PHYSICAL SCIENCE REVIEWER (3RD QUARTER)

MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE AND EARLY ASTRONOMY 4. Aristotle’s Model

 Proved that the earth is spherical
 Predictable patterns in the sky have aided humans in
 Believed that the earth is fixed at the center of the
modelling the universe (open, flat, closed [geometry of
solar system and that everything revolves around
the universe])
it
Geocentric Model – Earth at the center of the solar system  Believed that all stars are fixed points which rotate
on a single celestial sphere
Heliocentric Model – assumes the sun to be the center of the
 It has 56 spheres (2 realms)
solar system
TERRESTRIAL REALM CELESTIAL REALM
 objects in the realm  at/above moon’s orbit
GEOCENTRIC MODELS moved naturally  5th element called
(Earth and other heavenly bodies were assumed to be spheres) according to their Aether/Ether
material composition  Ether was unchanging
 The Pythagorean Model
 ephemeras (lasting for a and perpetual (never-
 Plato’s “Saving the Appearances”
very short time) and ending/changing)
 Eudoxus’ Model undergoing decay
 Aristotle’s Model
 Ptolemy’s Model
5. Ptolemy’s Model
1. Pythagorean Model  Apollomius Ptolemy – the great geometer
 By Pythagoras  Shows the deterrent, circular paths in which
 Earth is round planets move and epicycle (circle where planets
move)
 “The Music of Spheres” – motion of planets was
mathematically related to musical standards and  Proposed the equant (a point close to the orbit’s
numbers center)
o Anaxagoras – determined the relative  Philoaus proposed Pyrocentric Model (bridge that
positions of the sun, the earth and the connected Geocentric to Heliocentric)
moon during solar and lunar eclipses  Neither earth nor sun as the center

2. Plato’s “Saving the Appearances”

 Adaptation of Pythagorean Model HELIOCENTRIC MODELS
 Assumed that all motions are perfectly circular 1. Aristarchus Model
 Assumed that all heavenly bodies are  First to place the sun at the center of the universe
ethereal/perfect  The sun and the stars are fixed
o Retrograde Motion – motion of heavenly  The earth is revolving around the sun in a circular
bodies is from west to east (clockwise) orbit
3. Eudoxus’ Model  Did not last because of the general acceptance of
 Celestial spheres share one common center – Ptolemy’s model
Earth 
 First model of geocentric model 2. Copernicus Model
 Made up of 27 concentric spheres  Celestial motions are uniform, infinite and circular
 Five planets – Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn and  Planets revolved around the sun
Jupiter

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 PHYSICAL SCIENCE REVIEWER (3RD QUARTER)
3. Tycho’s Model Law of Equal Areas
 Plotted all of his observations of the heavens using
 Planets travel equal areas of space in equal periods of
instruments of his own design
time
 Was extremely thorough to achieve more accurate
 Planets travel faster during perihelion, travel slower
methods than any other
during aphelion
 His model was both Heliocentric and Geocentric
with planets revolving around the sun, and the sun Harmonies
revolving the earth
 The larger the planet’s orbit, the longer the revolution
 He witnessed and recorded 2 supernovae which
 The square of the revolutions of the planet are directly
opposed to Ptolemy’s idea that stars were
proportional to the cubes of their average distance
unchanging

4. Kepler’s Model
KINEMATICS
 planetary orbits were based on the geometric
shape (ellipse)  Displacement
 the planets move around the sun were elliptical  Velocity
though  Acceleration
 he believed that the closer planets were t the sun,
Magnitude – how small or how large a quantity is (10 meters, 2
the faster they orbited
hours)
 this enables to predict motions of the universe
fairly accurately Scalar Quantities – quantities that have magnitude only (50
km/hr)
Galileo’s Astronomical Observations
Vector Quantities – quantities that have both magnitude and
(supported by Copernican Theory)
direction (50 km/hr at 20 North of East)
1. Lunar Craters (Mountain Valleys Craters)
SCALAR QUANTITY VECTOR QUANTITY
2. Phases of Venus (Similar Phases of Venus) Distance (d) – 40m Displacement (s) – 40m east
3. Moons of Jupiter (Jupiter had 4 moons) 61 moons direction
4. Sunspots (Surface of the sun has blemishes) Speed (v) – 30ms2 Velocity (v) – 30ms2
5. Supernova (stars appeared to be points of light in the Milky Time (r) - 15s Force (F) – 100N upward
Way) direction
6. Apparently identical size of the stars (Stellar Parallax is Energy (E) – 2000J Acceleration (a) – 98ms2
extremely different to be observed) downward direction

Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion (EEH) Distance vs. Displacement

Law of Ellipses
 Orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the sun at one focus
o Perihelion – point nearest to the sun
o Aphelion – point farthest to the sun
 How much ground an object has covered during its
motion
 How far you traveled regardless of direction
 Total ground covered

Distance

 Length between two points

 Traveled length of an object

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 PHYSICAL SCIENCE REVIEWER (3RD QUARTER)
Displacement Inertia

 Defined as the change in position of an object  the natural tendency of ALL objects to remain at rest or
 How far the object is from its starting point in uniform motion along a straight line; “resists
changes in motion”
Vectors
o MASS – quantitative measure of inertia of a
 Vectors are quantities represented by a line segment body
with an arrowhead o FORCE – action exerted upon by/to a body
 Tail – Origin that changes its state of motion
 Line segment – magnitude  The larger the mass of a body, the more force is needed
 Arrowhead – direction to overcome its inertia/change its state of motion

Displacement (Resultant Vector) SECOND LAW: LAW OF ACCELERATION

 Description of the final position of a moving object  An unbalanced force produces an acceleration with the
with respect to its initial position, regardless of the direction of the force.
path taken
 Force ( 𝐹⃗ )is directly proportional to acceleration ( 𝑎⃗ )
o Vector Addition
(or vice versa)
o Pythagorean Theorem
o More Force, more Acceleration
o SOH-CAH-TOA
o Less Force, less Acceleration
Vector Addition – sum of 2 or more vectors is represented by a o Acceleration is inversely proportional to the
single vector called resultant mass.
o Less acceleration, the object is more massive
o More acceleration, the object is less massive
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION Net Force

Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727)
 Only 25 when he formulated most of his discoveries in
math and physics
 His book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
is considered to be the most important publication in
the history of Physics
FIRST LAW: LAW OF INERTIA
 In the absence of external forces, an object at rest
remains at rest and an object in motion continues in
motion with a constant velocity.
o Newton’s First Law describes what happens in
the absence of a force.
 The First Law also allows the definition of force as that
which causes a change in the motion of an object.
o Vector sum of all the forces acting on an object
o Can change an object’s state of motion
o The SI unit of force is NEWTON (N) or kg⋅ m/sec2
Force, Mass, Acceleration
A. a = F/m
B. If we double the force, we double the acceleration.
C. If we double the mass, we half the acceleration.
THIRD LAW: LAW OF INTERACTION
 For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
 Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body,
the second body exerts a force back on the first that is
equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
 Action Force
 Reaction Force
 Fa = - Fb or m1a1 = -m2a2

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 PHYSICAL SCIENCE REVIEWER (3RD QUARTER)
LOCOMOTION – constantly affect our everyday activities Two Types of a Projectile Motion
Projectile motion 1 (PM 1)
FREELY FALLING BODIES (Uniformly accelerated rectilinear  Horizontally Launch
motion)
Projectile motion 2 (PM 2)
 Freely falling motion is a motion of an object when
 Angled Launch
gravity is the only significant force acting on it.
 The acceleration of an object due only to the effect of In presence of gravity:
gravity is known as free-fall acceleration.
 A projectile travels with a constant horizontal
 This motion is an example of uniformly accelerated
𝑚 velocity and a downward vertical acceleration.
rectilinear motion. (constant acceleration = - 9.80 𝑠2 )
 The horizontal and vertical motions of a projectile
 This motion is moving in a straight line (vertical line @ are completely independent of each other.
y-axis) wherein its speed is constantly changing.

Total Time of Flight ( ttotal ) Horizontally Launched Projectiles

 Total time of flight is the amount of time spends in the
air until it reaches to the ground.
 The time of flight is just double the maximum-height
time.

MOTION AND FORCES IN TWO DIMENSIONS: PROJECTILE Horizontal velocity is constant. Vertical velocity is changing due
MOTION to gravitational acceleration.
 the motion of object in two dimensions (horizontal and
vertical components)
 an object following a projectile motion is called a Vertically Launched Projectiles
projectile
 Gravity is the only force acting on a projectile
 the path that a projectile follows is called its trajectory
 trajectory of a projectile results in a parabola (since it
moves both along the horizontal and vertical directions)
 Since a projectile moves in two dimensions, therefore it
has two components: The horizontal velocity component remains the same size
throughout the entire motion of the cannonball.
o Horizontal velocity (Vx)
o Vertical velocity (Vy)

