Integrated Pest Management

Training Workshop Report

The Report on Integrated Pest Management Training Workshop

(Scaling up: Training of adult education teachers on general
principles of crop husbandry and integrated pest management,
KARI-Kisii, Kenya) is produced by the International Centre for
Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)

For more information on the report, please contact:

Coordinator
CIAT
Selian Agricultural Research Institute Scaling up: Training of adult education teachers
Dodoma Road on general principles of crop husbandry
P.O. Box 2704, Arusha-Tanzania. and integrated pest management
Tel: (+255-27) 2502268/2508557 KARI-Kisii, Kenya
Fax: (+255-27) 2508557
E-Mail: <ciattz@habari.co.tz>
May 2003

Design and Layout by:

Eva Ngallo

CIAT- Arusha KARI - Kisii

P.O. Box 2704 Regional Research Centre
Arusha, Tanzania P.O. Box 523
Kisii, Kenya
NOTES

Farmer group activity reports for the DFID

Crop Protection Programme (CPP) Bean
IPM Promotion Project in eastern and
southern Africa

Written and Edited by

E.M. Minja, J. Ogecha, J.K.O. Ampofo
and H.A. Mziray

For distribution to Village Information

Centres (VICs) in bean growing areas in
eastern, central and southern Africa.

42
NOTES

41
List of Participants (Cont’d.) Introduction

No. Name Title Address The common bean is an important food and cash
5. Ms. Phoebe Migun Adult Education P.O. Box 501 crop in western, central and eastern Kenya. In
Teacher Oyugis
southwestern Kenya (Kisii and Rachuonyo
6. Mr. Jaram Midamba Adult Education P.O. Box 501
Supervisor Oyugis districts), beans are grown mostly by small-scale
7. Ms. Ruth Auma Okoth Adult Education P.O. Box 41 farmers. The majority of these farmers are poor
Teacher Rakwaro,
Kendu rural women. Insect pests, diseases and poor soils
8. Mr. Jael A. Ouma Adult Education P.O. Box 39 are among the major constraints to increased bean
Teacher Kadongo
9. Ms. Jane A. See Adult Education P.O. Box 179 production. The two districts cover medium to high
Teacher Kadongo
altitude slopes (1500-1800 m.a.s.l.) that are
10. Mr. John Owuor Technical KARI-Kisii
Assistant densely populated. Farm fields are commonly
P.O. Box 523
Kisii, Kenya small (0.2-0.4 ha) and soils are highly leached.
11. Mr. Daniel Miruka Technical KARI-Kisii
Assistant Bean farmers in Kisii and Rachuonyo have formed
P.O. Box 523
Kisii, Kenya research groups since 1994 to collaborate with the
12. Ms Margaret Onyango Agronomist KARI-Kisii Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) at
P.O. Box 523
Kisii, Kenya Kisii on experimentation and evaluation of
13. Mr. John Ogecha Entomologist KARI-Kisii management options for crop and livestock
P.O. Box 523
Kisii, Kenya production constraints. The major bean pests in
14. Dr. E.M. Minja Entomologist CIAT-Arusha the area include bean stem maggots (BSM),
P.O. Box 2704
Arusha, aphids, pod borers, bruchids and diseases e.g. root
Tanzania
rots.
40 1
Farmer groups at Bototo (Kisii) and Otondo and gained knowledge on establishment, harvesting
(Rachuonyo) have taken lead in experimenting and sale on the local market. The young crop was
with BSM tolerant genotypes, seed dressing, use highly infested by flea beetles.
of botanicals as sources of insecticide, earthing-
up and other cultural practices, use of animal and C. Expectations of workshop trainers
green manures and mixtures of organic and small and trainees
quantities of inorganic fertilizers. Farmer groups
• Wider dissemination of IPM technologies
at Otondo demanded to have extension materials
through adult education teachers and trainers
and other relevant information within their reach.
• Adult education teachers and trainers to assist
To achieve this, they requested the local
in the translation of extension materials into
divisional chief to assist and in response he
local languages.
offered part of his office to be used as a village
library (village information centre - VIC).
List of Participants

