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HANDOUTS

For

Madina Book 3
Prepared by
The Institute of the Language of the Qur’an
(Toronto)

(NO Copy rights reserved)


Subject
The Absolute Object
The Exception
The Oath
The Diptote
The Absolute Object – ‫ال َمف ُعو ُل ال ُمط َل ُق‬
Bilal beat me
a beating ‫َض َر َب ِني َبلَا ٌل َض ْر ًبا‬
‫ ال َمف ُعو ُل ال ُمط َل ُق‬is a ‫ َمصدَر‬of the verb occurring in the sentence used along with the
verb, for the sake of emphasis. It is always ‫وب‬ ٌ ‫نص‬
ُ ‫َم‬

ُ ‫ال ُمط َل‬


Four Uses of ‫ق‬ ‫ال َمف ُعو ُل‬
‫لِ َتا ْ ِكي ِد ال َم ْع َنى‬
The book was printed And Allah spoke to Mûsâ
twice
‫لِ َب َي ِان ال َع َد ِد‬ directly ﴾١٦٤:‫﴿النساء‬

ِ‫اب َطب َع َتين‬ ِ ‫طُ ِبـ َع‬


َ ‫الك َت‬ ‫وسى َتك ِلي ًما‬
َ ‫َو َكلَّ َم اللَّ ُه ُم‬
To specify the To emphasize the
number meaning
I thank
‫ال َمص َد ُر ال َّنائِ ُب‬
He died the death of
Here the ‫ َمصدَر‬is you
‫لِ َب َي ِان ال َّنو ِع‬ martyrs

a substitute for ‫كرا‬


ً ُ‫ش‬ ‫َعن ِفع ِل ِه‬ ‫وت الشُّ َهدَا ِء‬
َ ‫ات َم‬
َ ‫َم‬
the verb ‫اّّش ُك ُر‬, To specify the type
of action
As a substitute for
which is omitted its verb

In this case, only the ‫ َمصدَر‬is used and the verb is omitted
1
Deputies of the Masdar
The following words deputize for ‫ َمصدَر‬and are therefore ‫وب‬
ٌ ‫نص‬
ُ ‫ َم‬, and are grammatically
ُ ‫ال ُمط َل‬
regarded as ‫ق‬ ‫ال َمف ُعو ُل‬.
۲ ‫ع َدده‬ ۱
ُُ َ ‫عض َواّّ ُّي ُم َضا َف ًة اِلَى ال َمص َد ِر‬
Flog them eighty stripes
ُ ‫كُ ُّل َو َب‬
I know him fully well
﴾٤:‫﴿النور‬
A number with the َ ِ‫اّّع ِرفُ ُه كُ َّل ال َمع ِر َف ِة َفاج ِلدُو ُهم َث َمان‬
‫ين َجل َد ًة‬ Words ‫ اّّ ُّي‬،‫عض‬
ُ ‫ َب‬،‫ كُ ُّل‬with the ‫ َمصدَر‬as their
‫ َمصدَر‬as its ‫َتميِيز‬
‫اف اِلَي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬
٤ ِ‫ اِسم المص َدر‬Hewords
spoke to me harsh

َ
‫صف ُت ُه‬ِ ۳
َ ُ ‫َكلَّ َم ِني َكلَا ًما شَ ِديدًا‬ This is for
I understood the
lesson very well

‫َّرس فَه ًما َج ِّيدًا‬ ُ ‫َف ِه‬


َ ‫مت الد‬ ‫َّرس َج ِّيدًا‬ ُ ‫َف ِه‬
َ ‫مت الد‬ An adjective of
Do you accord me this kind of the ‫ َمصدَر‬, which
٦ reception? itself is omitted
‫اّّ َتس َتق ِبلُ ِني َه َذا ِالاستِ َقبا َل؟ اِس ُم ِالاشَ ا َر ِة‬ And you love wealth with an
abounding love ﴾٢٠:‫﴿الفجر‬
ِ ‫ َمص َد ُر ُيل َِاقي ِه ِفي ِالاش ِتق‬٥
‫َاق‬
A demonstrative pronoun ‫َوتُ ِح ُّبو َن ال َما َل ُح ًّبا َج ًما‬
with the ‫ َمصدَر‬as its ‫َبدَل‬ The cognate ‫َمصدَر‬

٨ ِ I lived a happy life I worked hard in a way nobody else did


ِ َ ِ ِ ٧
‫ُم َرادفُ ُه‬ ‫دت اِج ِت َها ًدا لَم َيج َت ِه ْد ُه َغيرِي‬
ُ ‫اِج َت َه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ِ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬
ُ ‫ئ‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫ال‬
َ ُُ‫ه‬‫ير‬ ‫م‬ ‫ض‬
َ
ُ ‫ِع‬
‫شت َح َيا ًة َس ِعي َد ًة‬
A synonym of A pronoun referring
the ‫َمصدَر‬ See subsequent pages for more on these topics to the ‫َمصدَر‬
2
ِ ‫َمص َد ٌر ُيلَا ِقي ِه** ِفي ِالاش ِتق‬
The Cognate Masdar – ‫َاق‬
* ***

A cognate masdar is one which is not the masdar of the verb used in the sentence, instead it is
related to the verb in its common root. Following two situations apply:

‫ال َمص َد ُر‬ ‫ال ِفع ُل‬ ۲ ‫ال َمص َد ُر‬ ‫ال ِفع ُل‬ ۱
‫ثُلَاثِ ٌّي َمزِي ٌد ِفي ِه‬ ‫ثُلَاثِ ٌّي َمزِي ٌد ِفي ِه‬ ‫ثُلَاثِ ٌّي ُم َج َّر ٌد‬ ‫ثُلَاثِ ٌّي َمزِي ٌد ِفي ِه‬
From two different forms

And devote yourself to Him with And you love wealth with an
complete devotion abounding love ﴾٢٠:‫﴿الفجر‬

﴾٨:‫﴿المزمل‬ ‫َو َت َـبـ َّتـ ْل اِلَي ِه َتـبـ ِتـيـلًا‬ ‫َوتُ ِح ُّبو َن ال َما َل ُح ًّبا َج ًما‬

‫ َبـ َّتـ َل ُي َـبـ ِّتـ ُل‬Form II ‫ َت َـبـ َّتـ َل َيـ َت َـبـ َّتـ ُل‬Form V ‫ اّّ َح َّب ُي ِح ُّب )ثُلَاثِ ٌّي ُم َج َّر ٌد( َح َّب َي ِح ُّب‬Form IV
Masdar ‫ل‬
Masdar: ٌ ‫َتـ ْبـ ِتـ ْيـ‬ Ma
Masdar: ‫َت َـبـ ُّتـ ٌل‬ Ma
Masdar: ‫ُح ٌّب‬ Ma
Masdar: ‫اب‬ٌ ‫حب‬َ ِ‫ا‬
Root: ‫ب ت ل‬ Root ‫ب ت ل‬
Root: Root: ‫ح ب ب‬ Root: ‫ح ب ب‬

Common root Common root

* **ِ ***
cog-nate - \ˈkäg-ˌnāt\ : word related to another by common root ‫( َلا َقى ُيلَاقي‬Form III): To meet ‫ اِشتِقَا ٌق‬: Derivation
3
‫اِس ُم ال َمص َدرِ‬
‫‪It is a word, which has the same meaning as the masdar but has less letters than the masdar. Every‬‬
‫د ِفي ِه ‪verb has a masdar. But in the derived forms of verbs, i.e.‬‬
‫‪ along‬اِس ُم ال َمص َد ِر ‪َ , there could be‬مزِي ٌ‬
‫ال َمص َد ِر ‪with the regular masdar. Mostly Form II has‬‬ ‫‪َ along with its‬ف َعا ٌل ‪ on the pattern of‬اِس ُم‬
‫‪َ .‬تـ ْفـ ِعـ ْيـ ٌ‬
‫ل ‪regular masdar on the pattern of‬‬

‫اِس ُم ال َمص َدرِ‬ ‫ال َمص َد ُر‬ ‫ال ِفع ُل‬


‫َسلَامٌ‬ ‫َت ْسلِ ْي ٌم‬ ‫َسلَّ َم ُي َسلِّ ُم‬
‫اّّ َذا ٌن‬ ‫َتا ْ ِذي ٌن‬ ‫اّّ َّذ َن ُيـ َؤ ِّذ ُن‬
‫َو َدا ٌع‬ ‫َت ْو ِدي ٌع‬ ‫َو َّد َع ُي َو ِّد ُع‬
‫َوز ٌن‪َ :‬فـ َعا ٌل‬ ‫َطلَا ٌق‬ ‫َت ْطلِـ ْي ٌق‬ ‫َطـلَّـ َق ُي َطـلِّـ ُق‬
‫َكلَا ٌم‬ ‫َت ْكلِي ٌم‬ ‫كَـلَّ َم ُي َكـلِّ ُم‬ ‫‪Form II‬‬

‫َمـ َتـا ٌع‬ ‫َت ْمـ ِتـي ْــ ٌع‬ ‫َمـ َّتـ َع ُيـ َمـ ِّتـ ُع‬
‫َصلَا ٌة‬ ‫َت ْصلِ َي ٌة‬ ‫َصلَّى ُي َصلِّي‬
‫َوز ٌن‪ :‬فُـ ْعـ َلـ ٌة‬ ‫قُـ ْبـ َل ٌة‬ ‫َتـ ْق ِبيـ ٌل‬ ‫َقـ َّبـ َل ُيـقَـ ِّب ُل‬
‫َوز ٌن‪ :‬فُـ ُعو ٌل‬ ‫وء‬
‫ُو ُض ٌ‬ ‫َتـ َو ُّضـ ٌؤ‬ ‫َت َو َّضاّّ َيـ َتـ َو َّضاّْ‬ ‫‪Form V‬‬

‫‪Number of letters in each word:‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
ِ
The Exception – ُ‫الاس ِتث َناء‬
The The tool of The one from which the
excepted exception exception is made
ِ ‫ىُم ُنه اّّ َداة‬
‫ُالاس ِتث َناُِء المس َتث َنى‬ ِ ‫المس َتث َن‬

‫اُحا ِمدًا‬
َ ‫ن ََج َحُال ُّط َّلابُكلُّهمُاِ َّل‬
All the students have
passed except Hamid

‫ اِ َّلا‬is a particle used as an instrument of exception. There are


many other instruments of exception, including the following
important ones.

