
2.Inkjet printer
• Produces image by propelling droplets of ink onto the
paper.
• Commonly used in households.
• Smaller in price
• Ranges in price depending on the performance
• It has a series of microscopic nozzles that spray a stream

of ink directly on the paper.
• Nozzle have a high pressure pump or tiny heating
elements behind them which helps to deposit ink on the
paper.
Types of printers
• Two technologies used
• Continuous (CIJ)
• A high pressure pump direct liquid ink from cartridge through a
gunbody and a microscopic nozzle creating a continuous stream
of ink droplets that are deposited on the paper.
• Extra unwanted ink id dropped into a gutter, which is recycled
• Drop-on-demand (DOD)
• Thermal DOD
• Uses a heating element to heat the ink in a chamber which cools
when applied to the paper
• Piezoelectric DOD
• Uses a piezoelectric material behind each nozzle instead of a heating
element
• In DOD, printer catridges fires ink only at special points on the
surface which is required for creating an image
Types of printers
• Inkjet printer produce cheaper copies but prints slower
compared to laser printers
• Small and compact – fits on the desk
• Initial cost is cheap, running cost is more
• Can print good quality and sharp text and images
• Can print on any type of paper
•Advantages •Disadvantages
•Ink is expensive
•Quieter in operation
•Ink is not water proof
•High print quality •Nozzle is prone to
•No warm up time clogging
•Low cost per page •Ink dries up if not used for
long periods
Types of printers
3. Dot Matrix printers
• Produces documents by having a printer head run back
and forth and strike against an ink soaked ribbon to
produce characters.
• Font comes in dotted style
• Same technology to typewriters
• Cannot be replaced by inkjet or laser due to its cheaper
cost.
• Still produced for niche markets such as cash registers,
banks, fire alarm systems and ATMs.

Types of printers
• Work similar to typewriter
• Produce documents by pushing small pins, known as
‘wire’ or ‘rod’ against a ribbon dipped in ink to the surface
of paper to create text.
• Controlled by tiny electromagnets or solenoids
• Between ribbon and surface there is a plate with holes
that guide the pins and separate rest of the ribbon from
the paper.
• The printer head with these pins print one line at a time

• Two types
• Serial dot matrix printer
• Produce 50-550 characters per second(cps)
• Line dot matrix printer
• Produce 1000 cps
• Though the printer is slow, loud and expensive – popular

because of its carbon and carbonless copy capability.
• After initial purchase, printer uses a ribbon dipped in ink –
fairly cheap and easy to replace.

Types of printers - comparison
Laser Printer Inkjet Printer Dot Matrix Printer
Invented 1969 by Gary In early 1950s Invented by Digital
Starkweather Equipment Corporation
in 1970
How it works Laser printers use Inkjet printers spray Dot Matrix works
fine ink powder and liquid ink on paper having pins pushed
heat the powder on through microscopic against an ink soaked
paper nozzles ribbon to paper
Printing speed 20 pages /minute 6 pages/minute 30-550 characters /
second
Quality Adequate. Best for Good specially for Bad if printing images
B&W smaller fonts
Colour printing Only high models Provides colour Limited
provide colour printing
printing
Black & White Adequate; Best for Excellent, specially Adequate quality
quality bulk with small fonts
Color quality
1/19/2019 Bit poor Sharp and excellent
CHN -Module 1 - Sreeeraj K. P., GWPTC, Kottakkal Works with low-78
resolution images
Types of printers - comparison
Laser Printer Inkjet Printer Dot Matrix Printer
Features Built in scanner and Can be used for wide Used for variety of
fax variety of papers purposes
Bigger input trays Accurate photographic
images
Maintenance Expensive Cheaper Expensive
Advantages Prints faster, bigger Quieter in operation, Cheaper to print
input tray high print quaity, no
warmup time, low
cost/page
Disadvantages Susceptible to paper Ink is expensive, issues Initial purchase is
jams, Toner is with intelligent ink expensive,
expensive. Print catridges, life-time of maintenance is
quality for colour is inkjet prints is shorter. expensive, print is not
adequate, device is Ink is not waterproof, fast, noisy
expensive nozzle is prone to
clogging
Impact & Non-impact printers
• Printers can be categorized on whether or not the image
produced is formed by physical contact of print
mechanism with paper
• Impact printer – make contact
• Non-impact printer – do not make contact

Impact printer
• Mechanism is same as typewriter
• Forms characters or images by striking a mechanism such as a
print hammer or wheel against an inked ribbon, leaving an
image on paper
Dot-matrix printer
• Contains a print head of small pins that strike an inked ribbon,
forming characters or images.
• Print heads are available with 9, 18, or 24 pins, with increasing
in quality.
• Permit a choice between output of draft quality
• Coarser-looking 72 dots per inch vertically
• acceptable for drafts of papers and reports
• Crisper-looking 144 dots per inch vertically
• Suitable for finished produt

Impact printer
• Dot matrix print about 40-300 c[s and can print some graphics
with poor reproduction quality.
• Colour ribbons are available for limited use of colour
• Noisy, expensive and can print through multipart forms,
creating several copies of a page at the same time.
High speed line printers
• Print a whole line of characters at once rather a single
character at a time
Chain printers
• Contain characters on a rotating chain
Band printers
• Contain characters on a rotation band
Non-impact printers
• Faster and quicker than impact printers since they have
fewer moving parts
• Form characters and images without direct physical
contact between printing mechanism and the paper
Laser printer
• Creates images with dots on a drum, treated with a
magnetically charged ink-like toner(powder) and then
transferred from drum to paper
• Produce sharp, crisp images of both text and graphics
• Resolutions from 300 dpi upto 1200 dpi
• Quiet and fast
• Can print is many fonts
Non-impact printers
• Can print 4-32 text only pages per minute
• Have built in RAM chips to store documents output from
the computer.
• They have ROM chips also to store fonts and their own
small dedicated processor
• To manage graphics and complex page design, they have
a software called Page Description Language (PDL) which
describes the shape and position of letters and graphics to
be printed

Non-impact printers
Ink-jet printers
• Can print in colour
• Quiet and less expensive than laser printer
• Slower with lower resolution (300-720 dpi)
• Printing colour graphics at high resolution may take upto
10 minutes to print
Bubble-jet printer
• Variation on ink-jet printer
• It has a miniature heating element to force specially
formulated inks through print heads with 128 tiny nozzles
Impact & Non-impact printers
Benefits of impact printers • Benefits of non-impact
• Since they use pressure to
printers
generate an image, they work • Feed continuous paper and
with multipart forms that work with multi-part forms
either have leaves of carbon • Have higher resolutions –
paper instead of metal pins, use
• Since they print one line at a drops of ink measures in pico
time instead of one page, liters or toner particles
paper feed mechanisms are measured in micrometers
designed to let them use • Much quieter – can be used in
continuous forms offices

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Introduction

• SMPS is an electronic power supply that incorporates a

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• Key A corresponds to C1R1

• When A key is released, circuit

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• Both C1R1 and C2R2 should be detected

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• When column C1 is activated, row R1 is active, hence C1R1 is

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• Comes bundled with “Adobe Photoshop”.

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• Modern printers come with multipurpose function –

• It has a series of microscopic nozzles that spray a stream

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• Though the printer is slow, loud and expensive – popular

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