When the zonal adult education officer for Homa No. Name Title Address
1. Mr. Joseph Okemwa District Adult P.O. Box 501
Bay and Rachuonyo learnt of this, he participated Education Oyugis
Officer
in the inauguration (June 2002) of the VIC and
2. Mr. Philip O. Oyucho Adult Education P.O. Box 501
joined in as collaborator to furnish part of the Supervisor Oyugis
premises and use it for adult literacy campaigns. 3. Ms. Macolata Oloo Adult Education P.O. Box 37
Teacher Oyugis
4. Mr. Jared N.A. Adult Education P.O. Box 501
Nyakworo Supervisor Oyugis

2 39
Beans: Participants were able to learn about bean The Ministry of Health also became a partner
genotypes that are tolerant (XL 52, G8047) and shortly later to use the same for HIV/AIDS
susceptible (local cultivar) to the bean stem campaigns in the area. Most of the adult
maggot (BSM). Plants in the susceptible plot were education teachers in the southwestern Kenya
yellow and wilted despite the abundant rains and are farmers. As the teachers became aware of
their stems were swollen at soil surface level with the purpose of the VICs, they also demanded to
cracks where fly puparia were visible. Tolerant be enhanced to disseminate the IPM information
plants in adjacent plots were dark green and to farmers attending the adult education classes.
healthy. The group were also shown bean plants The Bototo groups admired their Otondo
with aphid colonies and natural enemies (different colleagues and organized themselves to build a
species of lady bird beetles). Each group member library in the past one year using their own
was very happy to learn about the pests and their resources. They have formed partnerships with
natural enemies. the Ministry of Health who use the same
premises for HIV AIDS campaigns for Bototo
Sweet potato: The group observed the damage
area. A one-day workshop for Rachuonyo adult
and management of sweet potato weevil
education teachers was organised and hosted by
(Alcidodes sp.) and viewed different potato
KARI Regional Research Centre at Kisii on 15
varieties.
May 2003 to address the demand.
Spider flower (Cleome sp.): The group were
exited about the promotion of indigenous
vegetables by research and extension authorities

38 3
Objective B. On-station field tour of different
crop demonstrations and livestock
To equip adult education teachers with skills on breeding section
principles of crop production and integrated pest
Participants had only half an hour to tour field
and soil nutrient management to enhance their
crop demonstrations before the afternoon heavy
capacity in IPM information dissemination to adult
rains started. The crops in demonstration plots
education class participants.
were beans, groundnut, maize, indigenous
vegetables (including Cleome spp., Solanum sp.
Participants
and Amaranthus sp.), sweet potatoes, sorghum,
Nine (5 men and 4 women) adult education finger millet, cabbage, onion, bananas, and
teachers including the Homa Bay/Rachuonyo zonal cucurbits. The group
officer participated in the workshop. An agronomist acquired knowledge
and entomologist based at KARI-Kisii were the two
resource persons who facilitated the workshop.
CIAT entomologist provided backstopping during
discussions. Extension officers were also
about appropriate
expected to attend but they could not make it
agronomic practices,
because of heavy rains (24 hour non-stop during
pest incidences and some management options.
the week) that inconvenienced some of the
Participants viewed the livestock in the sheds
participants commuting from their distant locations
after the field tour.
in Rachuonyo district.
4 37
What are the “Principles of Integrated
Pest Management”?
Integrated pest management entails the judicious
use of cultural, biological, physical
botanical/synthetic pesticide options to maintain
pest levels below the economic damage level. It
involves a stepwise use of a wide range of
technologies that suit the specific crop, pest
problem, environment and farmer’s economic
ability.
Focus area
The crop production areas covered during the
workshop included - Agronomic principles of crop
husbandry and General principles of insect pest
and
management. An afternoon session of farmer field
visits was cancelled due to heavy rains.
Participants briefly viewed on-station experimental
and demonstration plots for different crops. The
teachers also developed interest in viewing
improved dairy animals (cattle and goats) and
forages.

36 5
 A. Workshop meeting • All pesticides need to be locked up before
and after use away from children and other
1. Agronomic principles of crop
husbandry people. They should be stored in a cool dry
place
Trainer: Ms Margaret Onyango, Researcher,
KARI-Kisii • Read the label carefully when purchasing
and follow instructions during application
• History of
cultivated crops: • Don’t handle pesticides when you have