ُ‫َغير‬ ُ‫اِس َم ِان‬

‫ِس َوى‬
‫َماُ َعدَا‬ ِ ‫ِفعل‬
ُ‫َان‬

‫اُخلَا‬
َ ‫َم‬
1
ِ ‫اّّن َواع‬
Types of Exception – ‫ُالاس ِتث َناُِء‬

ِ ‫ مس َتث َن‬is ِ ‫ مس َتث َن‬is


‫اُج َاءُاِ َّلاُ َح ِام ُد‬
َ ‫َم‬ ُ‫م َف َّرغ‬ ‫ىُم ُنه‬ ‫اُح ِامدًا‬
َ ‫َج َاءُالطُّلَّابُكلُّهمُاِ َّل‬ ُ‫َتام‬ ‫ىُم ُنه‬
mentioned
not mentioned
No one came except All students came except Hamid
Hamid

‫ُالضيوفُاِ َّلاُاّّمتِ َع َتهم‬


ُّ ‫َو َص َل‬ ‫منق َِط ُع‬ ‫ مس َتث َنى‬is of a
different kind
ُ‫زرتُالبِلَا َدُالاّْور ِّبـ َّي َةُكلَّ َهاُاِ َّلاُاليونَا َن‬ ‫م َّت ِص ُل‬ ‫ مس َتث َنى‬is of the
same kind as
The guests have arrived than ِ ‫?مس َتث َن‬
‫ىُم ُنه‬ I have visited all European countries, ِ ‫?مس َتث َن‬
‫ىُم ُنه‬
except their luggage except Greece

َ ‫َغيرُم‬
ُ‫وجب‬ ُ‫وجب‬
َ ‫م‬
The sentence is a The sentence
ُ‫َهلُ َيرسبُاّّ َحدُاِ َّلاُال َكسلَان‬ negative, prohibitive ُ‫اِف َت ِحُال َّن َو ِاف َذُاِ َّلاُالا ّّ ِخ َير َة‬ is an
or interrogative affirmative
Does anyone fail except the sentence? Open the windows except sentence
lazy? the last one

2
Declension of Exception with illa – ‫عرابُالمس َتث َنىُبِـُاِ َّلا‬
َ ِ‫ا‬
When ‫ اِ َّلا‬is used as the instrument of exception, the declension of ‫ مس َتث َنى‬depends on
the type of exception, as shown below

ِ ‫ مس َتث َن‬is ِ ‫ مس َتث َن‬is


ُ‫م َف َّرغ‬ ‫ىُم ُنه‬ ُ‫َتام‬ ‫ىُم ُنه‬
mentioned
not mentioned

‫منق َِط ُع‬ ‫ مس َتث َنى‬is of a


different kind
‫م َّت ِص ُل‬ ‫ مس َتث َنى‬is of the
same kind as
than ِ ‫?مس َتث َن‬
‫ىُم ُنه‬ ِ ‫?مس َتث َن‬
‫ىُم ُنه‬

َ ‫َغيرُم‬
ُ‫وجب‬ ُ‫وجب‬
َ ‫م‬
The sentence is a The sentence
negative, prohibitive is an
or interrogative affirmative
sentence? sentence

Declension
As required by the ُ‫َمنصوب‬
sentence, as if ‫اِ َّلا‬ ُ‫َمنصوب‬ OR ُ‫َمنصوب‬ of ‫مس َتث َنى‬
ِ ‫مس َتث َن‬
Same as ُ‫ىُمنه‬
is not mentioned with ُ‫اِ َّلا‬

3
Examples for illa – ‫اّّم ِث َلةُلِـُاِ َّلا‬
Allah forgives all
sins except shirk َ ‫َيغ ِفرُاللَّهُال ُّذن‬
ُ‫وبُكلَّ َهاُاِ َّلاُالشِّ ر َك‬
ِ ‫مس َتث َن‬, is mentioned
‫ ال ُّذنوب‬, which is ُ‫ىُمنه‬
ِ ‫ مس َتث َن‬is ِ ‫ مس َتث َن‬is
ُ‫م َف َّرغ‬ ‫ىُم ُنه‬ ُ‫َتام‬ ‫ىُم ُنه‬
mentioned
not mentioned
‫ ِشرك‬is a kind of ‫َذنب‬

‫منق َِط ُع‬ ‫ مس َتث َنى‬is of a


different kind
‫م َّت ِص ُل‬ ‫ مس َتث َنى‬is of the
same kind as
than ِ ‫?مس َتث َن‬
‫ىُم ُنه‬ ِ ‫?مس َتث َن‬
‫ىُم ُنه‬
The sentence is an
affirmative sentence

َ ‫َغيرُم‬
ُ‫وجب‬ ُ‫وجب‬
َ ‫م‬
The sentence is a The sentence
negative, prohibitive is an
or interrogative affirmative
sentence? sentence

Declension
As required by the ُ‫َمنصوب‬
sentence, as if ‫اِ َّلا‬ ُ‫َمنصوب‬ OR ُ‫َمنصوب‬ of ‫مس َتث َنى‬
ِ ‫مس َتث َن‬
Same as ُ‫ىُمنه‬
is not mentioned with ُ‫اِ َّلا‬

4
Examples for illa – ‫اّّم ِث َلةُلِـُاِ َّلا‬
‫ َح ِام ُد‬/ ‫اُح ِامدًا‬
َ ‫اُح َض َرُال ُّط َّلابُاِ َّل‬
No students were
present except
Hamid َ ‫َم‬
Declension of ‫ ُ َح ِامد‬is the same as ‫ال ُّطلَّاب‬ OR ِ ‫مس َتث َن‬, is mentioned
ُ‫ال ُّطلَّاب‬, which is ُ‫ىُمنه‬
ِ ‫ مس َتث َن‬is ِ ‫ مس َتث َن‬is
ُ‫م َف َّرغ‬ ‫ىُم ُنه‬ ُ‫َتام‬ ‫ىُم ُنه‬
mentioned
not mentioned
‫ َح ِامد‬is a student

‫منق َِط ُع‬ ‫ مس َتث َنى‬is of a


different kind
‫م َّت ِص ُل‬ ‫ مس َتث َنى‬is of the
same kind as
than ِ ‫?مس َتث َن‬
‫ىُم ُنه‬ ِ ‫?مس َتث َن‬
‫ىُم ُنه‬
The sentence is a negative sentence

َ ‫َغيرُم‬
ُ‫وجب‬ ُ‫وجب‬
َ ‫م‬
The sentence is a The sentence
negative, prohibitive is an
or interrogative affirmative
sentence? sentence

Declension
As required by the ُ‫َمنصوب‬
sentence, as if ‫اِ َّلا‬ ُ‫َمنصوب‬ OR ُ‫َمنصوب‬ of ‫مس َتث َنى‬
ِ ‫مس َتث َن‬
Same as ُ‫ىُمنه‬
is not mentioned with ُ‫اِ َّلا‬

5
Examples for illa – ‫اّّم ِث َلةُلِـُاِ َّلا‬
Every sickness has a
medicine except death َ ‫لِك ِّلُ َداءُ َد َواءُاِ َّلاُال َم‬
ُ‫وت‬
ِ ‫مس َتث َن‬, is mentioned
ُ‫ َداء‬, which is ُ‫ىُمنه‬
ِ ‫ مس َتث َن‬is ِ ‫ مس َتث َن‬is
ُ‫م َف َّرغ‬ ‫ىُم ُنه‬ ُ‫َتام‬ ‫ىُم ُنه‬
mentioned
not mentioned

Death is
not a
sickness ‫منق َِط ُع‬ ‫ مس َتث َنى‬is of a
different kind
‫م َّت ِص ُل‬ ‫ مس َتث َنى‬is of the
same kind as
than ِ ‫?مس َتث َن‬
‫ىُم ُنه‬ ِ ‫?مس َتث َن‬
‫ىُم ُنه‬

َ ‫َغيرُم‬
ُ‫وجب‬ ُ‫وجب‬
َ ‫م‬
The sentence is a The sentence
negative, prohibitive is an
or interrogative affirmative
sentence? sentence

Declension
As required by the ُ‫َمنصوب‬
sentence, as if ‫اِ َّلا‬ ُ‫َمنصوب‬ OR ُ‫َمنصوب‬ of ‫مس َتث َنى‬
ِ ‫مس َتث َن‬
Same as ُ‫ىُمنه‬
is not mentioned with ُ‫اِ َّلا‬

6
Examples for illa – ‫اّّم ِث َلةُلِـُاِ َّلا‬
To get the correct declension for

No one failed except Bilal


ُ‫َماُ َر َس َبُاِ َّلاُبِلَال‬ ‫ مس َتث َنى‬in the case of ُ‫م َف َّرغ‬, remove ‫اِ َّلا‬
from the sentence. )ُ‫بُبِلَال‬ َ ‫ ( َماُ َر َس‬In
ِ ‫ مس َتث َن‬is not mentioned
‫ىُم ُنه‬ ِ ‫ الف‬so it is ‫ َمرفوع‬. Of
this case, ُ‫ بِلَال‬is ‫َاعل‬

ِ ‫ مس َتث َن‬is course, removing ‫ اِ َّلا‬will make the


ِ ‫ مس َتث َن‬is
‫ىُم ُنه‬ ‫ىُم ُنه‬
ُ‫م َف َّرغ‬ not mentioned
ُ‫َتام‬ mentioned
meaning opposite of what the original
sentence means. This is done only to
establish the declension.

‫منق َِط ُع‬ ‫ مس َتث َنى‬is of a


different kind
‫م َّت ِص ُل‬ ‫ مس َتث َنى‬is of the
same kind as
than ِ ‫?مس َتث َن‬
‫ىُم ُنه‬ ِ ‫?مس َتث َن‬
‫ىُم ُنه‬

َ ‫َغيرُم‬
ُ‫وجب‬ ُ‫وجب‬
َ ‫م‬
The sentence is a The sentence
negative, prohibitive is an
or interrogative affirmative
sentence? sentence

Declension
As required by the ُ‫َمنصوب‬
sentence, as if ‫اِ َّلا‬ ُ‫َمنصوب‬ OR ُ‫َمنصوب‬ of ‫مس َتث َنى‬
ِ ‫مس َتث َن‬
Same as ُ‫ىُمنه‬
is not mentioned with ُ‫اِ َّلا‬

7
The Oath – ‫۪س ُ۫م‬
۪ ‫الق‬
One of the important things in Arabic is the Qasam ُ‫الق ۪۪س ۫م‬: taking an oath to emphasize a point, a matter,
or a statement etc. It has its own rules.

The following are the instruments of Qasam used to commence an oath

The word ‫۬قسام‬۪ ۱‫ ا‬is not used frequently. ۬ ‫ ۫ي‬/ُ‫قس ۪م‬


ُ‫ـقس ۫م‬ ۪ َ‫ا‬
۪ ‫ ۪ق‬, which is its ۬‫ اس ۫مُال ۪مص ۪دُر‬is
Instead ‫سم‬ ۬ ُ‫ ا‬۱
‫قس ۫مُب۬ـ‬ ُ‫۪ف ۪لُآ ۯ اُ ۮق ۬س ۫مُب۬ـ ۪ر ِّبُٱلۮ ۪مش۪ ـٰر ۬۬ق ُ۪وٱ ۮل ۪م ۪غـٰر ۬۬ب‬
used more often. ‫۬قسا ُۨم‬
۪ ۱‫ ا‬:‫۪مصد۪ر‬ ﴾٤٠:‫ن ﴿المعارج‬ ُ۪ ‫۬نَّاُل۪ ۪قـٰ ۬د ۫رو‬۱‫ا‬
‫ُ۪و‬ ۲ ۫ ‫نسـٰ ۪نُل۪ ۬ف‬
ُ‫ىُخ ۮس ۩ر‬ ۪ ‫۬إ‬۱ ‫۬نَُّٱ ۮل‬۱‫ُ۪وال ۪عصرُ۬ا‬
These 3 particles are also used to commence an oath and ﴾٢ُ‫ـ‬١:‫﴿العصر‬
act as ُ‫ُجر‬
۪ ‫وف‬
۫ ‫ ۫ح ۫ر‬, so the noun after them is ‫جرور‬
۫ ‫ ۪م‬. They
۬ ُ‫ا‬, which itself is not mentioned
deputize for the verbُ‫قس ۫م‬ ‫ب۬ـ‬ ۳ ُ‫۬نَّاُل۪ ۪ن ۮح ۫نُٱلۮ ۪غـٰل۬ ۫بو ۪ن‬۱‫۪و ۪قال۫و ۟اُب۬ــ ۬ع َّز ۬ة ُ۬ف ۮر ۪ع ۮونُ۪ا‬
﴾٤٤:‫﴿الشعراء‬

This particle is only used with ‫ الُل ِه‬and ‫ب‬


ُۭ ‫۪ر‬ ‫۪تـ‬ ٤ ...ُ‫ُ۪و ۪تــٱللَّـ ۬هُ ۪لإ َ ۬كي ۪دنَُّاَ ۮص ۪نـٰ ۪م ۫كم‬
﴾٥٧:‫نبياء‬۰‫﴿الإ‬

This ‫ ۪لإ‬is not related to the ‫سم‬ ۬ ُ‫ ا‬is used to negate any idea, notion,
۪ ‫ ۪ق‬. ‫ ۪لإ‬is by itself. The ‫ ۪لإ‬before the ‫قس ُ۫م‬
thought or an opinion in the minds of the listener(s) being addressed. The person initiating an oath uses ‫۪لإ‬
before the instrument of oath to spell out that the matter is not as you think, but rather it is what he will
۪ ‫ ۪ق‬. ( ‫إُوالُلُِ۬ه‬
state after taking the ‫سم‬ ۪ ‫ ۪ل‬/ُ‫قس ۫مُب۬الُلِ ۬ه‬
۬ ُ‫) ۪لإُا‬. In the Qur’an, ‫قس ۫مُب۬ـ‬
۬ ُ‫ ۪لإُا‬has been used 8 times. Even in
everyday conversations, one may hear ‫إُوالُل ُِ۬ه‬
۪ ‫۪ل‬
1
ُ‫ابُالق ۪۪س ۬م‬
۫ ‫۪ج ۪و‬
The ‫۪س ُ۫م‬
۪ ‫ الق‬requires ُ۬‫ابُالق ۪۪سم‬ ۬ ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ة‬
۫ ‫ ۪ج ۪و‬, which may be ‫ُالإس ۬م َّي ُ۫ة‬ ۫ or ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ةُال ۬فعل۬ َّيُ۫ة‬
۫ . ُ۬‫ابُالق ۪۪سم‬
۫ ‫ ۪ج ۪و‬as a rule, requires emphasis.
There are instruments of emphasis, which one must understand to fully appreciate the power & force of
ُ۬‫ابُالق ۪۪سم‬
۫ ‫ ۪ج ۪و‬. Insha Allah we will study the instruments of emphasis on the next few pages.

