IT1715

Telecommunications
What is Telecommunication?

Telecommunications refers to the exchange of information by electronic and electrical means over a
significant distance. A complete telecommunication arrangement is made up of two or more stations
equipped with transmitter and receiver devices. A single co-arrangement of transmitters and receivers,
called a transceiver, may also be used in many telecommunication stations.

Telecommunication devices includes telephones, telegraph, radio, microwave communication

arrangements, fiber optics, satellites and the Internet. Telecommunications is also known as telecom.

Basic elements

A basic telecommunication system consists of three primary units that are always present in some
form:

https://www.google.com.ph/search?tbm=isch&q=transmitter,+transmission+medium+and+receiver+telecommunications&chips=q:transmitter+transmission+medium+and+receiver+tele
communications,online_chips:components&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOj6H_ye_YAhUDH5QKHex4CewQ4lYIJygA&biw=1366&bih=613&dpr=1#imgrc=s1xxdCN_6RQJQM:

• A transmitter that takes information and converts it to a signal.

• A transmission medium, also called the "physical channel" that carries the signal. An example of
this is the "free space channel".
• A receiver takes the signal from the channel and converts it back into usable information.

Functions of Telecommunications

• The primary function of telecommunication systems is Transmits information to far distance

and establish interface between sender and receiver by some means of transmission mode
or way.
• Since terminals and nodes are connected randomly in the network so these systems route
the message along the most efficient paths that take minimum time to send message to the
receiver end. Transmission of the data and reception of the message is done in uninterrupted
way and come shortest path and minimum time.
• These systems also ensure that right message received by right user only and while
transmitting is also check for transmission errors.
• As we know network use different software and hardware to transmit data via
communication channels and that vary with the different medium so the telecommunication
is responsible for converting and managing the speed of transmission independent to the
platform. Also convert message from one format to another because information
represented in different way to the different platform.

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• Control the flow of information that dependent on the communication channels and the
terminals used to transmit information. So this system control both of them accordingly.

Uses of Telecommunications

Telecommunication has witnessed exponential growth over the past few decades. This technological
advancement has impacted almost every part of human life. The use of telecommunication has not
only made it easy for friends and family to keep in touch but also helped businesses to meet a bigger
part of their communication and security needs. There's a plethora of other benefits that come with
telecommunication and they affect various sectors differently. With entry of different technology
equipment manufacturers and service providers into the industry, there have been significant
improvements in telecommunication. The telecom sector brings together a number of sub-sectors
including network security providers, network operators, telecom infrastructure, billing companies,
enterprise communication and telecom software. It also features other sub-sectors like handset
manufacturers, telecom equipment manufacturers and Value Added Service providers.

Uses of Telecommunication in Daily Life

1. Distant Communication

Gone are the days where one could send letters to family and friends or visit a telephone booth to
make a call to someone, who might not even be available. Today, contacting other people from any
part of the world is way easier that before with the use of computers, handsets and the internet. People
can communicate via phone calls, text messages, e-mails or through social media platforms. Telecom
has simply made keeping in touch with loved ones more convenient, efficient and less costly.

2. Entertainment

The growth of telecommunication has completely changed the entertainment landscape. Nowadays,
people can access hundreds of TV channels to watch news, movies and music. With the emergency of
such sites as YouTube, people can view and/or download their favorite music videos from anywhere
at any time. The music files can also share with other people over social media platforms or via mobile
apps.

3. Socialization

With more and more people getting entangled in their work and careers, it's hard to find time for social
life. But the growth of social media platforms has really done much in filling that gap. Today, one can
connect and meet new people through Facebook, Instagram, Facebook or Twitter while at work.
People are also using mobile phone applications like Skype, Whatsapp, Google Hangouts and ezTalks
app to interact live by making video calls. In addition, through the numerous dating apps available in
the market today, people can find conveniently mates from any part of the world online. These
platforms allow people to share their experiences through photos, videos and text, which makes dating
and forming relationships hassle-free.

Uses of Telecommunication in Banking

1. Customer Service

Banking products and services today touch on almost each and every one of us. With the ever
expanding customer base, it's only inherent for banks and other financial institutions to invest in
exceptional customer support infrastructure. Customers may need to check on their account balances,
inquire about bank products and services or present relating to their bank accounts or transactions.