All cultivated crops injuries on the skin

were domesticated • Don’t eat or smoke while handling

from their wild pesticides
species. Most of
• Use protective gear when handling
the crops spread into new areas from their centres
pesticides (overall, gum boots, hand gloves,
of origin (e.g. China, Egypt, South Asia and Tropical
face masks, etc.)
America) through migrants and traders.
• Wash hands, body and application gear
• Present position of agriculture in Africa -
(clothes, sprayer, buckets, etc) with soap
Most countries in Africa depend on agricultural
and water soon after application
crops for food and cash income.
• In case of poisoning - provide the patient
• Soils and soil fertility - Soils support plant
with first aid (wash the whole body with a lot
growth. The ability of the soil to constantly
of water) and then take the person quickly
provide the required plant nutrients for high
to the nearest clinic/hospital.
6 35
Mode of action for different insecticides crop yields is referred to as soil fertility. Soil
fertility is affected by the parent rock, soil
• Stomach poison - effective when ingested by
erosion (soil conservation) and management.
the pest e.g. chewing insects
• Cropping systems - Shifting cultivation,
• Contact poison - effective by entry through
continuous cropping, crop rotation, sole
the exoskeleton or skin
cropping (monoculture), intercropping, relay
• Nerve poison - affects the nervous system
cropping, strip cropping, mixed cropping
causing paralysis
(growing different crops in different mixtures
• Fumigants - effective through the respiratory
especially when land is scarce).
system.
• Common bean (field beans - Phaseolus

Pesticide application techniques vulgaris) cultivation - Most important food

grain legume grown in the tropic and sub
• Spraying - chemicals formulated as
tropic-regions.
emulsifiable liquid concentrates (e.c.) or
wettable powders (w.p.) Agronomic practices for common (field)
beans cultivation
• Dusting/drilling - chemicals formulated as
dusts or granules. The common beans are the best known and most
widely cultivated species of Phaseolus. They are
Pesticide handling
grown for their dry grain, immature pods, shelled
• Pesticides are toxic poisons that kill humans green bean, leaves used as spinach and haulm
and other organisms used for fodder. Beans are probably native to
34 7
tropical South America but they are grown Dylox vapona, Disyston, Dimethoate
throughout the cooler tropics (Latin America, Brazil, (Rogor), Systox and Thimet.
China, Mexico and USA, India, and Africa). In
• Carbamates - These are broad spectrum
Africa, common beans are grown in Kenya,
pesticides used against insects, mites and
Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Malawi,
nematodes. Some of them have systemic
Burundi, DR Congo, Zambia, Cameroon,
action. Examples include Baygon, Sevin
Madagascar, Mozambique and Sudan.
(Carbaryl), Furadan (Carbofuran) and
Temik
• Cultivation: Beans are seldom grown as a
sole crop under smallholder production • Synthetic pyrethroids - These are broad-
systems. The crop is usually intercropped spectrum insecticides that have quick knock
with maize, bananas, sweet potato, cotton down effect and last for a very short period
and coffee. Rotation with other annual crops in the environment. Examples include
(maize, wheat, sorghum, Irish potatoes and Karate, Ripcord, Ambush, Baythroid, etc.
vegetables) is also common. As a legume, They should be used with care because
beans are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen they kill most natural enemies in the
into the soil to help improve soil nutrient environment and common insect pests
levels for the following crop. Continuous including the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa
cultivation of beans on the same piece of armigera) have developed resistance
land is not advisable because of the build up against this group of insecticides.
of diseases and insect pests.
8 33
 pesticides). These include Aldrin, • Land preparation: Deep ploughing early in
Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrin, Gamma BHC the season is most appropriate.
(Lindane), etc. Because of their Incorporate crop residues into the soil to
persistence in the environment and hence improve soil fertility. Harrow the field a few
their detrimental effects to human and other days before planting.
27
organisms, most of them have been banned
• Planting: Planting should be done when
from use except a few that have remained
the soil is sufficiently moist and at the
on the market under restricted use (e.g.
appropriate time during the season to avoid
Lindane).
peak periods of insect pests and diseases.
• Organophosphates - These have a broad- Sow 2-3 seeds per hole at 50-75 x 10-15
spectrum activity against insects, mites and cm spacing. The seed rate is about 60
ticks. Although some of them are highly kg/ha but his may vary due to seed size.
toxic and dangerous to apply (e.g.
• Moisture requirements: Adequate
Parathion), they have short residual
moisture is essential during germination to
properties to the environment. Some of
flowering and pod filling stage. Water
them have systemic action (transported
stress results in stunted growth, flower and
through the food chain in the plants).
pod shedding that leads low yields.
Examples of organophosphate insecticides
include Malathion (used in field crops, • Disease and pest management: Plants
vegetables and storage pests), Diazinon should be inspected regularly from

