Design of Structural Decking System For PDF

J.T.
MAHAJAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

FAIZPUR
Department of Civil Engineering
CERTIFICATE
Project Report On
“DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL DECKING SYSTEM FOR

BUILDING”
”
In fulfillment of the Bachelor’s degree in
B.E. (Civil)
At
North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon (MS)
(NAAC Accredited )
Submitted by
Mr. ATWAL PRATIK R. Mr.MAHAJAN AMIT S.

Mr.PATIL JITENDRA K. Mr.SARODE PUSHPAK A.
Mr.NEHTE RAHUL P.
In the
Academic year
2012-2013
Prof. B.A.CHAUDHARI Prof. N.P.NARKHEDE

(Project Guide) (Co-Guide)
Prof. R.K.Malviya Dr.Bimlesh Kumar

(H.O.D) (Principal)
Dept. of Civil Engineering J.T.Mahajan college of Engineering, Faizpur
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are thankful almighty for guiding us throughout the project. We would like to thank all
those who have contributed to the completion of the seminar and helped us with valuable
suggestions for improvement.
First of all we are indebted to guide Prof. B.A.Chaudhari & co-guide Prof.N.P.Narkhede
of Civil Department who has guided us throughout the preparation and presentation of this project
and special thanks for his unstained support throughout the completion of this project.
We express our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. R.K.Malviya, Head of The Department
(Civil Engineering Department) who is the key source of inspiration for any work to complete
successfully.
We are extremely grateful to Principle Dr. Bimlesh Kumar, for providing us with best
facilities and atmosphere for the creative work guidance and encouragement.
We would also like to acknowledge the whole faculty of Civil Department for their
encouragement, active involvement and continuous efforts in helping us from time to time.
We thank all Staff members of our college and friends for extending their co-operation
during our project.
Above all we would like to thank our parents without whose blessings; we would not have
been able to accomplish our goal.
Mr.Atwal Pratik R.
Mr.Mahajan Amit S.
Mr.Patil Jitendra K.
Mr.Sarode Pushpak A.
Mr.Nehte Rahul P.
Design of Structural Decking System for Building i

ABSTRACT
The use of steel deck in the construction of floors began in the 1920’s. The concept of using
steel deck to act compositely with the concrete slab began in the 1950’s. A composite slab comprises
steel decking, reinforcement and cast in situ concrete. Modern profiled steel are mostly designed to
act as both formwork and Composite slabs. Following a description of the benefits of composite
construction and its common applications, the roles and responsibilities of the parties involved in the
design and construction process are identified. The requirements for the transfer of information
throughout the design and construction process are described.
The design of composite slabs and beams is discussed in detail in relation to the steel codes.
In addition to general ultimate and serviceability limit state design issues, practical design
considerations such as the formation of holes in the slab, support details, fire protection, and
attachments to the slab are discussed. Also given on the acoustic performance of typical composite
slabs. The obligations of designers according to the CDM (Construction Design & Management)
regulations are identified and discussed.
The practical application of Slim deck, Smart deck, multi deck construction, which normally
utilizes deep decking and special support beams, is also covered. Typical construction details are
illustrated, and guidance is given on the formation of openings in the beams and the slab.
Design of Structural Decking System for Building ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF NOTATIONS Viii
1. INTRODUCTION 1-7
1.1 General 1
1.1.1 Needs of use Metal Deck 3
1.1.2 Motivation 3
1.2 Benefits of composite construction 3
1.2.1 Speed of construction 3
1.2.2 Safe method of construction 3
1.2.3 Saving in weight 3
1.2.4 Saving in transport 3
1.2.5 Structural stability 3
1.2.6 Shallower construction 4
1.2.7 Sustainability 4
1.2.8 Easy installation of services 4
1.3 Applications 5
1.4 Comparison Chart 5
1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Composite Slabs 6
1.6 Objective and scope of research 7
2. THE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONAND CONSTRUCTION TEAM 8-20
2.1 Team members 8
2.2 Roles in design and construction 9
2.2.1 Form of floor construction 9
2.2.2 Composite beams 9
2.2.3 Composite slab 9
2.2.4 Choice of Decking 10
2.2.5 Decking arrangement and details 11
2.2.6 Temporary works 11
2.2.7 Fire protection 12
2.2.8 Safety 12
Design of Structural Decking System for Building iii