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Using a robust customer call center, reliable online portal and efficient email response service, banks
can engage with and resolve customer issues quite seamlessly.

2. Integrated Voice Response (IVR) and Call-back Manager

IVR and call-back manager are key technologies that can be used by banking institutions that are trying
to align their global businesses and IT strategies to improving customer care. The Implementation of
IVR can particularly help a bank to provide high-quality and consistent customer support. It can also
help the bank to consolidate its self-service infrastructure and applications, which can lead to overall
improvement in customer service provision.

The use of call-back managed can also provide a great boost in streamlining bank operations. For
instance, when a customer calls a bank's contact center and no one is responding fast, he or she can
request for a call-back time and/or number instead of waiting on the line for an indefinite amount of
time. This can help a bank improve its customer support and satisfaction as well.

3. Mobile Bank Transactions

The growth of technology in banking over the past few years has not only allowed customers to make
transactions using their PCs but also make payments through their mobile phones. Today, people can
access their bank accounts, make deposits, withdraw cash and check balances right from their phones.
The integration of mobile banking apps has really brought convenience in managing personal bank
accounts and making transactions. But with major security challenges like fraud haunting this form of
banking, most financial institutions are now investing more resources on improving user authentication
and protection of personal data.

Uses of Telecommunication in Business

1. Communication Logistics

In the past, companies would spend a substantial amount of their time and money travelling to meet
up with clients, employees and/or business partners. Nowadays, telecommunication technologies such
as teleconferencing, video calling and telepresence have made holding global meetings easier than
ever. Businesses can now have instant face-to-face communication with oversea customers and
partners without the need to travel or wait too long to get correspondence. That has allowed many
companies to enjoy faster decision-making, which a perfect recipe for improved performance and
growth.

2. Business Meetings

With advancement in telecommunication technology, companies can interact with important business
players not only via phone calls but also through the internet. For instance, the use of video conference
systems has really made it easier for people from different geographical locations to interact in real-
time over a live video feed. With such software as ezTalks Cloud Meeting, a business can organize
online meetings with employees, clients and business partners hassle-free.

The software allows participants to join in the meeting from anywhere using their PCs, smartphones
or tablets. ezTalks free plan can host up to 100 participants in a meeting simultaneously while its paid
plan accommodates up to 500 attendees at once. With such a huge meeting capacity, businesses can
enjoy greater convenience in holding meetings while saving more on meeting costs.

3. Employee Collaboration

Cross-team collaboration is an important aspect when it comes to inspiring performance and

productivity on any company project. And telecom solutions such as video conferencing offer viable

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options for employees from different departments to meet, regardless on the geographical distance
between them.

The latest video conference systems are engineered with a range of interactive tools that allow people
to interact as if they were in the same room. With leading products like ezTalks Onion, employees can
enjoy full HD video & audio, instant screen/file sharing, innovative whiteboards and cross-platform
chats. That gives cross team collaboration the platform to engage in meaningful discussions which will
steer performance of a project.

4. International Clientele

The use of internet has contributed greatly to the growth of e-commerce. Businesses are now able to
reach out too many customers through their online-based websites, social media platforms and
through television commercials. The geographical boundaries between businesses and consumers
have been broken and companies are now enjoying more profits due to increased customer base.

The use of telecommunication technology is this era is just immeasurable. Its effects can be felt from
the cities all through to the remote villages. While some of the telecom solutions are designed for
businesses others are made for individual use. But they all aim at fulfilling one goal-transforming the
world into a global village where transfer and sharing of data is more efficient, reliable and convenient.
The Bandwidth
Bandwidth

Bandwidth is a measurement of the width or capacity of the communication channel. Effectively,

it means how much information can move across the communication channel in a given amount of
time. For example, to transmit text documents, a slow bandwidth would be acceptable. However,
to effectively transmit video and audio, a wider bandwidth is required. Bandwidth is usually
expressed in bits per second (bps); modern networks typically have speeds measured in the
millions of bits per second (megabits per second, or Mbps) or billions of bits per second (gigabits
per second, or Gbps).