ُ‫ابُالق ۪۪س ۬م‬


۫ ‫۪ج ۪و‬

ُ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ةُال ۬فعل۬ َّي ۫ة‬


۫ ۬ ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ة‬
ُ‫ُالإس ۬م َّي ۫ة‬ ۫

ُ‫۬فعل۫ ۪هاُ ۫م ۪ضا ۬ر ۨع‬ ۩ ‫۬فعل۫ ۪هاُ ۪ما‬


ُ‫ض‬ ‫ال ۪من ۬ف ُي‬ ُ‫ال ۫م ۪ثب ۫ت‬
negative positive
No Requires
emphasis emphasis
‫ال ۪من ۬ف ُي‬ ُ‫ال ۫م ۪ثب ۫ت‬ ‫ال ۪من ۬ف ُي‬ ُ‫ال ۫م ۪ثب ۫ت‬ required
negative positive negative positive

The sentence in ‫م‬


ُ۬ ‫ابُالق ۪۪س‬
۫ ‫ ۪ج ۪و‬can be either
No Requires No Requires
emphasis emphasis emphasis emphasis
required required 1. ُ‫( ال ۫م ۪ثب ۫ت‬positive) or
2. ُ‫( ال ۪من ۬في‬negative) . The negative sentence
has particles like ‫ُ ۪ما‬،‫۪لإ‬
2
‫۪سم ‪Instruments of Emphasis in‬‬
‫ابُالق ۪‬ ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ة ۬‬
‫ُالإس ۬م َّي ُ۫ة ‪۪ when it is‬ج ۪و ۫‬ ‫۫‬
‫ابُالق ۪۪س ۬مُ‬
‫۪ج ۪و ۫‬

‫۪س ُ۬م ‪When‬‬


‫ابُالق ۪‬ ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ة ۬‬
‫ُالإس ۬م َّي ۫ةُال ۫م ۪ثـبـ ۪تـُ۫ة ‪۪ is‬ج ۪و ۫‬ ‫‪۫ , it is emphasized using one of the following‬‬ ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ة ۬‬
‫ُالإس ۬م َّي ۫ةُ‬ ‫۫‬
‫‪three instruments of emphasis‬‬ ‫۪۫ ۬ ۬ ۫‬ ‫الجملةُالفعل َّيُة‬
‫۫‬
‫‪Examples‬‬ ‫‪Instrument of Emphasis‬‬

‫۪والُلِ ۬هُا‪ُ۬۱‬نَّك۪ ُ ۫مج ۪ت ۬ه ۨدُ‬ ‫‪ ١‬ا‪َّ ۬۱‬نُ‬ ‫ال ۫م ۪ثب ۫تُ‬


‫‪There is no example of‬‬ ‫‪ being used in the‬ا‪َّ ۬۱‬نُ‬ ‫‪positive‬‬

‫۪س ُ۬م ‪Qur’an as‬‬


‫ابُالق ۪‬
‫۪ج ۪و ۫‬ ‫‪Requires‬‬
‫‪emphasis‬‬
‫اُس ۪جىُٰ‪...‬‬ ‫۪وٱلض ۪حى ٰ ُ۪وٱلَّ ۮي ۬لُا‪۪ ۬۱‬ذ ۪‬ ‫‪۪ ٢‬لإ ۫م ۬‬
‫ُالإبـت۬د۪ا ۬ءُ‬
‫ُ۫خ ۮي ۨرُلَّك۪ ۬‬
‫ُم ۪نُٱ ۮلإُو ۪لىُٰ﴿الضحى‪١:‬ـُ‪﴾٤‬‬ ‫اخ ۪رة ۪‬ ‫ُ ُ۪ول۪ــ ۮل َـ ۬‬ ‫‪It is used in the Qur’an but less frequently‬‬ ‫ال ۪من ۬ف ُي‬
‫‪negative‬‬
‫ىُخ ۮسر۩ُ﴿العصر‪١:‬ـُ‪﴾٢‬‬ ‫نسـٰ ۪نُلُ۪ ۬ف ۫‬ ‫۪وال ۪عصرُ۬ا‪َُّ ۬۱‬نُٱ ۮل ‪۬۱‬إ ۪‬ ‫‪ ٣‬ا‪َُّ ۬۱‬نُ ۪واللَّآ ۫مُال ۫م ۪زح ۪ل ۪قُ۫ة‬ ‫‪No‬‬
‫‪۪ They are used most frequently in the‬وٱلَّ ۮي ۬لُا‪۪ ۬۱‬ذاُ ۪ي ۮغش۪ ىُٰ‪ ...‬ا‪۬۱‬نَُّ ۪س ۮع ۪ي ۫ك ۮمُلُ۪ش۪ تَّىُٰ﴿الليل‪١:‬ـُ‪﴾٤‬‬ ‫‪emphasis‬‬
‫۪س ُ۬م ‪Qur’an for‬‬ ‫ابُالق ۪‬ ‫‪۪ . The combination of‬ج ۪و ۫‬ ‫‪required‬‬
‫ينُ﴿يس‪١:‬ـُ‪﴾٣‬‬ ‫يس ُ۪وٱلۮ ۫ق ۮر ۪ء ۬انُٱلۮ ۪ح ۬كيمُ۬ا‪ُ۬۱‬نَّك۪ ُُل۪ ۬م ۪نُٱلۮ ۫م ۮر ۪سل۬ ۪‬ ‫‪ brings greater and‬ا‪َُّ ۬۱‬نُ ۪واللَّآ ۫مُال ۫م ۪زح ۪ل ۪قُ۫ة ۯ‬
‫‪۪ stronger emphasis than either of 1 and 2,‬و ۪قال۫و ۟اُب۬ــ ۬ع َّز ۬ةُف۬ ۮر ۪ع ۮونُ۪ا‪ُ۬۱‬ن َّاُُل۪ ۪ن ۮح ۫نُٱلۮ ۪غـٰل۬ ۫بونُ۪﴿الشعراء‪﴾٤٤:‬‬
‫‪above, used by itself‬‬

‫الجم ۪ل ۫ة ۬‬ ‫ۯن ُ۪وٱلۮ ۪ق ۪لم۬ ُ۪و ۪ماُ ۪ي ۮس ۫ط ۫رونُ۪‬


‫۪س ُ۬م ‪When‬‬ ‫ُالإس ۬م َّي ۫ةُال ۪مـنـ ۬فـ َّيـ ُ۫ة ‪۪ is a‬ج ۪و ۫‬
‫ابُالق ۪‬ ‫‪۫ ,‬‬
‫‪no emphasis is required‬‬ ‫نتُب۬ن۬ ۮع ۪م ۬ةُ ۪ر ِّبك۪ ُب۬ ۪م ۮج ۫ن ۩‬
‫ونُ﴿القلم‪١:‬ـُ‪﴾٢‬‬ ‫۪ماۯُاَ ۪‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ابُالق ۪۪سم ‪Instruments of Emphasis in‬‬
‫‪۪ when it is‬ج ۪و ۫‬ ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ةُال ۬فع ۬ل َّي ۫ةُ‬
‫۫‬
‫ابُالق ۪۪س ۬مُ‬
‫۪ج ۪و ۫‬ ‫۪س ُ۬م ‪When‬‬ ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ةُال ۬فعل۬ َّي ۫ةُف۬عل۫ ۪هاُ ۪ماض۩ُ ۫م ۪ثـب ۨ‬
‫ابُالق ۪‬
‫‪۪ is‬ج ۪و ۫‬ ‫ـتُ‬ ‫‪۫ , it is emphasized‬‬
‫ل۪ ۪ق ۮُد ‪using‬‬
‫‪Examples‬‬
‫الجم ۪ل ۫ةُال ۬فعل۬ َّي ۫ةُ‬
‫۫‬ ‫‪Instrument‬م ۪ل ۫ة ۬‬
‫ُالإس ۬م َّي ۫ةُ‬ ‫الج‬
‫‪۫ Emphasis‬‬
‫‪of‬‬

