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2: Series
∞
X
an = a1 + a2 + a3 + · · · + an + · · · .
n=1
That is,
s 1 = a1
s 2 = a1 + a2
s 3 = a1 + a2 + a3
..
.
∞
X
Definition: The series an is said to converge with sum S if the sequence of partial sums
n=1
{sn }∞
n=1 converges to S. Otherwise, the series diverges.
∞
X
Example: List the first four partial sums of 1n . Does the series converge or diverge?
n=1
s1 = 1
s2 = 1+1=2
s3 = 1+1+1=3
s4 = 1+1+1+1=4
..
.
sn = n.
lim sn = lim n = ∞.
n→∞ n→∞
∞
X 1
Example: Show that the series converges.
n=1
2n
∞
X n+1
Example: If the nth partial sum of the series an is sn = , find the sum of the series
n=1
2n + 4
and a general formula for the nth term an .
Note: There are certain types of series whose sum can be computed easily, provided that the
series is convergent.
Example: Determine whether the given series converge. If so, find the sum of the series.
∞
X 1 1
(a) cos − cos
n=1
n n+1
∞
X n+1
(b) ln
n=1
n+2
∞
X 1
(c)
n=1
n(n + 1)
a
.
1−r
If |r| ≥ 1, the series diverges.
sn = a + ar + ar2 + · · · + arn−1 .
Then rsn = ar + ar2 + ar3 + · · · + arn and
Example: Determine whether the given series converge. If so, find the sum.
∞ n
X 1 1
(a)
n=0
2 3
1
Since |r| = < 1, the series converges with sum
3
1 1 1 3 3
= = .
2
1
2 2 4
1−
3
∞ n
X 2
(b) 5
n=1
7
2
Since |r| = < 1, the series converges with sum
7
10 1 10 7
= = 2.
7
2 7 5
1−
7
∞
X 23n
(c)
n=0
5n+1
8
Since |r| = > 1, the series diverges.
5
1 1 1 1
(d) − + − + −···
2 4 8 16
1
Since |r| = < 1, the series converges with sum
2
1 1 1 2 1
1 = = .
2 2 3 3
1+
2
∞
X
Example: Find all values of x for which the series (x − 3)n converges. Find the sum of
n=1
the series for these values of x.
By the Geometric Series Test, the series converges if |x − 3| < 1. That is,
−1 < x − 3 < 1
2 < x < 4.
Theorem: (The
P Divergence Test)
The series an diverges if
lim an 6= 0.
n→∞
P
Proof: Suppose the series an converges with sum S. Then
lim sn = S,
n→∞
lim sn−1 = S.
n→∞
It follows that
lim an = lim (sn − sn−1 ) = S − S = 0.
n→∞ n→∞
P
We haveP shown that if an converges, then limn→∞ an = 0. Thus, if limn→∞ an 6= 0, the
series an diverges.
Note: If lim an = 0, the Divergence Test does not provide any information.
n→∞
∞
X
(b) tan−1 (n)
n=1