There are four categories of bandwidth.

• Voiceband, also known as low bandwidth, is used for standard telephone communication.
Personal computers with telephone modems and dial-up service use this bandwidth. While
effective for transmitting text documents, it is too slow for many types of transmission,
including high-quality audio and video.

• Medium band is used in special leased lines to connect midrange computers and mainframes
as well as to transmit data over long distances. This bandwidth is capable of very-high-speed
data transfer.

• Broadband is widely used for DSL, cable, and satellite connections to the Internet. Several
users can simultaneously use a single broadband connection for high-speed data transfer.

• Baseband is widely used to connect individual computers that are located close to one
another. Like broadband, it is able to support high-speed transmission. Unlike broadband,
however, baseband can only carry a single signal at a time.

Note that bandwidth is not the only factor that affects network performance: There is also packet
loss, latency and jitter, all of which degrade network throughput and make a link perform like one
with lower bandwidth. A network path usually consists of a succession of links, each with its own
bandwidth, so the end-to-end bandwidth is limited to the bandwidth of the lowest speed link.

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it’s important to also make the distinction between speed and bandwidth. Bandwidth is simply
how many bits we can transmit a second, not the speed at which they travel. We can use the water
pipe analogy to grasp this concept further. More water could be transported by buying a larger
pipe- but the speed at which the water flows is less affected.

File Size, Bit Rate, Bandwidth and Data Transmission

File size is measured in bytes. For example, a small image file might be 20K (K or KB is the
abbreviation for kilobyte), or about 20,000 bytes in size. One kilobyte = about 1,000 bytes.

If a computer could receive 5,000 bytes per second or 5K bytes per second, it would take 4 seconds
for that computer to receive a file 20K in length.

But bandwidth is not measured in bytes, it is measured in bits. One byte contains eight bits. So, if
a computer can receive 5KB or 5,000 bytes in one second, another way to put it is to say that it
can receive 40,000 (5,000 x 8) bits per second, or 40 kbps.

Data transmission measured in bits per second is called the baud rate or bit rate, and is the
measure of bandwidth. It is commonly measured in thousands of bits per second or kilobits per
second. The abbreviation for kilobits per second is kbps or Kbps or simply k. One kilobit = about
1,000 bits.

Make the distinction between bits and bytes. A megabyte is certainly not the same as a megabit,
although they are abbreviated quite similarly. Since we know there are 8 bits in a byte, you can
simply divide the number of bits by 8 to find the byte equivalent (or to convert from bytes to bits,
multiply by 8.

If a computer connects to the Internet using a 56 kbps dialup modem, in theory, it means that the
computer could receive 56,000 bits (56 kbps) per second. That would mean that the computer
could receive about 7,000 bytes per second. Remember that a byte is 8 bits, so 56,000bps / 8 =
7,000 bytes. So, to receive the 20K image file, the 56 kbps dialup connection would require slightly
less than 3 seconds to receive the file.

Data transmission measured in bits per second is the bandwidth of the connection. In this case
the bandwidth is 56 kbps.

One thing must be noted: A 56 kbps modem cannot actually communicate at 56 kbps. In reality
it's more like 35-52 kbps, or to put it another way, a 56 kbps modem connection generally only
provides 35-45 kbps of bandwidth

Bandwidth Issues

Common Causes of Bandwidth Issues

Bandwidth Issues can almost always be traced to one or two specific activities. These activities
almost always have two characteristics: large amounts of data, and extended duration. Common
activities causing bandwidth problems are:
• Watching videos from Internet (YouTube, Netflix)
• Large file transfers between computers (greater than 100 megabytes in size)
• Constant stream of data (surveillance footage from security cameras)
• Downloading files from internet

All of the above can contribute greatly to bandwidth issues in a network, and should be done only
when there is only light network traffic. Large file transfers or data streams within a network
should be placed on a separate network, in order to avoid bottlenecking other users.

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How to Detect a Bandwidth Problem?

A symptom of a bandwidth bottleneck is always slow network performance, however not every
slow network is the result of a bandwidth issue. Many times IT departments simply add bandwidth
when a network slows down. This is not always a good solution though, since it adds cost, and
merely solves the symptom of the problem, not necessarily the problem itself.