‫ينُ‪...‬‬ ‫ون ُ۪وط۫ور ۬‬


‫ُ۬سين۬ ۪‬ ‫۪وٱل ِّتين۬ ُ۪وٱل َّز ۮي ۫ت ۬‬ ‫ل۪ ۪ق ۮدُ‬
‫نسـٰ ۪نُف۬ ۯىُاَ ۮح ۪سن۬ ُ ۪ت ۮقو۬ي ۩مُ﴿التين‪١:‬ـُ‪﴾٤‬‬
‫ل۪ ۪ق ۮُدُ ۪خ ۪ل ۮق ۪ناُٱ ۮل ‪۬۱‬إ ۪‬ ‫ابُالق ۪۪سمُ۬‬ ‫يُج ۪و ۬‬ ‫ل۪ـ‪:‬اللَّآ ُ۫مُف۬ ۪‬
‫۬فعل۫ ۪هاُ ۫م ۪ضا ۬ر ۨعُ‬ ‫۬فعل۫ ۪هاُ ۪ما ۩‬
‫ضُ‬ ‫ال ۫م ۪ثب ۫تُ‬ ‫رفُ ۪تح ۬قاليق۩ُ ۪من ۬فيُ‬
‫۪قد‪۪ :‬ح ۫‬
‫‪positive‬‬ ‫‪negative‬‬
‫‪, it means‬ل۪ ۪ق ۮُد ‪Please remember when a sentence commences with‬‬
‫‪Requires‬‬ ‫‪No‬‬
‫۪سمُ۬ ‪that it is‬‬
‫ابُالق ۪‬
‫‪ is latent‬الق ۪۪س ُ۫م ‪۪ and‬ج ۪و ۫‬ ‫‪(present but‬‬
‫‪emphasis‬‬ ‫‪invisible). Here‬‬
‫‪emphasis‬‬
‫ال ۪من ۬ف ُي‬ ‫ال ۫م ۪ثب ۫تُ‬ ‫ال ۪من ۬ف ُي‬ ‫ال ۫م ۪ثب ۫تُ‬ ‫‪are some examples from the Qur’an:‬‬ ‫‪required‬‬
‫‪negative‬‬ ‫‪positive‬‬ ‫‪negative‬‬ ‫‪positive‬‬ ‫۬سُب۬ ۬هۦُن۪ ۮف ۫س ۫ۥهُ ُ۪ۖون ۮ۪ح ۫نُاَ ۮق ۪ر ۫بُا‪۬۱‬ل۪ ۮي ۬ه ُ۬م ۮن ۪‬
‫ُح ۮبلُ۬‬ ‫نسـٰ ۪ن ُ۪ون۪ ۮعل۪ ۫مُ ۪ماُت۫ ۪و ۮسو ۫‬ ‫ُ۪ول۪ ۪ق ۮُدُ ۪خ ۪ل ۮق ۪ناُٱ ۮل ‪۬۱‬إ ۪‬
‫‪No‬‬ ‫‪Requires‬‬ ‫‪No‬‬ ‫‪Requires‬‬ ‫ٱلۮ ۪ور۬ي ۬دُ﴿ق‪﴾١٦:‬‬
‫‪emphasis‬‬ ‫‪emphasis‬‬
‫‪emphasis‬‬
‫‪required‬‬
‫‪emphasis‬‬
‫‪required‬‬
‫ُۨح ۪س ۪ن ۨةُلِّ ۪منُك۪انُ۪ ۪ي ۮر ۫جو ۟اُٱللَّـ ۪ه ُ۪وٱلۮ ۪ي ۮو ۪مُٱلۮ َـ ۬‬
‫اخ ۪رُ‬ ‫ولُٱللَّـ ۬هُاُ ۮس ۪وة ۪‬ ‫ل۪ ۪ق ۮُدُك۪انُ۪ل۪ ۫ك ۮمُف۬ىُ ۪ر ۫س ۬‬
‫۪و ۪ذك ۪۪رُٱللَّـ ۪هُ ۪كث۬ ۧيراُ﴿الإ‪۰‬حزاب‪﴾٢١:‬‬
‫۪وٱلض ۪حى ٰ ُ۪وٱلَّ ۮي ۬لُا‪۪ ۬۱‬ذ ۪‬
‫اُس ۪جىُٰ‬
‫‪ as‬ل۪ق۪د ‪In such cases, i.e. when qasam is latent, we will analyze‬‬
‫اُو َّد ۪عك۪ ُ ۪ربك۪ ُ۪و ۪ماُ ۪قل۪ىُٰ﴿الضحى‪١:‬ـُ‪﴾٣‬‬ ‫۪م ۪‬
‫ل۪ـ‪۪ :‬لإ ۫مُالق ۪۪س ۬مُل۬ق ۪۪س ۩مُ ۫م ۪ق َّد۩ُر‬
‫ىُ﴿النجم‪١:‬ـُ‪﴾٢‬‬ ‫ُص ۬‬
‫اح ۫ب ۫ك ۮم ُ۪و ۪ماُ ۪غ ۪و ٰ‬ ‫اُض َّل ۪‬
‫ىُ ۪م ۪‬ ‫۪وٱل َّن ۮجمُ۬ا‪۪ ۬۱‬ذاُ ۪ه ۪و ٰ‬
‫رفُ ۪تح ۬قيق۩ُ‬ ‫۪قد‪۪ :‬ح ۫‬

‫۪سمُ۬ ‪When‬‬ ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ةُال ۬فعل۬ َّي ۫ةُف۬عل۫ ۪هاُ ۪ماض۩ُ ۪مـنـ ۬فـيُ ‪۪ is a‬ج ۪و ۫‬
‫ابُالق ۪‬ ‫‪۫ , no emphasis is required‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
Instruments of Emphasis in ‫ابُالق ۪۪سم‬
۫ ‫ ۪ج ۪و‬when it is ُ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ةُال ۬فع ۬ل َّي ۫ة‬
۫
ُ‫ابُالق ۪۪س ۬م‬
۫ ‫۪ج ۪و‬
When ُ۬‫۪سم‬
۪ ‫ابُالق‬ ُۨ ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ةُال ۬فعل۬ َّي ۫ةُف۬عل۫ ۪هاُ ۫م ۪ضار۬ ۨعُ ۫م ۪ثـب‬
۫ ‫ ۪ج ۪و‬is ‫ـت‬ ۫ , it is emphasized using one of
following instruments of emphasis
ُ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ةُال ۬فعل۬ َّي ۫ة‬
۫ ۬ ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ة‬
ُ‫ُالإس ۬م َّي ۫ة‬ ۫
Examples Instrument of Emphasis

... ‫۪و ۪تــٱللَّـ ۬هُل۪ــاَ ۬كي ُ۪د َُّنُاَ ۮص ۪نـٰ ۪م ۫كم‬ ‫ َُّن‬+ُ‫ ۬فعلُ ۫م ۪ضار۬ع‬+ُ‫ل۪ـ‬
﴾٥٧:‫نبياء‬۰‫﴿الإ‬
ُ‫۬فعل۫ ۪هاُ ۫م ۪ضا ۬ر ۨع‬ ۩ ‫۬فعل۫ ۪هاُ ۪ما‬ ُ‫ ال ۪من ۬في‬are used
The lâm is prefixed to a present tense verb and the nûn is
ُ‫ض‬ ُ۫ ‫ ال ۫م ۪ثب‬of emphasis
‫ت‬
suffixed to it. These two instruments
together when: positive negative
۪ ‫۪قا ۪لُ ۪فب۬ ۬ع َّزت۬ك۪ ُل۪ــاُ ۮغ ۬و ۪يــ َّنــ ۫ه ۮمُاَ ۮج ۪م ۬ع‬
ُ‫۬ َّلإ‬۱‫ينُا‬ 1. The present tense verb denotes futurity and
ُ‫ـ‬٨٢:‫ينُ﴿ص‬ ۪ ‫۬ع ۪با ۪د ۪ك ُ۬م ۮن ۫ه ۫مُٱلۮ ۫مخۮ ۪ل ۬ص‬ 2.The lâm is not separatedRequires from the verb No
ُ۬ ‫( ۪لإ ُ۫مُ ۪ت ۪ل ِّقيُالق ۪۪س‬the lâmemphasis
This lâm is called ‫م‬
emphasis
‫ال ۪من ۬ف ُي‬ ُ‫ال ۫م ۪ثب ۫ت‬ ُ‫ال ۫م ۪ثب ۫ت‬ ‫ال ۪من ۬ف ُي‬ ﴾٨٣
of receiving the
required
negative positive positive negative qasam) and the nûn is called ‫كي ۬دُال ۪ث ۬قي ۪لُ۫ة‬ ۬ ‫ن۫ونُ۫ال َّتو‬
No Requires By Allah, I
Requires
love you a
.‫ۧيرا‬No۬‫ل۪ـاُ ۬حبك۪ ُ ۪كث‬ ُ‫) ۪واللِ ۬ه‬١ ‫ ۬فعلُ ۫م ۪ضار۬ع‬+ُ‫ل۪ـ‬
emphasis emphasis emphasis emphasis
required
lot
required ُ۬ ‫) ۪لإ ُ۫مُ ۪ت ۪ل ِّقيُالق ۪۪س‬, prefixed to a present tense
Only the lâm (‫م‬

...ُٰ‫اُس ۪جى‬ ۪ ‫۬ ۪ذ‬۱‫) ۪وٱلض ۪حى ٰ ُ۪وٱلَّ ۮيل۬ ُا‬٢


verb, is used for emphasis when:
۪ ‫۪واَ ۮق ۪س ۫مو ۟اُب۬ٱللَّـ ۬ه‬
ُُۙ‫ُج ۮهدُ۪اَ ۮي ۪مـٰن۬ ۬ه ۮم‬ 1. Either the present tense verb does not denote futurity or
ُ‫فُ ۫ي ۮع ۬طيك۪ ُ ۪ربك۪ ُ ۪ف ۪ت ۮر ۪ض ٰۯى‬۪ ‫ُ۪ولُ۪ ۪س ۮو‬ 2.The lâm is separated from the verb
﴾٣٨:‫وتُ﴿النحل‬ ۫ ‫۪لإُ ۪ي ۮب ۪ع ۫ثُٱللَّـ ۫هُ ۪منُ ۪ي ۫م‬ ﴾٥ُ‫ـ‬١:‫﴿الضحى‬ In both of these cases ‫ النونُ۫الثَّ ۬قيلُ۪۫ة‬is not used.

When ‫۪س ُ۬م‬ ۫ ‫ ۪ج ۪و‬is a ُ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ة‬


۪ ‫ابُالق‬ ۫ َُّ +‫ف۬علُ ۫م ۪ضار۬ع‬+‫ ل۪ـ‬e.g. ‫ل۪ــاَ ۮم ۪لُآ َ َُّن‬, appears alone
Please remember if the mode of expression, ‫ن‬
ُ‫ال ۬فعل۬ َّي ۫ةُف۬عل۫ ۪هاُ ۫م ۪ضار۬ ۨعُ ۪مـنـ ۬فـي‬, no then for sure it is ‫م‬
ُ۬ ‫ابُالق ۪۪س‬
۫ ‫ ۪ج ۪و‬and the ‫ ۪ق ۪سم‬is latent (present but invisible).
emphasis is required Here is an example from the Qur’an: ﴾٨٥:‫ينُ﴿ص‬ ُ۪ ‫ل۪ــاَ ۮم ۪لُآ َ َُّنُ ۪ج ۪ه َّن ۪مُ ۬منك۪ ُ۪و ۬م َّمنُ ۪تب۬ ۪عك۪ ُ ۬م ۮن ۫ه ۮمُاَ ۮج ۪م ۬ع‬
5
۬ َّ‫ا۬ج ۬ت ۪ما ۫عُالق ۪۪س ۬م ُ۪والش‬
ُ‫رط‬
۬ َّ‫( ا۬جت۬ ۪ما ۫عُالق ۪۪س ۬م ُ۪والش‬combining the qasam with the shart) is another important grammatical element of the qasam.
ُ‫رط‬

۫ َّ‫الش‬
ُ‫رط‬ ‫۬انِّيُ ۫مس ۪ت ۬ع ُد‬۱ ‫سُالل ۪غ ۪ةُال ۪ع ۪رب۬ َّي ۪ةُ ۪فــ‬
۪ ‫دتُاَنُ ۪تد ۫ر‬
۪ ‫۬نُاَ ۪ر‬۱‫ا‬
Now let us join the ‫ ۪ق ۪سم‬to this sentence; by adding ‫۪واللُِ۬ه‬ ‫۬نِّيُ ۫مس ۪ت ۬ع ُد‬۱‫سُالل ۪غ ۪ةُال ۪ع ۪رب۬ َّي ۪ةُا‬ ۪ ‫۬نُاَ ۪ر‬۱‫۪واللِ ۬هُا‬
۪ ‫دتُاَنُ ۪تد ۫ر‬
However, ‫ ۪والل ُِ۬ه‬is not commonly used. Instead ‫( ل۪ـ‬the letter lâm)) ‫۬نِّيُ ۫مس ۪ت ۬ع ُد‬۱‫سُالل ۪غ ۪ةُال ۪ع ۪رب۬ َّي ۪ةُا‬ ۪ ‫ل۪ـ ۬ئنُاَ ۪ر‬
۪ ‫دتُاَنُ ۪تد ۫ر‬
ُ‫۬ ۮ‬۱‫ ا‬are written as ‫ل۪ـئ۬ن‬
is used and it denotes ‫ ۪ق ۪سم‬. Together ‫ ل۪ـ‬and ‫ن‬

۪ ‫وطـ ۪ئـ ۫ةُل۬لق‬


This lâm is called ُ۬‫۪سم‬ ۬ ‫ اللَّآ ۫مُال ۫م‬or ُ۬‫ اللَّآ ۫مُال ۫م ۪وطِّـ ۪ئـ ۫ةُل۬لق ۪۪سم‬- “The lâm that paves the way for the qasam”.
It is not qasam itself, but it is an indication of the qasam.
Verb Type/Form Meaning