32 9
 germination and appropriate plant (Capsicum spp.), Wild onion (Allium
protection actions implemented accordingly. sativum), Tobacco (Nicotine), Tephrosia
spp., Tithonia diversifolia, Datura
• Harvesting and storage: When bean pods
stramonium, Vernonia spp., etc.
loose the green colour, the bean seeds are
mature. If cultivars are non-shattering, they • Synthetic insecticides - Conventional

can be harvested when the moisture insecticides are widely used for pest

content of the seed is between 10-12%. control. They are effective against the

Allow pods to dry for 1 week if harvesting is major insect species and some have broad-

done early. Pods should be threshed and spectrum activity. These insecticides are

grain winnowed. The seed should then be however, highly poisonous and should be

dried further to 10% moisture content. handled with most care. They also

Store seed/grain under hygienic conditions. contaminate the environment and frequent
use leads to resistance development
• Yields: Average yields under smallholder
among some pests.
production are low (200-600 kg/ha).
Improved cultivars grown under improved
management practices including insect pest Types of synthetic insecticides
and disease control can yield 1000-1500 • Organochlorines - these were the first
kg/ha. generation of synthetic insecticides that
have long residual properties (hard

10 31
 insect pests (parasitoids) and they include 2. General principles of insect pest
the larvae of various wasps and nematodes. management

• Insects are affected by diseases caused Trainer: Mr John Ogecha, Researcher, KARI Kisii
by fungi (Metarhizium sp.), bacteria
Definition of pest:
(Bacilus thuringiensis - B.T. or Dipel), and
It is an organism
viruses (Nucleopolyhedrosis (plant or animal)
virus - NPV). that is troublesome
to man and his

interest or an organism whose presence is not

required. Regarding insects, they are defined as
iv) Chemical methods
pests when their numbers have increased in the
The use of insecticides has been the most field to a level of causing economic damage or
common chemical method for insect pest control. losses on crops.
Botanical (plant materials) and conventional
(synthetic) insecticides are frequently used by Factors that lead to pest problems:
farmers.
• Modern farming that has replaced the
• Botanical plants used as sources of
balanced mixed cropping system with large
insecticides include Pyrethrum flower
hectares of monocultures
extract contains (Pyrethrin), Neem tree
(Azadirachta indica, Melia sp.), Pepper

30 11
• Improved high yielding crop varieties that • Humidity regulation
are highly susceptible to pest attacks • Temperature regulation e.g. sunning
• Abundant food supplies that have • Air regulation e.g. airtight storage
stimulated pests to multiply fast leading to
outbreaks iii) Biological methods
• Wide scale use of synthetic pesticides and
We are all encouraged to protect naturally
fertilizers that have accelerated the
occurring pest control agents and even artificially
development of resistance/tolerance to
increase their numbers.
pesticides among some of the pests
• Pests have evolved to synchronise their
• Insect pests have other insects that feed on
reproductive cycles with the availability of
them (predators) and help in regulating pest
food, i.e. biological clock
population e.g. ladybird beetles on aphids
• Weather (temperature, rainfall and
and other insects. Other predatory organisms
humidity) patterns that affect pest
nclude birds,
incidences and population growth and
lizards,
hence determine the damage.
chameleon, frogs,
bats, spiders and
Types of damage:
man. Other
• Direct damage
organisms feed
o Destruction of the assimilative plant
within the body of
parts
12 29
 o Mulching - helps to conserve moisture
and minimises stress to affected plants
o Use of manures (animal and green
manures) - to improve soil nutrients and
conserve moisture for strong plant vigour
o Intercropping - helps to form barriers
during pest movement across non-host
plants and smells from other plants may
repel some pests (e.g. smells from
tomatoes intercropped with cabbage
repel diamond back moth). Some
intercrops also provide shelter for natural
enemies to some pests. Other plants
such as elephant grass, attract stem
borers of maize and sorghum but these
pests do not survive well on the grass.
ii) Physical methods
All these methods help in the control of storage
pests:
28
o Damage to roots and stems that
causes disruption in the transportation
of nutrients in the plants
o Sucking of plant sap (juices) that
contain nutrients and hormones for the
plants causing stunting and wilting of
plants
o Damage to seed embryo that leads to
loss in seed viability (quality) and
quantity
o Damage to flowers and fruits that leads
to abortion and reduces crop yields.
• Indirect damage
o Disease transmission - some insect
pests are vectors of various plant
diseases including Leafhoppers that
transmit maize streak viruses,
Whiteflies that transmit several types of
viruses to crops and Aphids that
transmit the bean common mosaic
virus (BCMV) and the groundnut
13
 rosette viruses (GRV) o Early harvested crops are less exposed
o Loss of crop quality - damaged bean to storage pest infestation when pest
seeds (storage bruchids), damaged attacks originate from the fields
cabbage leaves and bored tomatoes o Use of resistant/tolerant plant genotypes
where crops do not fetch the right e.g. EXL 52, G 8047, CNF 5513, KK 8
market price or they totally loose their (SCAM 80 CM/15), KK 22 (RWR 719) for
market value. bean stem maggots
o Crop rotation - in the case of bean pests,
Pests of crops this is useful in situations where bean
a. Cereal crops (maize, sorghum, rice, stem maggot and root rot occur together
millets) o Post harvest tillage and deep tillage