In order to diagnose a network problem one should use a network monitoring technology. Some
popular “flow-based” technologies are NetFlow and sFlow. These technologies are able to
“rewind” a network to the point where the slowdown was experienced, and analyze the data to
see if any routers or ports were operating beyond capacity – if so, a bandwidth issue is likely
present.

Adding More Bandwidth if Necessary

If it is determined that a network problem is the result of insufficient bandwidth Packet works is
able to provide full solutions to upgrade bandwidth and eliminate data bottlenecks.

Network Congestion, Bandwidth Spikes and Buffering

Because streamed video is displayed as it is received, if for some reason the data stream is slowed
or interrupted, the video will stop playing. Network congestion and other problems are fairly
common, and to help ameliorate the interruption of the data stream, buffering is implemented.

Buffering works by storing a portion of the video locally, and then playing the video by retrieving
data from the local buffer. Before the video starts playing, the player downloads some amount of
the video and stores it locally. Generally, this is not a large portion of the video, usually 10 seconds
or so. It then plays the video by retrieving frames from this local buffer while continually
downloading more of the video to keep the buffer full.

If the network becomes congested, or if the stream is interrupted for some reason, the player can
continue playing from the buffer, and hopefully the interruption will be corrected before the
buffer is depleted and the video stops playing.

Buffering can also help encoding videos that contain spikes of high bandwidth. This can occur if
something in the video suddenly requires more bandwidth. For example, in a video demonstrating
an application, for many frames the only movement might be the mouse pointer moving about
the screen. If the author of the video pushes a button in the application that causes a new window
to open, the entire frame might change, requiring a large block of data needing to be transmitted
to update the next frame. This, of course, causes a spike in the required bandwidth.

Modern media encoders take into account the extra time afforded by the buffer, that while the
extra data caused by the bandwidth spike is being is being delivered, the video can be played from
the buffer, thereby not interrupting playback. Increasing the amount of buffering time can make
the difference between a successful or failed encoding process.

Audio and Bandwidth

Audio is a very important consideration when considering streaming content and bandwidth.
Audio requires bandwidth just as video does. The higher the quality of the audio, the more
bandwidth it will consume.

That is why streaming media encoders such as Media Encoder always use compressed audio.
Uncompressed audio gobbles up bandwidth. PCM uncompressed audio, 22.050 kHz, 16-bit mono

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for instance requires 43 kbps of bandwidth. If you consider a dialup modem connected at 40 kbps,
it is evident that any attempt to stream this is doomed to fail. Highly compressed, lower quality
audio such as ACELP.net 8 kHz, mono for example requires only 5 kbps of bandwidth.
Networks
A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes,
network devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to
one another to allow the sharing of data. An excellent
example of a network is the Internet, which connects millions
of people all over the world. Beside is an example image of a
home network with multiple computers and other network
devices all connected to each other and the Internet.

What is a Wireless Router?

A wireless router is a hardware device used to connect a

computer to a network without running cables from the
computer to the router. A wireless router allows you to share
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/n/network.htm
an internet connection with several other computer users
without having to pay internet subscription fees for each individual user. Users can quickly and
easily connect to the internet, usually within 100 feet of the wireless signal.

Accessing the Internet

There are two types of wireless routers, each designed for a different use. The first type allows
you to connect computers within a single household as long as the computers are within the range
of the router. This router type allows you to access the internet remotely. The second type of
wireless router is designed for office application and covers a wider area. While wired routers cost
less than wireless routers, wireless connections are convenient and becoming more reliable.

Remote Connection Without a Cable Wire

A wireless router works by plugging a base set into an internet connection, giving your computer
access to the internet. Wireless routers allow computer users to work online without having to be
connected with a cable wire. They allow for wired connections as well (i.e. having a desktop
computer connected to the router through the Ethernet cable in addition to a wireless laptop).

Connecting Computers to a Single Network

The number of ports on a router determines how many computers can be run off that router to
access a single broadband connection. A router actually is a junction box that joins together a
single network. A modem is built into the router connecting computers either wirelessly or
through one of its wired cables.