ُ‫ال ۬م ۪ثالُال ۪واو۬ي ۪و ۬طـاَُ ۪ي ۪طـُا‬ To trample under the foot

‫ـئ‬ ۬ ‫ُا۬س ۫مُالف‬،‫ وطَّـاَُ ۫ي ۪وطِّ ۫ئ‬Form II


ُۨ ِّ‫ ۫مـ ۪وط‬:‫۪اع ُ۬ل‬ To trample continuously (intensive action ‫ ;) ۫م ۪بال۪ ۪غة‬walking on ground so that a walk
able path is paved. The masdar ۬ ‫ ۪ت‬has come to mean “introduction”
‫وطـ ۪ئـة‬
ُ‫ ۫مـ ۮو ۬ط ۨـئ‬:‫ُا۬س ۫مُالف۪ا ۬ع ُ۬ل‬،‫وط ۫ئ‬
۬ ‫اَو ۪طـاَُ ۫ي‬ Form IV Same meaning as in Form II

When the qasam is introduced to the shart sentence, the jawab should conform to the qasam and not to the
shart Now the ‫ابُالشَّ رط‬
shart. ۫ ‫ ۪ج ۪و‬. Hence the ‫ ۪فـ‬that was in the ‫ابُالشَّ رط‬
۫ ‫ ۪ج ۪و‬will become ‫ابُالق ۪۪سم‬ ۫ ‫ ۪ج ۪و‬will no longer be there
in the ‫۪سم‬
۪ ‫ابُالق‬
۫ ‫ ۪ج ۪و‬.
6
‫وطـ ۪ئـ ۫ةُل۬لق ۪‬
‫۪س ُ۬م ‪Examples of‬‬ ‫الق۫راۯنُال ۪كر۬يم ‪ in‬ال َّلآ ۫مُال ۫م ۬‬
‫وطـ ۪ئـ ۫ةُل۬لق ۪۪س ۬مُ‬
‫‪ - “The lâm that paves the way for the qasam”.‬اللَّآ ۫مُال ۫م ۬‬
‫وطـ ۪ئـ ۫ةُل۬لق ۪‬
‫۪س ُ۬م ‪It is not qasam itself, but it is an indication of the qasam. So wherever‬‬ ‫‪, it means‬ل۪ـئ۬ ۮُن ‪ is used , as in‬اللَّآ ۫مُال ۫م ۬‬
‫‪there is an implicit qasam there.‬‬
‫۪واللُِ۬ه ‪If the statement is from anyone other than Allah, e.g. from the believers, the qasam can be estimated to be:‬‬
‫ـيُو ۪جل۪آل۬ـي ‪If the statement is from Allah, the qasam can be estimated to be:‬‬
‫قس ۫مُب۬ـ ۬عـ َّزت۬ ۪‬
‫اُ ۬‬

‫وطـ ۪ئـ ۫ةُل۬لق ۪۪س ُ۬م‬


‫‪ is frequently used in the Qur’an‬اللَّآ ۫مُال ۫م ۬‬ ‫‪(about 60 times). Following are some examples of this lâm in‬‬
‫۪سم ‪the Qur’an, grouped by the type of‬‬ ‫ابُالق ۪‬
‫۪ج ۪و ۫‬
‫۪سم ‪When‬‬
‫ابُالق ۪‬ ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ة ۬‬
‫ُالإس ۬م َّي ۫ةُال ۫م ۪ثـبـ ۪تـُ۫ة ‪۪ is‬ج ۪و ۫‬ ‫۫‬
‫ُ۪ول۪ـ ۬ئنُر ۬ج ۮع ۫تُا‪۬۱‬ل۪ىُٰ ۪ر ِّبىُا‪۬۱‬نَُّل۬ ۬‬
‫ىُعن ۪د ۫هۥُل۪ ۮل ۫ح ۮس ۪نىُٰ‬ ‫ك ۮمُا‪ۧ ًۭ ۬۱‬ذاُلَّ ۪خـٰ ۬س ۫رونُ۪﴿الإ‪۰‬عراف‪﴾٩٠:‬‬
‫ل۪ـ ۬ئنُُ۬ٱت َّ۪ب ۮع ۫ت ۮمُش۫ ۪ع ۮي ۧباُا‪۬۱‬نَّ ۫‬
‫ۯ‬
‫﴿فصلت‪﴾٥٠:‬‬
‫ابُ ۫ت ۬فيدُ۫التَّو ۬كي ۪دُ‬
‫ُج ۪و ۩‬ ‫ا‪ۧ ۱‬ذاُ‪۪ :‬ح ۫‬
‫رف ۪‬
‫وط ۪ئ ۫ةُل۬لق ۪۪س ۬مُ‬
‫ل۪ـُ‪ :‬اللَّآ ۫مُال ۫م ۬‬
‫ىُسب۬يل۬ ُٱللَّ ۬هُ َا ۮوُ ۫مت ۮمُ‬‫ُ۪ول۪ـ ۬ئنُق۫ ۬ت ۮل ۫ت ۮم ُ۬ف ۪‬ ‫ابُالق ۪۪سم‬
‫۪ج ۪و ۫‬ ‫ُجاز۬ ۨمُ ۪تج ۬ز ۫مُف۬ع ۪لينُ۬‬ ‫رفُش۪ ۩‬
‫رط ۪‬ ‫ا‪ ۬۱‬ۮنُ‪۪ :‬ح ۫‬
‫ل۪ ۪م ۮغ ۬ف ۪ر ًۭ ۨةُ ِّم ۪نُٱللَّ ۬ه ُ۪و ۪ر ۮح ۪م ۨة ۪‬
‫ُخ ۮي ًۭ ۨرُ ِّم َّماُ ۪ي ۮج ۪م ۫عونُ۪‬
‫﴿اۯلُعمران‪﴾١٥٧:‬‬ ‫لصـٰ ۬بر ۪‬
‫۬ينُ﴿النحل‪﴾١٢٦:‬‬ ‫ُ۪ول۪ـ ۬ئنُ ۪ص ۪ب ۮر ۫ت ۮمُل۪ ۫ه ۪و ۪‬
‫ُخ ۮي ۨرُلِّ َّ‬
‫نسـٰ ۪نُ ۬م َّناُ ۪ر ۮح ۪م ًۭ ۧةُث۫ َّمُن۪ ۪ز ۮع ۪نـٰ ۪هاُ ۬م ۮن ۫هُ‬
‫ُ۪ول۪ـ ۬ئ ۮُنُاَ ۪ذ ۮق ۪ناُٱ ۮل ‪۬۱‬إ ۪‬ ‫۪قال۫و ۟اُل۪ـ ۬ئ ۮُنُاَ ۪ك ۪ل ۫هُٱل ِّذ ۮئ ۫ب ُ۪ون ۮ۪ح ۫نُ ۫ع ۮص ۪ب ۨةُا‪۬۱‬نَّاۯُ ‪۬۱‬ا ًۭ ۧذاُلَّ ۪خـٰ ۬س ۫رونُ۪‬
‫كف۫و ًۭ ۨرُ﴿هود‪﴾٩:‬‬ ‫وسُ ۪‬ ‫ا‪۬۱‬نَّ ۫هۥُل۪ ۪ي ُـ ًۭ ۨ‬ ‫﴿يوسف‪﴾١٤:‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
‫وطـ ۪ئـ ۫ةُل۬لق ۪‬
‫۪س ُ۬م ‪Examples of‬‬ ‫الق۫راۯنُال ۪كر۬يم ‪ in‬ال َّلآ ۫مُال ۫م ۬‬
‫۪سم ‪When‬‬
‫ابُالق ۪‬ ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ة ۬‬
‫ُالإس ۬م َّي ۫ةُال ۪من ۬ف َّيُ۫ة ‪۪ is‬ج ۪و ۫‬ ‫۫‬ ‫۪سم ‪When‬‬ ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ةُال ۬فعل۬ َّي ۫ة ُ۬فعل۫ ۪هاُ ۪ماض۩ُ ۪من ۬فيُ ‪۪ is‬ج ۪و ۫‬
‫ابُالق ۪‬ ‫۫‬
‫اُجاۯ ۪ء ۪ك ُ۬م ۪نُٱ ۮل ۬ع ۮل ۬مُ‬
‫ُ۪ول۪ـ ۬ئنُُ۬ٱت َّ۪ب ۮع ۪تُاَ ۮه ۪وا ۪ۯء ۫همُ ۪ب ۮعدُ۪ ۪م ۪‬ ‫ُ۪ول۪ـ ۬ئنُ ۪زال۪ ۪تاۯُا‪ ۬۱‬ۮنُ َا ۮم ۪س ۪ك ۫ه ۪م ۬‬
‫اُم ۮنُ َا ۪ح ۩دُ ِّم ۢنُ ۪ب ۮع ۬د ۯ۬ۦهُ﴿فاطر‪﴾٤١:‬‬
‫اقُ﴿الرعد‪﴾٣٧:‬‬ ‫نُول۬ ۢى ُ۪و ۪ل ۪‬
‫إُو ۩‬ ‫۪ماُل۪ك۪ ُ ۬م ۪نُٱللَّـ ۬هُ ۬م ۪‬ ‫رفُن۪ ۬ف ۩ـيُاَ ۮوُا‪۬۱‬نُال َّنا ۬ف ۪ي ۫ةُ= ۪ماُال َّنا ۬ف ۪ي ۫ةُ‬
‫ا‪ ۱‬ۮُن‪۪ :‬ح ۫‬
‫‪to go off course, to deviate‬‬ ‫۪زا ۪لُ ۪ي ۫زو ُ۫ل‪:‬‬
‫ينُ ُاو ۫تو ۟اُٱ ۮل ۬ك ۪تـٰ ۪بُب۬ ۫ك ِّل ُ۪ءا ۪ي ۩ةُ‬ ‫ُ۪ول۪ـ ۬ئ ۮُنُاَ ۪ت ۮي ۪تُٱلَّ ۬ذ ۪‬ ‫‪Note that this verb is‬‬ ‫ك۪ا ُ۪ن ‪ i.e. it is sister of‬ن۪ا ۬قص ‪۪ is‬زا ۪لُ ۪ي ۪زا ُ۫ل ‪, while‬ت۪ا ُمۭ‬
‫َّماُ ۪ت ۬ب ۫عو ۟ا ۬‬ ‫ٰت ُ۪والإ َ ُ۫‬
‫رض)‬ ‫الس ٰمو ۫‬ ‫ف ۬‬
‫ُالإثـ ۪نين۬ ُ ۬فيُ ۪م ۪ح ِّلُ ۪ر ۩فعُ ۪فا ۬ع ۨلُ( َّ‬ ‫يث‪ُ،‬ا‪ :‬اَل۬ ۫‬
‫تۮُ‪ :‬ت ۪۫اءُال َّتان۬ ۬‬
‫الجم ۪ل ۫ةُال ۬فعل۬ َّي ۫ةُف۬عل۫ ۪هاُ ۪ماض۩ُ ۪من ۬فيُ‬ ‫ُق ۮب ۪ل ۪تك۪ ُُۚ ۪ج ۪واب‪۫ :‬‬
‫الجم ۪ل ۫ة ۬‬
‫ُالإس ۬م َّي ۫ةُال ۪من ۬ف َّ۪ي ۪تُ۫ةـُ۫ة‬ ‫نتُب۬ ۪تاب۬ ۩عُ ۬ق ۮب ۪ل ۪ت ۫ه ۮمُُۚ ۪ج ۪واب‪۫ :‬‬ ‫۪و ۪ماۯُاَ ۪‬ ‫ينُ ُاو ۫تو ۟اُٱ ۮل ۬ك ۪تـٰ ۪بُب۬ ۫ك ِّل ُ۪ءا ۪ي ۩ةُ‬
‫ُ۪ول۪ـ ۬ئ ۮُنُاَ ۪ت ۮي ۪تُٱلَّ ۬ذ ۪‬
‫ضُُۚ‬‫۪و ۪ماُ ۪ب ۮع ۫ض ۫همُب۬ ۪تاب۬ ۩ع ُ۬ق ۮب ۪ل ۪ةُ ۪ب ۮع ۩‬ ‫َّماُ ۪ت ۬ب ۫عو ۟اُ ۬ق ۮب ۪ل ۪تك۪ ُُۚ‪﴿ ...‬البقرة‪﴾١٤٥:‬‬
‫اُجاۯ ۪ء ۪ك ُ۬م ۪نُٱلۮ ۬ع ۮل ۬مُُۙ‬ ‫ُ۪ول۪ـ ۬ئنُُ۬ٱت َّ۪ب ۮع ۪تُاَ ۮه ۪وا ۪ۯء ۫همُ ِّم ۢنُ ۪ب ۮع ۬دُ ۪م ۪‬
‫ُ‬
‫ين‬
‫۪‬ ‫م‬‫‪۱‬ا۬نَّـك۪ ُ ‪۱‬ا۬ ۧذاُلَّـ ۬م ۪نُٱل َّظـٰ ۬ل ۬‬ ‫۪سم ‪When‬‬ ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ةُال ۬فعل۬ َّي ۫ة ُ۬فعل۫ ۪هاُ ۫م ۪ضار۬ ۨعُ ۪من ۬فيُ ‪۪ is‬ج ۪و ۫‬
‫ابُالق ۪‬ ‫۫‬
‫۫ ۪‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫۬‬ ‫۬‬
‫جواب‪ :‬الجم ۪ل ۫ةُالإسمي ۫ةُالمثـبـ ۪تـُ۫ة‬‫۫‬ ‫۪۪‬ ‫﴿البقرة‪﴾١٤٥:‬‬ ‫نس ُ۪وٱلۮ ۬جنُ ۪ع ۪ل ٰۯىُاَنُ ۪يا‪۰‬ۮت۫و ۟اُب۬ ۬م ۮث ۬لُ‬ ‫ق۫لُلَّـ ۬ئنُُ۬ ۮٱج ۪ت ۪م ۪ع ۬تُٱ ۮل ‪۬۱‬إ ۫‬
‫انُ ۪لإُ ۪يا‪۰‬ۮت۫ونُ۪ب۬ ۬م ۮث ۬ل ۬هۦُ﴿الإ‪ ۱‬سراء‪﴾٨٨:‬‬ ‫۪هـٰ ۪ذاُٱلۮ ۫ق ۮر ۪ء ۬‬
‫ل۪ـ ۬ئ ۮُنُاُخۮ ر ۫۬جو ۟اُ ۪لإُ ۪يخۮ ۫ر ۫جونُ۪ ۪م ۪ع ۫ه ۮُم‬
‫ُ ُ۪ول۪ـ ۬ئنُق۫وت۬ل۫و ۟اُ ۪لإُ ۪ي ۫‬
‫‪Note, if the sentence is negative, there is no need‬‬
‫۪سم ‪for emphasis in the‬‬ ‫نص ۫رون۪ ۫ه ۮمُ﴿الحشر‪﴾١٢:‬‬
‫ابُالق ۪‬
‫۪ج ۪و ۫‬

