Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 39

Basic Concepts

of
Information Technology

3/27/2019 1
Next Two Months
 Basic Concept of ICT
 Microsoft Suite
 Word
 PowerPoint
 Excel
 Outlook And Internet
 Access Database
Next Four Months
 Database Concept
 MSSQL Developer 2014
 MSSQL Administration 2014
 Oracle 11g (grid)
Course Activities
 Friday Test
 Reading Assignment
 Quiz
 Practical
 VIVA
 E-exams
IT in Society (people)
 Personal Communication
 Conversations (phone, cell)
 Messaging (E-mail, SMS)
 Video Coms
 Entertainment
 Web surfing
 Downloading video and audio files
 Interactive gaming
 Day-to-Day living
 Buying airline tecket
 Ordering books
 Electronic banking/ stock market
IT in Society (business)
 Internal Communication
 Computer network
 Corporate website
 Video teleconferencing
 Messaging (SMS, email)
 Electronic Commerce
 Call Centres
 Electronic transactions
 Online sales
 Business operations
 Factory operation systems
 Databases
Examples on IT Careers
 Information Security Jobs
 Address information security
 IT Analyst
 Translate business requirement into technical specification
 Network Administration
 Configure and operate computer network
 Management Consulting
 Provide consulting for government and organizations
 Database Administration
 Managing corporate database
 Computer Forensics Expert
 Extracts computer evidence for detecting/preventing /prosecuting
crimes
 IT Sales:
 people on frontline to sell products
 Software development:
 develop software solutions
What is a computer ?
• An electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes
data, and can be programmed with instructions. A computer
is composed of hardware and software, and can exist in a
variety of sizes and configurations.
INPUT  PROCESS  OUTPUT
• INPUT consists of DATA & INSTRUCTION.
• PROCESS is a set of instructions stored in the computer to
carry out the instructions given by the user. The process is
also called a PROGRAM.
• OUTPUT is the set of results generated after processing the
Input.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
DATA FLOW CONTROL FLOW

SECONDARY
STORAGE

INPUT MEMORY OUTPUT


DEVICE UNIT DEVICE

CONTROL
UNIT

ARITHMETIC
& LOGIC UNIT CPU
Compiled by : S. Agarwal, Lecturer
& Systems Incharge, St. Xavier's
College, Kolkata.
TRANSLATOR : Translates high level language to
low level language and vice-versa.

 LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE : The language of bits


understood directly by the computer. It is also
called the machine language.
• HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE : The language of users
understood by the computer only after
translation.
• There are two types of translators :
o INTERPRETER
o COMPILER.
 An interpreter takes one instruction at a time,
translates it and moves on to the next statement
in the program. Hence, executing the entire
program step by step. Each time we execute a
program the source program and the interpreter,
both are required.
 A compiler takes all the high level language
instructions at a time and creates a corresponding
machine language program which can be directly
executed by the computer.

HIGH LEVEL TRANSLATION & MACHINE


LANGUAGE LANGUAGE
COMPILATION PROGRAM
PROGRAM
MOTHER BOARD : The main circuit board housing
the microprocessor, RAM, ROM and connecting
interfaces to the various other devices and
peripherals.
MEMORY UNIT
 It stores instruction and data and provides them to the various
other units as and when required. It is basically the working
memory of the computer system. This memory unit is volatile,
i.e. it is temporary memory and nothing can be stored here
permanently.
CONTROL UNIT
 Controls the various operations within a computer. It basically
manages all the other units and devices of the computer system.
It does so by transmitting timing and control signals to the
various devices and units.
ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT
 It performs the various arithmetic and logical operations on the
data stored in memory, as dictated by the instruction.
SECONDARY STORAGE
 It stores the various data, information and programs
permanently for future retrieval. The information is organised
in such a way to retrieve it in minimum time whenever
required. The stored information remains as long the user wants
it.
BUS
 These are a set of connecting wires used for setting
interconnection between the various devices in the system.
Each set of bus has a specific function to perform like carrying
data, carrying control signals and addresses.
DATA REPRESENTATION WITHIN A
COMPUTER

 A character is the smallest amount of information that can


be communicated to the computer. All data, information
and instruction are represented by a combination of these
characters.

Computer being an electronic device, can represent only


two states – VOLTAGE and NO VOLTAGE.