Radio Waves Transmit and Receive the Signals

In much the same way as a wireless cellular phone, a wireless router hooked up to a cable or DSL
internet connection uses radio frequency waves instead of telephone lines to transmit and receive
networking signals. This allows transmission of data from one location to another. Data from the
computer is translated into a radio signal and then transmitted. A wireless router receives the
signal, decodes it, and then sends the information to the internet using a wired connection. The
router also can receive information from the internet, translate it into a radio signal, and then
send it to the computer. An easy description is to compare a wireless network to a two-way radio
communication. Radio and television programs are broadcast in a similar way

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What is a Hub?

A hub is the most basic networking device that connects multiple computers or other network
devices together. Unlike a network switch or router, a network hub has no routing tables or
intelligence on where to send information and broadcasts all network data across each
connection. Most hubs can detect basic network errors such as collisions, but having all
information broadcast to multiple ports can be a security risk and cause bottlenecks.

Network hub is a networking device that connects to one or more equipment. For example, a
computer can connect to a server, printer and another computer through a network hub. It is
useful in sharing of resources and broadcasting data it receives. It helps connects these devices
together without having to connect to each other directly. There are three types of network hubs:
Passive Hubs, Active Hubs and Intelligent Hubs.

Passive Hubs

One of the types of a network hub is the so-called passive hub. It's a pass-through that does not
do anything more than just broadcast signals it receives through its input port, then sends it out
through the output port. It does not do anything to regenerate or process the signals because it
only functions as a connector of different wires in a topology.

Active Hubs

An active hub works more than just a connector but also regenerates the data bits to ensure the
signals are strong. Another name for an active hub is a multiport repeater. It provides an active
participation in the network aside from acting as an interface. It participates in the data
communication, such as storing signals received through the input ports, before forwarding them.
It can monitor the data it is forwarding and sometimes help improve signals before forwarding
them to other connections. Such a feature makes troubleshooting of network problems easier.

Intelligent Hubs

An intelligent hub can perform everything that the passive hub and active hub do, and help
manage the network resources effectively to ensure that the performance of the network is highly
efficient. An intelligent hub can help in troubleshooting by pinpointing the actual location of the
problem and help identify the root cause and resolution. It is very adaptable to different
technologies without any need to change its configuration. The intelligent hub performs different
functions such as bridging, routing, switching and network management.

Speeds

Network hubs come in different speeds, also known as network data rate or bandwidth. There are
older network hubs that offer 10 Mbps speeds, then later in 100 Mbps. In bigger networks, it may
be necessary to use a dual speed network hub, which comes in both 10 and 100 Mbps in order to
provide connection points for computers or printers that are running 10/100 Mbps.

In a home office or small business, one can use a smaller network hub that usually comes in four
or six ports. Before buying a hub, take into consideration how much equipment needs to connect
to the network hub.

Types of Network

There are several different types of computer networks. Computer networks can be characterized
by their size as well as their purpose.

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The size of a network can be expressed by the geographic area they occupy and the number of
computers that are part of the network. Networks can cover anything from a handful of devices
within a single room to millions of devices spread across the entire globe.

Some of the different networks based on size are:

• Personal area network, or PAN
• Local area network, or LAN
• Metropolitan area network, or MAN
• Wide area network, or WAN

In terms of purpose, many networks can be considered general purpose, which means they are
used for everything from sending files to a printer to accessing the Internet. Some types of
networks, however, serve a very particular purpose. Some of the different networks based on
their main purpose are:

• Storage area network, or SAN

• Enterprise private network, or EPN
• Virtual private network, or VPN
• Let's look at each of these in a bit more detail.

Personal Area Network

A personal area network, or PAN, is a computer

network organized around an individual person
within a single building. This could be inside a
small office or residence. A typical PAN would
include one or more computers, telephones,
peripheral devices, video game consoles and
other personal entertainment devices.

If multiple individuals use the same network

within a residence, the network is sometimes
referred to as a home area network, or HAN. In a
very typical setup, a residence will have a single
wired Internet connection connected to a
modem. This modem then provides both wired
and wireless connections for multiple d evices.
The network is typically managed from a single
computer but can be accessed from any device.