‫‪8‬‬
‫وطـ ۪ئـ ۫ةُل۬لق ۪‬
‫۪س ُ۬م ‪Examples of‬‬ ‫الق۫راۯنُال ۪كر۬يم ‪ in‬ال َّلآ ۫مُال ۫م ۬‬
‫۪سم ‪When‬‬
‫ابُالق ۪‬ ‫الجم ۪ل ۫ةُال ۬فعل۬ َّي ۫ة ُ۬فعل۫ ۪هاُ ۫م ۪ضار۬ ۨعُ ۫م ۪ثب ُۨ‬
‫ت ‪۪ is‬ج ۪و ۫‬ ‫)‪۫ (Its use in the Qur’an is prolific‬‬
‫ُ۪ول۪ـ ۬ئنُلَّ ۮمُ ۪ي ۮف ۪ع ۮلُ ۪ماۯ ُ۪ءا ۫م ۫ر ۫هۥُل۪ ۫ي ۮس ۪ج ۪ن َّن ُ۪ول۪ ۪ي ۫كونۧاُ ِّم ۪نُ‬ ‫ل۪ـ ۬ئنُلَّ ۮمُ ۪تن ۪ت ۬هُ ۪لإ َ ۮر ۫ج ۪م َّنك۪ ُ﴿مريم‪﴾٤٦:‬‬
‫۬ينُ﴿يوسف‪﴾٣٢:‬‬ ‫ٱلصـٰ ۬غر ۪‬
‫َّ‬
‫وطُل۪ ۪ت ۫كون۪ َّنُ ۬م ۪نُٱلۮ ۫مخۮ ۪ر ۬ج ۪‬
‫۪قال۫و ۟اُل۪ـ ۬ئنُلَّ ۮمُ ۪تن ۪ت ۬هُ ۪يـٰل۫ ۫‬
‫النونُ۫الخ۪ ۬في ۪فُ۫ة ‪This last nûn is‬‬
‫ل۬ ۪ي ۫‬
‫كون ۮ۪نُ(‬ ‫)ل۬ ۪ي ۫كونۧاُ=‬
‫ينُ‬
‫وط ۪ئ ۫ةُل۬لق ۪۪س ۬مُ‬
‫ل۪ـُ‪ :‬اللَّآ ۫مُال ۫م ۬‬
‫﴿الشعراء‪﴾١٦٧:‬‬
‫ُجاز۬ ۨمُ ۪تج ۬ز ۫مُف۬ع ۪لينُ۬‬ ‫۪م ۮنُ‪ :‬ا۬س ۫مُش۪ ۩‬
‫رط ۪‬
‫۪وا‪ ۬۱‬ۮذُ ۪تاَ َّذنُ۪ ۪رب ۫ك ۮمُل۪ـ ۬ئنُش۪ ۪ك ۮرت۫ ۮمُ ۪لإَز۬ي ۪دنَّ ۫ك ۮمُُۖ‬
‫َُّج ۪ه َّن ۪م ُ۬من ۫ك ۮمُ َا ۮج ۪م ۬ع ۪‬
‫ينُ‬ ‫ل۪ـ ۪منُ ۪ت ۬ب ۪عك۪ ُ۬م ۮن ۫ه ۮمُ ۪لإ َ ۮم ۪لآَن ۪‬
‫﴿الإ‪۰‬عراف‪﴾١٨:‬‬ ‫ك ۪ف ۮر ۫ت ۮمُ ‪۬۱‬انَُّ ۪ع ۪ذاب۬ىُل۪ش۪ ۬ديدُۨ﴿ابراهيم‪﴾٧:‬‬ ‫ُ۪ول۪ـ ۬ئنُ ۪‬
‫۪ولُ۪ـ ۬ئنُق۫ ۮل ۪تُ ‪۱‬ا۬نَّ ۫كمُ َّم ۮب ۫عوث۫ون ۬‬
‫ُ۪م ۢنُ ۪ب ۮع ۬دُٱلۮ ۪م ۮو ۬تُ‬ ‫ين ُ۬منُ ۪ق ۮب ۬لك۪ ُ‬ ‫۪ول۪ ۪ق ۮدُاُ ۬‬
‫وح ۪ىُا‪۬۱‬ل۪ ۮيك۪ ُ۪و ‪۱‬ا۬ ۪لىُٱلَّ ۬ذ ۪‬
‫إُس ۮح ۨرُم ۬بي ۨنُ﴿هود‪﴾٧:‬‬ ‫ل۪ ۪يق۫ول۪ َّنُٱلَّ ۬ذ ۪‬
‫ينُ ۪كف ۪۫ر ۯو ۟اُ ‪۬۱‬ا ۮنُ ۪هـٰ ۪ذاۯُا‪َّ ۬۱‬ل ۬‬
‫ل۪ـ ۬ئ ۮُنُاَ ۮش ۪ر ۮك ۪تُل۪ ۪ي ۮح ۪ب ۪ط َّنُ ۪ع ۪مل۫ك۪ ُ۪ول۪ ۪ت ۫كو ۪ن َّن ُ۬م ۪نُٱلۮ ۪خـٰ ۬سر ۪‬
‫۬ينُ‬
‫﴿الزمر‪﴾٦٥:‬‬
‫‪Please ponder over the following examples. Identify the‬‬
‫‪qasam and the jawab-ul-qasam.‬‬
‫ُ۪ول۪ـ ۬ئنُ ۪ساَلۮ ۪ت ۫همُ َّم ۮن ۪‬
‫ُخ ۪ل ۪ق ۫ه ۮمُل۪ ۪يق۫ول۫ َّنُٱللَّـ ۫هُ﴿الزخرف‪﴾٨٧:‬‬
‫اُو ۪ت ۮر ۪ح ۮم ۪ناُ‬ ‫اُوا‪۬۱‬نُلَّ ۮمُ ۪ت ۮغ ۬ف ۮرُل۪ ۪ن ۪‬
‫۪قا ۪لإُ ۪ر َّب ۪ناُ ۪ظ ۪ل ۮم ۪ناۯُاَنف ۪۫س ۪ن ۪‬
‫۬ينُ﴿الإ‪۰‬عراف‪﴾٢٣:‬‬ ‫ل۪ ۪ن ۫كو ۪ن َُّنُ ۬م ۪نُٱلۮ ۪خـٰ ۬سر ۪‬ ‫ُ۪ول۪ـ ۬ئنُمت ۮمُاَ ۮوُق۫ ۬ت ۮل ۫ت ۮمُ ۪ل ‪۬۱‬إل۪ىُٱللَّـ ۬هُت۫ ۮحش۪ ۫رونُ۪﴿اۯلُعمران‪﴾١٥٨:‬‬

‫ينُ ۪كف ۪۫رو ۟اُ ۪ع ۪ذا ۧباُش۪ ۬ديد ُ۪‬


‫ۧاُول۪ ۪ن ۮج ۬ز ۪يَُّن ۫ه ۮمُاَ ۮس ۪واَُ‬ ‫ُ۪ف ۪ل ۫ن ۬ذي ۪ق َُّنُٱلَّ ۬ذ ۪‬ ‫‪www.tanzil.net is an excellent search engine for the Qur’an,‬‬

‫ٱلَّ ۬ذىُك۪ان۫و ۟اُ ۪ي ۮع ۪مل۫ونُ۪﴿فصلت‪﴾٢٧:‬‬


‫‪where you can search using Arabic text. For example, If you were‬‬
‫‪ it would find 61 places in the Qur’an where it is used.‬ل۪ ۬ئن ‪to type‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
َّ ‫ال َمم ُنو ُع ِم َن‬
ِ ‫الص‬
The Diptote – ‫رف‬
‫ ُم َعرب‬noun is the one that declines, i.e. dhun, dhan, dhin; Noun that
Diptote is a ‫ ُم َعرب‬noun, which: changes the final vowel to indicate its function in the sentence.
1. Does not accept the tanwin, and
2. Does not decline fully, i.e. it takes fathah instead of kasrah when it is majrûr