Voltage is represented as 1
No voltage is represented as 0

BIT
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
32 16 8 1

= 57
 Starting from right to left, raise 2 to the power of 0 to 7.
 Add the values corresponding to the BIT positions
having the value 1.
BIT ASCII CODE CHARACTER
PATTERN
01000001 65 A
01100001 97 a
00110001 49 1
00101011 43 +
00100000 32
00101101 45 -
00011100 28 (
00101100 44 ,
UNIT FOR MEASUREMENT OF
INFORMATION

8 BIT = 1 CHARACTER = 1 BYTE

1024 BYTES = 1 KILO BYTE (KB)

1024 KB = 1 MEGA BYTE (MB)

1024 MB = 1 GIGA BYTE (GB)

1024 GB = 1 TERA BYTE (TB)


Characteristics of Computer
 SPEED
 STORAGE
 ACCURACY
 VERSATILITY
 AUTOMATION
 DILIGENCE
Types of Computers

 Supercomputers...are used to process very large


amounts of information including processing
information to predict hurricanes, satellite images and
navigation, and process military war scenarios.

 Mainframes...are used by government and businesses


to process very large amounts of information.

 Mini-Computers...are similar to mainframes...they are


used by business and government to process large
amounts of information.

 Personal Computers (PC)…are smaller and less


powerful than the others. They are used in homes,
schools, and small businesses.
There are 3 main types of PCs

 Desktop

 Portable (Notebook/Laptop)

 Hand-Held
Parts of a Computer
 There are two basic parts that make up a
computer...
Hardware Software
Hardware

 Hardware is basically anything that you can


touch with your fingers.

 There are three types/categories of


hardware

1. Input Devices
2. Output Devices
3. Storage Devices
Input Devices
 Input basically means getting data into the
computer to be processed.

 Output basically means getting data out of the


computer.

 Storage devices are both input and output


devices in one. A storage device is a place to
keep data that has been processed so that it
can be retrieved at a later time to be used
again.
DOT MATRIX INK-JET

LASER
Compiled by : S. Agarwal, Lecturer
& Systems Incharge, St. Xavier's
College, Kolkata.
FLOPPY DISK HARD DISK

CD ROM
Compiled by : S. Agarwal, Lecturer
& Systems Incharge, St. Xavier's
College, Kolkata.
Software
 Software is the programs and applications that tell
the computer what to do and how to look.

 Computer programmers write the


codes/instructions that make-up software
applications/programs.

 Two Types of Software

 Application Software

 Operating System Software


Operating System Software
(GUI)Graphic User Interface
 an operating system is a powerful, and
usually large, program that controls and
manages the hardware and other software
on a computer.
 All computers and computer-like devices
have operating systems, including your
laptop, tablet, desktop, smartphone
Examples would be:
Application Software
 An application program is a computer program
designed to perform a group of coordinated
functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the
user.
Application Software -- types of
application software
1. Business software: word processors, spreadsheets, and database
programs.

2. Communication software: allows computers to communicate with other


computers: fax software, Novell NetWare, AOL, Modem Software.

3. Graphics software: software that allows users to create and manipulate


graphics e.g. Photoshop, Print Shop

4. Education and Reference software: Programs that help teach new material
and ideas, and programs that can be used to find information e.g. Encarta.

5. Entertainment and Leisure software...Warcraft, Age of Empires

6. Integrated software: Combines several types of software into one program


or package...Quicken (Spreadsheet/data base/communications/reference) or
Print Shop (Graphics/Word processor).
Networks
 A network is a group of computers that share
information and hardware.
 The computers are connected together using copper
phone wires, fiber optic cables, or radio waves.
 Our computers are on a network here at
school...Look under the table and see the blue wires
that connect your computer to the network.
 The internet is many networks around the world
that are all connected together to make 1 huge
network.
Basic File Management and Organization
 File – is a computer resource for recording
data separately in a computer storage device

 terms “folder” and “file” are entirely separate,


distinct, and noninterchangeable.
 Folders contain files; files cannot contain folders.

 Filename – The unique identifier for a file.

 The filename can contain letters, numbers and


symbols, including spaces. Some symbols are not
allowed such as " * : < > ? \ / |.
File extension – The two or three or four letters
after the dot in a filename.

The file extension -- indicates what kind of file it is:


its “format” or “type.”

For instance, the file extension .exe refers


to an "executable" file--in other words, an
application.
.doc or .docx – Microsoft Word document
.wpd – WordPerfect Document
.txt – Plain text document
.jpg – An image file
.gif – An image file
VIEWING FILES/FOLDERS IN WINDOWS

There are three ways of managing files in


Windows operating systems:
 By using My Computer or My Documents
 By using Windows Explorer.
 From within a program
What are computer viruses?

 A computer virus is a type of malicious software


program that, when executed, replicates itself by
modifying other computer programs and inserting
its own code.

 Infected computer programs can include, as well,


data files, or the "boot" sector of the hard drive.

 Virus writers use social engineering deceptions


and exploit detailed knowledge of security
vulnerabilities to send information.
List of Practical Topics:

 Create a Folder, rename it, move the folder


from one drive to another
 Create a File, rename it, copy it to another
folder, delete the original file
 Format a Diskette
 Search for a specific file and specific folder
based on given specifications
 Display Options(Large icons, Small icons)

Вам также может понравиться