This type of network provides great flexibility. For example, it allows you to:
• Send a document to the printer in the office upstairs while you are sitting on the couch with
your laptop.
• Upload a photo from your cell phone to your desktop computer.
• Watch movies from an online streaming service to your TV.
• If this sounds familiar to you, you likely have a PAN in your house without having called it by its
name.

Local Area Network

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A local area network, or LAN, consists of a computer network at a single site, typically an individual
office building. A LAN is very useful for sharing
resources, such as data storage and printers.
LANs can be built with relatively inexpensive
hardware, such as hubs, network adapters and
Ethernet cables.

The smallest LAN may only use two computers,

while larger LANs can accommodate thousands
of computers. A LAN typically relies mostly on
wired connections for increased speed and
security, but wireless connections can also be
part of a LAN. High speed and relatively low cost
are the defining characteristics of LANs.

LANs are typically used for single sites where

people need to share resources among
themselves but not with the rest of the outside world. Think of an office building where everybody
should be able to access files on a central server or be able to print a document to one or more
central printers. Those tasks should be easy for everybody working in the same office, but you
would not want somebody just walking outside to be able to send a document to the printer from
their cell phone! If a local area network, or LAN, is entirely wireless, it is referred to as a wireless
local area network, or WLAN.

Metropolitan Area Network

A metropolitan area network, or MAN, consists of a

computer network across an entire city, college campus or
small reg ion. A MAN is larger than a LAN, which is typically
limited to a single building or site. Depending on the
configuration, this type of network can cover an area from
several miles to tens of miles. A MAN is often used to
connect several LANs together to form a bigger network.
When this type of network is specifically designed for a
college campus, it is sometimes referred to as a campus
area network, or CAN.

Wide Area Network

A wide area network, or WAN, occupies a very large area,

such as an entire country or the entire world. A WAN can
contain multiple smaller networks, such as LANs or MANs.
The Internet is the best-known example of a public WAN.

Private Networks

One of the benefits of networks like PAN and LAN is that

they can be kept entirely private by restricting some
communications to the connections within the network.
This means that those communications never go over the
Internet.

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For example, using a LAN, an employee is able to establish a fast and secure connection to a
company database without encryption since none of the communications between the
employee's computer and the database on the server leave the LAN. But, what happens if the
same employee wants to use the database from a remote location? What you need is a private
network.

One approach to a private network is to build an enterprise private network, or EPN. An EPN is a
computer network that is entirely controlled by one organization, and it is used to connect
multiple locations. Historically, telecommunications companies, like AT&T, operated their own
network, separate from the public Internet. EPNs are still fairly common in certain sectors where
security is of the highest concern. For example, a number of health facilities may establish their
own network between multiple sites to have full control over the confidentiality of patient
records.

With the growth of the Internet, private networks have gone virtual. A virtual private network,
or VPN, extends a private network into a public network, such as the Internet. A VPN is a network
in which some parts of the network use the Internet, but data is encrypted before it is sent over
the Internet to indicate that it is a private network. A VPN provides a high level of security for
traffic over the Internet.

Other Special Purpose Networks

Most computer networks are general purpose networks used for many different forms of
communication, but some networks have been built for a very specific purpose.

• A storage area network, or SAN, is a network dedicated to data storage. A large

organization may have different types of centralized storage, not all of which should be
accessible to all users of the local area network within the organization. A dedicated SAN
gives network and database administrators more control over data storage. Regular LAN
users only get access to the elements of this storage system that are relevant to them.

• A home area network, or HAN, is a type of PAN specifically designed for home use. A home
network may include things like digital televisions, home security and other types of
systems that are unique to the home environment and not typically found in an office.

• A body area network, or BAN, is a network of wearable computing devices. This can
include things like a watch, special glasses, tracking devices and heart-rate monitors. For
example, an Alzheimer's patient could be outfitted with a location tracking device and a
cellular communication device. If they leave a certain area, family members can be alerted
with a text or e-mail message to the location of their loved one

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Telecommunicationhttp://www.assignmenthelp.net/assignment_help/What-is-
Telecommunication

Lonny, M., (2015) Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-bandwidth-usage-

limits-measurement.html

Paul, Z., (2017) Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-networks-lan-wan-

wlan-man-san-pan-epn-vpn.html

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