• African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta) - (ploughing) to expose soil pests to

These green and/or black-stripped larvae desiccation and natural enemies

appear in large masses and feed only on o Ridging or earthing up soil around the

plants in the grass family (pasture and cereal plants - useful for bean stem maggots,

crops). The larvae pupate in the soil and bean root rot and sweet potato weevil

adult moths fly at night. The moths are control

attracted to light and as such light traps have o Destruction of crop residues - useful in

been used to monitor their incidence but cereal stem borer and bean stem

more recently the pheromone traps have maggot control

been adopted
14 27
Tools for pest management • Stalk/stem borers (Busseola fusca, Chilo
partellus, Sesamia calamistis, Eldana
Farmers, researchers and extension agents
saccharina) - Damage is caused by the
have through efforts and experiences, gained
larva (borer) when they feed in the leaf
substantial background knowledge and varied
whorls in the early stages of the crop and
experiences in pest control and have developed
later feed within the stem or stalks where
a framework within which pest management
they make tunnels
options can be applied. The available
techniques for controlling individual pests can • Sorghum shoot fly (Antherigona soccata) -
be grouped into the following categories: The larvae (maggots) attack sorghum
seedlings where they destroy the growing
point, causing dead hearts
i) Cultural methods or use of
agronomic practices • Sorghum midge [Stenodiplosis
(=Cantarinia) sorghicola) - The larvae
• Adjustment of planting time to avoid
(maggots) attack the flowers and feed on
periods of high pest population peaks
the developing embryo thereby preventing
o Early planting may result in less pest seed formation in sorghum heads (the
attacks result is empty or chaffy heads)

o Delayed planting may favour less

• Plant sucking bugs (various species
pest damage
including aphids) - Using their piercing and

26 15
 mouth parts, the bugs’ nymphs and adults
suck sap from developing seeds on sorghum
heads and transmit diseases that lead to loss
in quality and quantity.
• Aphids and leafhoppers - aphids suck plant
sap from leaves and developing seeds.
Leafhoppers also transmit diseases including
the maize streak virus.
• keeping records of observations to be able
Root pests (cutworms, grubs, etc.) - These
are the larval stages of moths and beetles
respectively, that live in the soil and feed on
roots and seedlings.
• Storage pests:
o Grain weevils - the larvae live in the
seed and feed by tunnelling through the
grains
o Grain beetles - e.g. the larger grain
borer that has recently become the
most serious pest of maize. Both
larvae and adults feed on the grain and
16
threshold level and cause losses
Economic threshold level is the lowest pest
population density that will cause economic
damage and hence loss. This level varies
from crop to crop
• Control methods to prevent economic
damage have to start early and this requires
regular and frequent field visits (scouting)
to select suitable options
• A farmer’s objective is to minimize risks and
maximize profit, therefore the control
options should be within farmers’ capability
• When selecting pest control options,
consideration should be made on the
outcome of the effect, e.g. some of the
insecticides are harmful to man, beneficial
organisms and the environment (water
systems, food chain, etc.)
25
e. Pests of root and tuber crops other materials including wooden
(cassava, sweet potato, Irish structures
potato)
o Grain moths - e.g. the tropical
• Cassava green mite - causes chlorosis of
warehouse moth (Sitotroga cereallela).
cassava leaves, leaf bunching and stunted
The small dark moths fly around the
growth
stores. The larvae feed on the grains
• Sweet potato weevils - Larvae tunnel stems
while making webs between seeds.
and tubers
• Sweet potato butterfly - Larvae attack the
b. Grain legume crops (beans, cowpea,
leaves and stems
pigeonpea, green gram, Dolichos)
• Wireworms - damage Irish potato tubers
• Potato tuber moth - Larvae attack Irish • Bean fly (Bean stem
potato tubers in storage by feeding through maggot - BSM, Ophiomyia
tunnelling. spp.) - the larvae
(maggots) attach bean
Principles of pest management and cowpea
• It is not possible to eliminate pests and seedling leaves
therefore the basic principle is to manage and stems
them through understanding the factors that
govern their populations to reach economic