Reasons for a noun being diptote


For one reason
1. Nouns which end in ‫يث ال َم ْق ُصو َر ُة‬ ُ ِ‫اّّل‬:
ِ ِ‫ف ال َّتان‬
This alif is either written as a dot-less ya (‫ )ى‬or a long alif (‫)ا‬. In both cases, the pronunciation is Aa. While ‫ ى‬is
used most often as in: ‫قُ ْر َبـى‬ ،‫ َم ْر َضى‬, but if it is preceded by a proper ya (‫ ي‬with two dots), then it changes to a
long alif ( ‫ )ا‬as in ‫َهدَا َيا‬ ،‫ُدنْ َيا‬
2. Nouns which end in ‫يث ال َم ْمدُو َد ُة‬ ِ ِ‫ف ال َّتان‬ُ ِ‫اّّل‬: Please note if the hamza is the third radical and is not extra,
Alif followed by hamza (‫)اء‬. ‫اء‬ ُ ‫ َص ْح َر‬،‫َح ْم َر ُاء‬
then the word is not diptote. Refer to Book 3 Key, Lesson 34
for more detail and examples
ِ ِ ِ
‫ اّّط َّب ُاء‬،‫ اّّ ْق ِو َي ُاء‬،‫ اّّ ْغن َي ُاء‬،‫اّّ ْصد َق ُاء‬
‫ ُع َل َم ُاء‬،‫َاء‬ُ ‫ ُز َمل‬،‫ ُو َز َر ُاء‬،‫فُق ََر ُاء‬
3. Nouns on the patterns of ‫ل‬ ِ ‫ َمف‬and ‫َاعي ُل‬
ُ ‫َاع‬ ِ ‫ َمف‬.
These are called ‫الج ْم ُع ال ُمـ َتـ َنا ِهـي‬ َ /‫الج ُمو ِع‬ ُ ‫( ُم ْن َت َهى‬The ultimate plural).
‫ َد َقائِ ُق‬،ُ‫ َف َنا ِدق‬،‫ اّّ َسا ِو ُر‬،‫ َم َكاتِ ُب‬،‫ِس‬ ُ ‫ َمدَار‬،ُ‫اجد‬ ِ ‫َم َس‬
)‫ ك ََر ِاس ُّي (ك ََر ِاس ْي ُي‬،‫اجي ُن‬ ِ ‫ َف َن‬،‫ اّّ َسابِي ُع‬،‫يح‬ ُ ِ‫ َمفَات‬،‫َم َنا ِدي ُل‬

For two reasons (see next page)


1
َّ ‫ال َمم ُنو ُع ِم َن‬
ِ ‫الص‬
The Diptote – ‫رف‬
Reasons for a noun being diptote
For one reason (see previous page)
For two reasons
Proper Nouns - ‫ال َعلَ ُم‬ Adjectives - ‫صف‬
ُ ‫ال َو‬
1. Feminine Proper Nouns - ‫َّث‬
ٌ ‫ُم َؤن‬ ‫ َعلَ ٌم‬: ُ ‫اّّ ْف َع‬:
1. Adjectives on the patterns of ‫ل‬
‫ َخلِـي َف ُة‬،‫ َط ْل َح ُة‬،‫ اّْ َسا َم ُة‬،ُ‫ َح ْم َزة‬،‫ َم ْر َي ُم‬،‫ َزي َن ُب‬،‫ فَ ِاط َم ُة‬،‫يج ُة‬ َ ‫ َخ ِد‬،‫ا ِم َن ُة‬ ‫ اّّ ْح َم ُر‬،‫ اّّ ْص َغ ُر‬،‫ اّّ ْج َم ُل‬،‫ اّّ ْك َب ُر‬،‫اّّ ْح َس ُن‬
2. Foreign Proper Nouns - ‫ج ِمي‬ َ ‫ َع َل ٌم اّّ ْع‬: 2. Adjectives on the patterns of ‫ن‬ ُ ‫ َف ْعلَا‬:
‫ لَـ ْن َد ُن‬،‫ َب ْغدَا ُد‬،ُ‫ َبا ِك ْس َتان‬،‫ ِولْ َـي ُم‬،‫وسى‬ َ ‫ ُم‬،‫ ا ِْس َم ِاعي ُل‬،‫ُوب‬ ُ ‫ َي ْعق‬،‫اِ ْب َـرا ِهي ُم‬ ‫ شَ ْب َعا ُن‬،ُ‫ ك َْسلَان‬،ُ‫ َع ْطشَ ان‬،ُ‫ َغضْ َبان‬،ُ‫َج ْو َعان‬
3. Altered (modified) Proper Nouns - ‫ل‬ ٌ ‫ َع َل ٌم َم ْعدُو‬: 3. Altered form of adjective - ‫ص َف ٌة َم ْعدُولَـ ٌة‬ ِ :
These are on the pattern of ‫ل‬ ُ ‫فُ َع‬. The verb ‫ َع َد َل‬means to do a) Numbers on the pattern of
justice, to put things in proper place, to change or alter. ‫ فُ َعا ُل‬or ‫ َم ْف َع ُل‬:
‫ َم ْعدُول‬means something which is changed or altered. The name ُ ‫ ثُل‬for ‫( َثلَا َث ٌة َثلَا َث ٌة‬three at a time)
‫َاث‬
‫ ُع َم ُر‬is the altered form of ‫( َع ِام ٌر‬a triptote), which is the ‫َاعل‬
ِ ‫اِس ُم الف‬ ‫ َم ْث َنى‬for ‫( اِ ْث َن ِان اِ ْث َن ِان‬two at a time)
of ‫( َع َم َر‬to flourish/thrive/prosper, live long) b) The word ‫خ ُر‬ َ ّْ‫( ا‬plural of ‫)اّْخْ َرى‬
4. Proper nouns ending with extra ‫ن‬ ُ ‫ا‬:
‫ نُ ْع َما ُن‬،ُ‫ َعفَّان‬،ُ‫ ُس ْف َيان‬،ُ‫ َم ْر َوان‬،ُ‫ُع ْث َمان‬
5. Proper nouns resembling verbs:
‫ اّّ ْح َم ُد‬like ‫ اّّذ َه ُب‬, ‫ َيـزِي ُد‬like ‫َيـبِـي ُع‬
ُّ ‫ال َم ْز ِج‬
6. Compound Proper Nouns – ‫ي‬ ‫ال ُم َرك َُّب‬:
ُ ‫ َحضْ َر َم‬،‫َم ْع ِدي َكر ُِب‬
‫وت‬
2
َّ ‫ال َمم ُنو ُع ِم َن‬
ِ ‫الص‬
The Diptote – ‫رف‬
In one of the following two conditions, a diptote will become a triptote, i.e. it will decline fully:

1 ﴾٤٠:‫﴿المعارج‬ ‫َفلَا اّْ ْق ِس ُم بِ َـر ِّب ٱلْ َمشَ ـٰر ِِق َوٱلْ َم َغـٰر ِِب اِنَّا لَ َقـٰ ِد ُرو َن‬
If it is decorated with the definite article ‫الـ‬ ‫نَـ َزلْ ُت ِفي َه ِذ ِه ال َف َنا ِد ِق‬ I stayed in these hotels

َ ‫يف لِل َولَ ِد‬


‫الج ْو َع ِان‬ َ ‫َسلَّ ْم ُت ال َّر ِغ‬ I gave the loaf to the hungry boy

2 ﴾٤:‫﴿التين‬ ‫نسـٰ َن ِفى اّّ ْح َسنِ َت ْقوِي ٍم‬


َ ‫لَ َق ْد َخ َل ْق َنا ٱ ْل ِأ‬
If it becomes ‫ضاف‬
َ ‫ُم‬ ِ ِ‫َد َّر ْس ُت ِفي َمدَار‬
‫س ال َم ِدي َنـ ِة‬ I taught in the schools of Madinah

ٍ ‫اِت ََّص ْل ُت بِاّّ ْص ِد َقا ِء بِل‬


‫َال‬ I contacted Bilal’s friends

Diptote Triptote (declines fully)

Write with a red pen ‫اُك ُت ْب بِـ َق َل ٍم اّّ ْح َم َر‬ Write with the red pen ‫اُك ُت ْب بِـال َق َل ِم الأ ّّ ْح َم ِر‬

َّ ‫جرو ٌر َو َعلَا َم ُة َج ِّر ِه َف ْت َح ٌة لِأّّنَّ ُه َم ْم ُنو ٌع ِم َن‬


ِ ‫الص‬
‫رف‬ ُ ‫ َم‬- “‫نَ ْع ٌت لِـ ” َق َل ٍم‬ ُ ‫ َم‬- “‫نَ ْع ٌت لِـ ”ال َق َل ِم‬
‫جرو ٌر َو َعلَا َم ُة َج ِّر ِه ك َْس َر ٌة َظا ِه َر ٌة‬

3
‫ال َع َل ُم الأ ّّ ْع َج ِم ُّي ‪Examples of Grammatical Analysis for‬‬
‫‪Please remember the proper noun‬‬ ‫وسى‬
‫‪ُ is a non-Arabic‬م َ‬ ‫َمرفُو ٌع‬
‫‪name and therefore it is diptote‬‬
‫وسى‬
‫َج َاء ُم َ‬
‫ض َمبنِي َع َلى ال َف ْت ِح‬ ‫فِع ٌل َما ٍ‬ ‫َج َاء‬
‫وب‬
‫نص ٌ‬
‫َم ُ‬ ‫َف ِاع ٌل َمرفُو ٌع َو َعلَا َم ُة َر ْف ِع ِه َض َّم ٌة ُم َق َّد َر ٌة َع َلى ا ِخ ِر ِه‬ ‫وسى‬
‫ُم َ‬

