Chapter 1, Stephen P. Robbins and Nancy Langton, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Second Canadian Edition.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.

 Lecture 1

Hydraulics Engineering

Chapter 1, Stephen P. Robbins and Nancy Langton, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Second Canadian Edition.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
 Marks Distribution

Theory + Lab

100 50
(150)

Chapter 1, Stephen P. Robbins and Nancy Langton, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Second Canadian Edition.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
 Course Outlines
• Steady flow in open channels
• Unsteady Flow
• Uniform & Non Uniform Flow
• Dams
• Hydraulic Similitude
• Sediment Transport in Open Channels
• Hydro Power Engineering
• Introduction to computational hydraulics
 Recommended Books
 Open Channel Flow
By Ven Tee Chow
 Open Channel Hydraulics
By Muhammad Hanif Chaudhray
 Fundamental of Hydraulics Engineering
Systems
Robert J. Haughtalen
 Introduction
Def:
Branch of scientific and engineering discipline that
deals with mechanical properties of fluids basically
water.
The term ‘hydraulics’ is related to the application of
the Fluid Mechanics principles to water engineering
structures, civil and environmental engineering
facilities, especially hydraulic structures (e.g. canal,
river, dam, reservoir and water treatment plant

Chapter 1, Stephen P. Robbins and Nancy Langton, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Second Canadian Edition.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
 Introduction
Hydraulics Engineering
Branch of Civil Engineering concerned with the
flow and conveyance of the fluid, especially
water.
Highly related to design of

Chapter 1, Stephen P. Robbins and Nancy Langton, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Second Canadian Edition.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
 Introduction
Water resource management
 Flood defense
 Harbor and port
 Bridges
Building
Environmental protection
Hydropower
Irrigation
Ecosystems etc.
 .
Types of Flow
Open Channel Flow
• The stream is not completely enclosed by solid
boundaries.
• The upper surface of the liquid is in contact with the
atmosphere.
• Flow normally takes place under the action of gravity
along the slope of the channel.
• Free surface flow or gravity flow.

Chapter 1, Stephen P. Robbins and Nancy Langton, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Second Canadian Edition.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
 Open Channel Flow

Chapter 1, Stephen P. Robbins and Nancy Langton, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Second Canadian Edition.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Examples of Open Channel Flow
• Natural rivers and streams
• Artificial canals
• Sewers
• Tunnels
• Pipelines not completely filled
Solutions associated with open channels are much
more complicated as compared to pipe flow. (Fixed
geometry in pipe flow).
Pipe or Pressurized Flow:
If there is no free surface and the
conduit is flowing full, then the flow is called pipe flow,
or pressurized flow.(No atmospheric pressure, have
hydraulic pressure)
No direct in contact with atmosphere
 Hydraulic Grade and Energy Lines
Line joining points of water rise in piezometric tube
(for pipe flow)
In open channel the water surface is hydraulic grade
line for. (channel having uniform velocity
distribution and mild slope)
The total energy in the flow section with reference to
a datum line is the sum of elevation z, piezometric
height h and velocity head(V2/2g)
For open channel= (sum of elevation head + depth of
flow+ velocity head)
Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines
 Uniform Flow
Space is the criterion
• Uniform flow refers to the flow whose water depth,
width, flow area and velocity do not change with
distance.
• If there is a change then the flow will be called
varied (non uniform flow).
Steady uniform flow or unsteady uniform flow
Uniform Flow
 Steady Flow
Time is the major criterion
If the flow velocity at a given point does not change
with respect to time, then the flow is called steady
flow.
Q=A1V1=A2V2 Eq. of continuity for steady flow
However, if the velocity at a given location changes
with respect to time, then the flow is called
unsteady flow. Example Flood & Surges
Classification Summary of Open Channel Flow
1. Steady Flow
1) Uniform Flow
2) Varied Flow
a) G.V Flow
b) R.V. Flow
2. Unsteady Flow
1) Unsteady Uniform Flow (Rare)
2) Unsteady Varied Flow
a) G.V Unsteady Flow
b) R.V Unsteady Flow
Unsteady flow
Unsteady
 Laminar and Turbulent Flows
The flow is called laminar flow if the liquid
particles appear to move in definite smooth paths
and the flow appears to be as thin layers on top of
each other. In turbulent flow, the liquid particles
move in irregular paths which are not fixed with
respect to either time or space.
• The relative magnitude of viscous and inertial forces
determines whether the flow is laminar or turbulent:
• The flow is laminar if the viscous forces dominate,
and the flow is turbulent if the inertial forces
dominate.
• The ratio of inertial and viscous forces is defined as
the Reynolds number.
 The limits for Pipe flow are
• Laminar Re<2000
• Turbulent Re>4000
 For Open channel
• Laminar Re<500
• Turbulent Re>1000
• In practice, limit for turbulent flow is not well
defined so normally it is taken as 2000.
Velocity Variation in open channel
The flow velocity in a channel section varies from
one point to another. This is due to shear stress at
the bottom and at the sides of the channel and due
to the presence of free surface.
• The maximum velocity is found just beneath the
surface.
• This is due to the presence of secondary currents
which circulate from the boundaries towards the
centre.
• Also due to the resistance at the air/water interface.
 Subcritical, Supercritical, and Critical
Flows
• A flow is called critical if the flow velocity is equal
to the velocity of a gravity wave having small
amplitude. A gravity wave may be produced by a
change in the flow depth.
• The flow is called subcritical flow, if the flow
velocity is less than the critical velocity
• The flow is called supercritical flow if the flow
velocity is greater than the critical velocity.
 The Froude number, Fr is equal to the ratio of
inertial and gravitational forces and, for a rectangular
channel, it is defined as