Two independent motions happening at the same time:

 Rectilinear Motion @ X- axis

 Freely Falling Bodies @ Y-axis
Two velocities happening at the same time:

 Vx (velocity at x)
 Vy (velocity at y)

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 PHYSICAL SCIENCE REVIEWER (3RD QUARTER)
FORMULAS: Projectile Motion
Kinematics PROJECTILE MOTION 1
1. √c2 = √a2+b2
𝑏
2. tan = 𝑎
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
3. Velocity = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑉𝑓−𝑉𝑖
4. Acceleration = 𝑡
5. Vf = Vi + at
6. Vi = Vf – at
𝑉𝑓−𝑉𝑖 NOTE:
7. T = 𝑎 Vix = initial horizontal velocity, Viy = 0
8. F = ma
PROJECTILE MOTION 2
@ x-axis @ y-axis
9. Vix = Vicos Viy = Visin
1
Range = (Vix)(Ttotal) dy = Viyt + 2 gt2
(acceleration = 0, no 𝑉𝑓𝑦^2−𝑉𝑖𝑦^2
dy = 2𝑔
acceleration)
Velocity at x-axis is constant 𝑉𝑓𝑦−𝑉𝑖𝑦
Freely Falling Bodies Tmax = 𝑔
Vf −Vi Ttotal = (Tmax)(2)
1. g = if a is unknown
t
Vix = Vicos
2. Vf = Vi + gt if Vf is unknown
Viy = Visin
3. Vi = Vf – gt if Vi is unknown
Vf −Vi
4. t = if t is unknown
g
1
5. 𝑑⃗ = Vit + 2 gt2 if object is falling down/going
upward
1
6. 𝑑⃗ = 2 gt2 if Vi = 0, release in mid-air
2𝑑
7. t = √ 𝑔 if Vi = 0, release in mid-air
2
Vf - Vi 2
8. 𝑑⃗ = 2g if t is unknown, falling down/going
upward
𝑉𝑓 −𝑉𝑖
9. tmax = (time at max height)
𝑔
10. ttotal = tmax × 2

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 PHYSICAL SCIENCE REVIEWER (3RD QUARTER)
PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
Kinematics
1. A student walks 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4
meters West and 2 meters North.
A. What is the total distance?
B. What is the final displacement?
2. Zari walks 16 km to the North, 12 km back to the East and
15 km to the West.
A. Determine the distance which Zari moved.
B. Determine Zari’s displacement
3. Luna leaves the base camp and hikes 11 km North and
then hikes 11 km East. Determine Luna’s resulting
displacement.
4. In order for Tanya to reach her workplace, she drove 10
km West and 5 km South. Determine Tanya’s displacement.
Freely Falling Bodies
1. A construction worker accidentally drops a brick from a
high scaffold.
A. What is the velocity of the brick after 10.00 s?
B. How far does the brick fall during this time?
C. Use 9.80 m/s2 for the acceleration due to
gravity in solving for both problems
2. A student drops a ball from a window 5.50 meters
above the sidewalk.
A. How long will it hit the ground?
B. How fast is it moving when it hits the ground?
3. A bullet is fired vertically upward with a muzzle
velocity of 600.00 m/s. How long will it remain in mid-
air until it returns the ground?
4. A ball was thrown vertically upward with an initial
velocity of 29.0 m/s . Find the ball's maximum altitude.
5. A student was fed up with doing her kinematic formula
homework, so she threw her pencil straight upward at
18.30 m/s. The height it took the pencil was 12.20
meters. What was the velocity at this height? How
long did the pencil take to reach at 12.20 meters?
Projectile Motion
1. A stone is thrown horizontally from the top of a
building 65.0 meters high with an initial horizontal
velocity of 24.0 m/s.
A. The time required for the stone to reach the
ground
B. The maximum range
2. A bullet is fired from a gun mounted at an angle of
54.000. The muzzle velocity is 350.00 m/s.
A. The initial velocities
B. Maximum height
C. Total time of flight
D. Range
3. A stream of water emerges horizontally from a fire
hose at a velocity of 180.00 m/s. If the nozzle is 85.00
m above the ground, find the following:
A. Time required for the water to reach the
ground
B. The horizontal distance the water travels
4. A cannon ball on the ground is fired at 35.00o with an
initial velocity of 250.00 m/s.
A. How long will it take to hit the ground,
B. How far from the cannon ball will it hit the
ground, and
C. Compute for the maximum height to be
reached by the cannon ball.
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