‫َراّّ ْي ُت ُم َ‬
‫وسى‬
‫ون لِأت َِّصالِ ِه بِ َض ِمي ِر َرفْ ٍع ُم َت َح ِّر ٍك‬
‫الس ُك ِ‬
‫ض َمبنِي َع َلى ُّ‬ ‫فِع ٌل َما ٍ‬ ‫َراّّ ْيـ‬
‫الض ِّم فِي َم َح ِّل َرفْ ٍع فَا ِع ٌل‬
‫َض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت ِص ٌل َمب ِني َعلَى َّ‬ ‫ـت‬
‫ُ‬
‫جرو ٌر‬ ‫وب َو َعلَا َم ُة ن َْصبِ ِه َف ْت َح ٌة ُم َق َّد َر ٌة َع َلى ا ِخ ِر ِه‬ ‫وسى َمف ُعو ٌل بِ ِه َم ُ‬
‫نص ٌ‬ ‫ُم َ‬
‫َم ُ‬
‫َسلَّ ْم ُت َع َلى ُم َ‬
‫وسى‬
‫ون لِأت َِّصالِ ِه بِ َض ِمي ِر َرفْ ٍع ُم َت َح ِّر ٍك‬
‫الس ُك ِ‬
‫ض َمبنِي َع َلى ُّ‬ ‫فِع ٌل َما ٍ‬ ‫َسلَّ ْمـ‬
‫الض ِّم فِي َم َح ِّل َرفْ ٍع فَا ِع ٌل‬
‫َض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت ِص ٌل َمبنِي َعلَى َّ‬ ‫ـت‬
‫ُ‬
‫اب‬‫ون‪َ .‬لأ َم َح َّل لَ ُه ِم َن ِالأ ْع َر ِ‬ ‫الس ُك ِ‬ ‫رف َج ٍّر َمبنِي َع َلى ُّ‬ ‫َح ُ‬ ‫َع َلى‬
‫جرو ٌر (بِـ َع َلى) َو َعلَا َم ُة َج ِّر ِه َف ْت َح ٌة ُم َق َّد َر ٌة َع َلى ا ِخ ِر ِه‬
‫اِس ٌم َم ُ‬ ‫وسى‬
‫ُم َ‬
‫لِأّّنَّ ُه َم ْم ُنو ٌع ِم َن َّ‬
‫الص ْر ِف‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫ِالأس ُم ال َم ُ‬
‫قصو ُر ‪Examples of Grammatical Analysis for‬‬
‫جرو ٌر‬
‫َم ُ‬
‫َمرفُو ٌع‬
‫َخ َر ْج ُت ِم َن ال ُم ْس َت ْشفَى َف ِا َذا َص ِدي ِقي َين َت ِظ ُرنِي بِ ُع ْل َب ٍة ِم َن َ‬
‫الح ْل َوى‬
‫ون لِأت َِّصالِ ِه بِ َض ِمي ِر َرفْ ٍع ُم َت َح ِّر ٍك‬
‫الس ُك ِ‬ ‫فِع ٌل َما ٍ‬
‫ال ُم ْس َت ْشفَى َك ِبـ ْيـ ٌر‬
‫ض َمبنِي َع َلى ُّ‬ ‫َخ َر ْجـ‬
‫ال ُم ْس َتشْ فَى ُم ْب َتدَا ٌ َمرفُو ٌع َو َعلَا َم ُة َر ْف ِع ِه َض َّم ٌة ُم َق َّد َر ٌة َع َلى ا ِخ ِر ِه‬
‫الض ِّم فِي َم َح ِّل َرفْ ٍع فَ ِاع ٌل‬
‫َض ِم ٌير ُم َّت ِص ٌل َمبنِي َعلَى َّ‬ ‫ـت‬‫ُ‬
‫ون‪َ .‬لأ َم َح َّل لَ ُه ِم َن ِالأ ْع َر ِ‬ ‫َخ َب ٌر َمرفُو ٌع َو َعلَا َم ُة َر ْف ِع ِه َض َّم ٌة َظا ِه َر ٌة‬ ‫َكبِـ ْي ٌـر‬
‫اب‬ ‫الس ُك ِ‬ ‫رف َج ٍّر َمبنِي َع َلى ُّ‬ ‫َح ُ‬ ‫ِم ْن‬
‫جرو ٌر (بِ ِم ْن) َو َعلَا َم ُة َج ِّر ِه ك َْس َر ٌة ُم َق َّد َر ٌة َعلَى ا ِخ ِر ِه‬ ‫ال ُم ْس َتشْ فَى اِس ٌم َم ُ‬ ‫وب‬
‫نص ٌ‬
‫َم ُ‬
‫اب‬ ‫رف َع ْط ٍف َمبنِي َع َلى ال َف ْت ِح‪َ .‬لأ َم َح َّل لَ ُه ِم َن ِالأ ْع َر ِ‬ ‫َح ُ‬ ‫َفـ‬
‫َراّّ ْي ُت ال ُم ْس َت ْشفَى ال َك ِبـ ْي َـر‬
‫رف لِ ُم َج َّر ِد ال َّر ْب ِط‬
‫اِ َذا الف َُجائِـ َّيـ ُة‪َ ،‬ح ٌ‬ ‫اِ َذا‬
‫ون لِأت َِّصالِ ِه بِ َض ِمي ِر َرفْ ٍع‬ ‫الس ُك ِ‬‫ض َمبنِي َع َلى ُّ‬ ‫فِع ٌل َما ٍ‬ ‫َراّّ ْيـ‬
‫ُم ْب َتدَا ٌ َمرفُو ٌع َو َعلَا َم ُة َر ْف ِع ِه َض َّم ٌة ُم َق َّد َر ٌة َع َلى ا ِخ ِر ِه َو ُه َو ُم َض ٌ‬
‫اف‬ ‫َص ِدي ِقـ‬ ‫ُم َت َح ِّر ٍك‬
‫ون فِي َم َح ِّل َج ٍّر ُم َض ٌ‬
‫اف اِلَي ِه‬ ‫الس ُك ِ‬ ‫َض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت ِص ٌل َمبنِي َعلَى ُّ‬ ‫ْي‬ ‫الض ِّم فِي َم َح ِّل َرفْ ٍع فَا ِع ٌل‬ ‫َض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت ِص ٌل َمبنِي َعلَى َّ‬ ‫ـت‬ ‫ُ‬
‫الض ِّم‪ .‬الفَا ِع ُل َض ِم ٌير ُم ْس َتتِ ٌر َتق ِد ُير ُه ُه َو‬
‫فِع ٌل ُم َضارِ ٌع َمرفُو ٌع بِ َّ‬ ‫َي ْن َت ِظ ُر‬ ‫وب َو َعلَا َم ُة ن َْصبِ ِه َف ْت َح ٌة ُم َق َّد َر ٌة َع َلى‬ ‫ال ُم ْس َتشْ فَى َمف ُعو ٌل بِ ِه َم ُ‬
‫نص ٌ‬
‫نُو ُن ال ِو َقا َي ِة َمبنِي َع َلى ال َك ْس ِر‪َ .‬لأ َم َح َّل لَ َها ِم َن ِالأ ْع َر ِ‬
‫اب‬ ‫نِـ‬ ‫ا ِخ ِر ِه‬
‫ون فِي َم َح ِّل ن َْص ٍب َم ْف ُعو ٌل بِ ِه‬ ‫الس ُك ِ‬
‫َض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت ِص ٌل َمبنِي َعلَى ُّ‬ ‫ْي‬ ‫وب َو َعلَا َم ُة ن َْصبِ ِه َف ْت َح ٌة َظا ِه َر ٌة‬
‫نص ٌ‬ ‫نَ ْع ٌت َم ُ‬ ‫ال َكبِـ ْي َـر‬
‫رف َج ٍّر َمبنِي َع َلى ال َك ْس ِر‪َ .‬لأ َم َح َّل لَ ُه ِم َن ِالأ ْع َر ِ‬
‫اب‬ ‫َح ُ‬ ‫بِـ‬
‫جرو ٌر َو َعلَا َم ُة َج ِّر ِه ك َْس َر ٌة َظا ِه َر ٌة‬
‫اِس ٌم َم ُ‬ ‫ُع ْل َب ٍة‬
‫جرو ٌر فِي َم َح ِّل َج ٍّر نَ ْع ٌت لِل ُع ْل َب ِة‬ ‫ِم َن َ‬
‫الح ْل َوى َجار َو َم ُ‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫الج ْم ُع ال ُم َت َنا ِهي ‪َ of‬م ْنقُوص ‪Examples of Grammatical Analysis for‬‬
‫َ‬
‫‪َ , is on the‬م ْع ًنى ‪َ , which is the plural of‬م َع ٍ‬
‫ان ‪The word‬‬ ‫َمرفُو ٌع‬
‫‪pattern of‬‬ ‫الج ُمو ِع( َمف ِ‬
‫َاع ُل‬ ‫الج ْم ُع ال ُم َت َنا ِهي‪ُ /‬م ْن َت َهى ُ‬
‫‪َ – The‬‬ ‫َه ِذ ِه ال َك ِل َم ُة لَ َها َم َع ٍان َك ِث َير ٌة‬
‫‪ultimate plural),‬‬ ‫‪َ as‬م ْنقُوص ‪plural and at the same time it is‬‬ ‫اِس ُم اِشَ ا َر ٍة َمبنِي َع َلى ال َك ْس ِر فِي َم َح ِّل َر ْف ٍع ُمب َتدَا ٌ‬ ‫َه ِذ ِه‬
‫‪َ ). Other examples include:‬م َعان ِ ُي( ‪its 3rd radical is ya‬‬
‫‪َ of the‬م ْنقُوص ‪. These are called the‬لَ َي ٍال‪ ،‬نَ َوا ٍد‪َ ،‬ج َوارٍ‬ ‫ال َك ِل َم ُة َب َد ٌل َمرفُو ٌع َو َعلَا َم ُة َر ْف ِع ِه َض َّم ٌة َظا ِه َر ٌة‬
‫الج ْم ُع ال ُم َت َنا ِهي‬
‫‪َ , and they are treated just as the‬‬ ‫جرو ٌر ِش ْب ُه ُج ْملَ ٍة فِي َم َح ِّل َر ْف ٍع َخ َب ٌر لِـ ” َم َع ٍان“‬ ‫َجار َو َم ُ‬ ‫لَ َها‬
‫اِ ْع َراب ‪َ in‬م ْنقُوص‬ ‫َم َع ٍان ُمب َتدَا ٌ َم ْرفُو ٌع َو َعلَا َم ُة َر ْف ِع ِه َض َّم ٌة ُم َق َّد َر ٌة َع َلى َاليا ِء ال َم ْح ُذو َف ِة‬
‫جرو ٌر‬
‫َم ُ‬ ‫الج ْم َل ُة ِالأ ْس ِم َّي ُة ”لَ َها َم َع ٍان َك ِث َير ٌة“ فِي‬
‫الض ِّم‪َ .‬و ُ‬ ‫َكثِ َير ٌة نَ ْع ٌت َم ْرفُو ٌع بِ َّ‬
‫َم َح ِّل َر ْف ٍع َخ َب ٌر لِـ ” َه ِذ ِه“‬
‫ُت ْس َت ْع َم ُل َه ِذ ِه ال َك ِل َم ُة بِ َم َع ٍان َك ِث َير ٍة‬
‫وب‬
‫نص ٌ‬
‫َم ُ‬
‫ول َمرفُو ٌع َو َعلَا َم ُة َر ْف ِع ِه َض َّم ٌة َظا ِه َر ٌة‬ ‫تُ ْس َت ْع َم ُل فِع ٌل ُم َضارِ ٌع لِل َمج ُه ِ‬
‫َع َلى ا ِخ ِر ِه‬ ‫ِف َم َعانِ َي َك ِث َير ًة لِ َه ِذ ِه ال َك ِل َم ِة‬
‫اّّ ْعر ُ‬
‫َه ِذ ِه اِس ُم اِشَ ا َر ٍة َمبنِي َع َلى ال َك ْس ِر فِي َم َح ِّل َر ْف ٍع نَائِ ُب الفَا ِع ِل‬ ‫َاع ُل َض ِم ٌير ُم ْس َتتِ ٌر َتق ِد ُير ُه اّّنَا‬ ‫الض ِّم‪ .‬الف ِ‬ ‫ِف فِع ٌل ُم َضارِ ٌع َمرفُو ٌع بِ َّ‬ ‫اّّ ْعر ُ‬
‫ال َكلِ َم ُة َب َد ٌل َمرفُو ٌع َو َعلَا َم ُة َر ْف ِع ِه َض َّم ٌة َظا ِه َر ٌة‬ ‫وب َو َعلَا َم ُة ن َْصبِ ِه َف ْت َح ٌة َظا ِه َر ٌة َعلَى ا ِخ ِر ِه‬ ‫َم َعانِ َي َم ْف ُعو ٌل بِ ِه َم ْن ُص ٌ‬
‫اب‬ ‫رف َج ٍّر َمبنِي َع َلى ال َك ْس ِر‪َ .‬لأ َم َح َّل لَ ُه ِم َن ِالأ ْع َر ِ‬ ‫َح ُ‬ ‫بِـ‬ ‫وب َو َعلَا َم ُة ن َْصبِ ِه َف ْت َح ٌة َظا ِه َر ٌة‬
‫َكثِ َير ًة نَ ْع ٌت َم ْن ُص ٌ‬
‫جرو ٌر َو َعلَا َم ُة َج ِّر ِه َف ْت َح ٌة ُم َق َّد َر ٌة َعلَى َاليا ِء ال َم ْح ُذو َف ِة‬ ‫َم َع ٍان اِس ٌم َم ُ‬ ‫اب‬‫رف َج ٍّر َمب ِني َع َلى ال َك ْس ِر‪َ .‬لأ َم َح َّل لَ ُه ِم َن ِالأ ْع َر ِ‬ ‫َح ُ‬ ‫لِـ‬
‫الص ْر ِف‬‫لِأّّنَّ ُه َم ْم ُنو ٌع ِم َن َّ‬ ‫َه ِذ ِه اِس ُم اِشَ ا َر ٍة َمبنِي َع َلى ال َك ْس ِر فِي َم َح ِّل َج ٍّر اِ ْس ٌم َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬
‫جرو ٌر َو َعلَا َم ُة َج ِّر ِه ك َْس َر ٌة َظا ِه َر ٌة‬ ‫َكثِ َير ٍة نَ ْع ٌت َم ُ‬ ‫جرو ٌر َو َعلَا َم ُة َج ِّر ِه ك َْس َر ٌة َظا ِه َر ٌة‬
‫ال َكلِ َم ِة َب َد ٌل َم ُ‬
‫‪6‬‬

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