24 17
• Bean foliage beetle - • Simsim flea beetle - feeds by puncturing
BFB (Ootheca spp.) - holes on seedling leaves causing intensive
Larvae feed on roots in and extensive defoliation soon after
the soil and adults feed germination
on leaves especially at • Simsim (=sesame) webworm - larvae web
seedling stage simsim leaves and capsules and feed on
immediately after them
germination • Simsim gall midge - larvae (maggots) feed
on developing seeds causing the capsules
to develop into solid galls
• Aphids - they suck plant sap causing stunted • Semi-looper (Plusia sp.) - defoliates
growth and transmit diseases including the soybean leaves
bean common mosaic virus • Plant bugs, e.g. the green stink bug
• Defoliators - Semi-looper (Plusia orichalcea) (Nezara virdula) suck plant sap
and cotton bollworm defoliate bean leaves. • Hairy caterpillars - various types feed on
The cotton bollworm causes leaf damage in leaves reducing the photosynthetic area.
the absence of flower buds, flowers and pods
• Pod borers (Cotton bollworm - Helicoverpa
armigera, cowpea pod borer - Maruca vitrata).
Larvae (caterpillars) feed on developing
flowers, pods and seeds
18 23
• Flower/fruit pests • Plant sucking bugs - These pierce and suck
o Cotton bollworm sap from tender growing plant parts including
o Plant bugs stems, flower buds and flowers, pods and
o Fruit flies (attack tomato, pumpkin, developing seeds. This leads to premature
oranges, avocado, guava, etc.) drying and dropping of affected parts. It also
• Pests of stems exposes the plants to fungal infection
o Banana weevil - larvae tunnel the
• Flower beetles - These are brightly coloured
stems
beetles (in yellow, orange and red bands on
o Onion maggots
black wing covers) that feed on flowers of
• Soil pests
various plants including legumes. The larvae
o Cutworms, Chafer (white) grubs,
live in the soil feeding on other soil pests
crickets, etc. - These feed on the
roots and other underground plant • Thrips - Nymphs and adults of these very
parts. small insects have rasping and sucking
mouthparts. They feed on flower filaments,
d. Pests of oil crops (groundnuts, pollen, petals, soft stems and leaves. Heavy
simsim, sunflower, soybean)
infestations cause flower drops and stem/leaf
• Cotton bollworm - attacks sunflower heads wilting
and defoliates groundnut
• Aphids - feed on groundnut and transmits
groundnut rosette viruses

22 19
• Soil pests - Cutworms, wireworms (click c. Pests of vegetables and
beetle larvae) and grubs. Larvae live in the horticultural crops (cabbage, onion,
pumpkin, tomatoes, other leaf
soil and feed on plant roots and stems.
vegetables, bananas, oranges,
Cutworms come to the surface to feed on avocado, guava, etc.)
seedlings at night and burrow into the soil
• Foliage feeders
before daybreak
o Diamondback moth larvae on
• Storage bruchids - Serious pests of stored
cabbage and other Brasiccae
grain. Some of the species
o Cabbage saw fly on cabbage family
(Acanthoscelides obtectus) infest the crop
o Cotton bollworm on tomatoes and
in the field before harvest and is carried to
other crops
the store with the grain while Zabrotes
o Thrips on onions
subfasciatus infests the crop only during
o Mites
storage.
o Looper caterpillars
o Cucumber beetles
o Flea beetles on onions and spider
weed
• Sucking pests
o Plant bugs
o Leaf hoppers, aphids, white flies that
also transmit diseases
20 21