 Depending upon the value of Fr, flow is classified as

• subcritical if Fr < 1;
• critical if Fr=1;
• Supercritical if Fr > 1.
 Regimes of Flow
• A combined effect of viscosity and gravity may
produce any one of four regimes in an open channel;
namely
• Subcritical- Laminar
• Supercritical-Laminar
• Subcritical- Turbulent
• Supercritical- Turbulent
• The first two regimes are not commonly
encountered in applied open channel hydraulics,
since the flow is turbulent in channels considered in
engineering problems.
• However, these regimes occur at very thin depth
known as sheet flow.
• Become significant in testing of hydraulic models,
the study of overland flow, the erosion control for
such flow.
 Specific Energy
Assuming that the velocity distribution is uniform and
the pressure distribution is hydrostatic Bernoulli
equation may be written as:

• Now, let us use the channel bottom as the datum.

Then z =0,
• In which E is referred to as the specific energy.
Note that E is the total head above the channel
bottom.
• Let the channel width be B and the channel
discharge be Q. Then, the discharge per unit width,
q ( called the unit discharge)
• q = Q/B,
• and V = q/y
• For a specified unit discharge, q , the right hand side of Eq. is
a constant.
• Hence, we may write this equation as

• This equation describes the relationship between E and y for

a specified q .
• The E - y curve represented by this equation is plotted in Fig
given below.
Specific Energy Diagram
• Two flow regimes ‘C’ represents the dividing point
between the two flow regimes
• At ‘C’ for a given ‘q’ E is minimum and the point
at this point is known as critical flow.
• Depth of flow is critical depth yc
• To determine the critical depth differentiate E
with respect to y and equate to zero.
Putting,

Where ‘c’ indicates critical flow conditions.

Also
Hence;
• Upper portion of the specific energy diagram
represents subcritical (tranquil or upper stage)
flow.
• Lower portion represents supercritical (rapid or
lower stage) flow
• Flow is critical at a point between upper and
lower portions of the curve.
Occurrence of Critical Depth
 Conservation Laws(discuss in detail upto
100 pages)
1.Law of conservation of mass
2.Law of conservation of momentum
3.Law of conservation of energy

Assignment # 01 (Submit before

th
7 march 2018)
 Application of Momentum and Energy
Equations
• The energy equation provides computational ease and
conceptual simplicity, since energy is a scalar quantity, as
compared to the momentum equation in which different terms
are vector quantities. Therefore, in the latter case, the
magnitude as well as the direction should be known. This may
make the analysis more difficult and cumbersome.
• The head losses to be included in the energy equation are the
internal losses that occur in the volume of liquid. The losses to
be considered in the momentum equation are those due to the
external shear stress acting on the boundaries of the control
volume.
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