2.3 Design and construction sequences 13

2.4 Design stage 15
2.5 Construction 16
2.5.1 Decking layout drawing 16
2.5.2 Decking bundle identification 19
2.5.3 Information required for laying the reinforcement, casting the slab and its 19
use thereafter
2.5.4 Propping Information 20
3. STEEL DECKING 21-39
3.1 Decking Profile 21
3.1.1 Tolerance 23
3.2 Decking types 24
3.3 Minimum Bearing Surface 29
4. DESIGNS FOR COMPOSITE STEEL FLOOR DECK-SLABS 31-61
4.1 Design Criteria 31
4.1.1 Design by either ASD or LRFD 31
4.1.2 Bending Resistance of Composite Slab 31
4.1.3 Deck shall be evaluated for strength under the following 35
load combinations
4.1.4 Bending moment calculation for deck slab 37
4.1.5 Calculations for Construction Loads 38
4.1.6 Calculations for Uniform Live Load 39
4.1.7 Calculations for Concentrated Load 41
4.2 Serviceability Criteria 45
4.2.1 Cracking 45
4.2.2 Deflection 45
4.2.2 Fire endurance 46
4.3 Installation & Site Storage 46
4.3.1 Site Storage 46
4.3.2 Deck Placement 46
4.3.3 Lapped or Butted Ends 46
4.3.4 Anchorage 47
4.3.5 Finishes 49
4.3.6 Fireproofing 49
4.3.7 Sequence of Construction 50
4.4 Manual Design of Steel deck slab for building 51
5. DESIGN OF RCC CONVENTIONAL SLAB 62-66
6. TOTAL COST ESTIMATE 67-70
6.1 Prepare the Analysis of Rate 67
Design of Structural Decking System for Building iv
6.1.1 Prepare the analysis of rate for Steel metal sheet deck Slab 4mx5m in 67
proportion 1:1:2 i.e. M30
6.1.2 Comparing the both conventional RCC slab & Steel deck slab to 69
calculate the cost of both slabs
7. FINANCIAL AND ECONOMY 71
8. WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT 2012-2013 72-73
9. CONCLUSIONS 74
10. RECOMMENDATIONS 75
11. REFERENCES 76
Design of Structural Decking System for Building v

LIST OF FIGURE
Page No.
Figure 1.1 composite slabs with profile sheeting 1
Figure 1.2 7 Reasons of decking system 2
Figure 1.3 Comparison chart 3
Figure 2.1 Sequence for composite floor construction 13
Figure 2.2 Sequence for composite floor construction 4
Figure 2.3 Typical decking layout drawing 18
Figure 3.1 Section of decking 22
Figure 3.2 Examples of re-entrant deck profiles used for composite 24
slabs, supplied by:
1. Richard Lees Steel Decking Ltd.
2. Corus Panels and Profiles
3. King span Structural Products Ltd.
4. Structural Metal Decks Ltd. &
5. CMF Ltd.
Figure 3.3 Examples of trapezoidal deck profiles up to 60 mm deep 25
(excluding the top stiffener) used for composite slabs,
supplied by:
5. CMF Ltd.
Figure 3.4 Examples of trapezoidal deck profiles greater than 26
60 mm deep (excluding the top stiffener) used for
composite slabs, supplied by:
5. CMF Ltd.
Figure 3.5 Embossment detail 28
Figure 3.6 Minimum bearing length for permanent support 29
Figure 3.7 End bearing on steel 30
Figure 3.8 End bearing on concrete 30
Figure 4.1 Resistance of composite slab to sagging bending 32
Figure 4.2 Resistance moment of profiles 34
Figure 4.3 Nomenclature 37
Figure 4.4 Section of deck slab 44
Figure 4.5 Installation process of decking 50
Figure 4.6 3D view of composite Decking 50
Figure 5.1 Details of reinforcement 66
Design of Structural Decking System for Building vi

LIST OF TABLE
Page No.
Table 1. Section Modulus Sp and Sn value 23

Table 2. Thickness of metal sheet 23
Table 3. The embossment factor 27
Table 4. Composite deck construction loading diagram 36
Table 5. Estimate for multi deck slab 69
Table 6. Estimate for smart deck slab 70
Table 7. Weekly progress Report 72
Design of Structural Decking System for Building vii

LIST OF NOTATION
w dc Dead weight of concrete

w dd Dead weight of the steel deck
w lc Uniform construction live load (combined with fluid concrete) not less
than 0.96 kpa.
w cdl Uniform construction live load (combined with deck), not less than 2.40 kpa
P lc Concentrated construction live load per unit width of deck section;2.19 kn
(on a 1 meter width)
Fb Allowable bending stress (used 0.8Fy allowable instead of 0.95Fy if composite
section slab was cracked.)
F yd Yield strength of deck steel
Sp Positive section modulus of steel deck/ft. Width
Sn Negative section modulus of steel deck/ft. Width
hd Deck rib height
p Deck rib pitch (c/c distance between flutes)
rw Deck rib bearing width (from SDI table)
rw(avg) Avg. Deck rib width (from SDI table)
td Deck thickness ( mm equivalent to gauge )
Asd Area of steel deck/fit ( from SDI table )
Id Inertia of steel deck /ft .width ( from SDI table)
Yd C.G. of deck
Ap Effective area per meter width
fyp Yield strength of steel
ap Partial safety factor (1.15)
I Deck moment of inertia
W1 Slab weight +deck weight
W2 Uniform construction live load
L Clear span length
Design of Structural Decking System for Building viii

t( top ) Thickness of a durable slab topping

Wc Thickness of a durable slab topping
+Fbu The bearing ultimate strength
φVd Beam shear capacity of deck alone (LRFD value from SDI Table)
φRd Beam shear capacity of deck alone (LRFD value from SDI Table)
Id Inertia of steel deck/ft.width (from SDI table)
Es 203,000 mpa
S cr Steel Reinforcement
A sn Negative moment reinforcement in mm2
Design of Structural Decking System for Building ix

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Composite slabs consist of profiled steel decking with an in-situ reinforced concrete
topping. The decking not only acts as permanent formwork to the concrete, but also provides
sufficient shear bond with the concrete so that, when the concrete has gained strength, the
two materials act together compositely. Composite beams are normally hot rolled or
fabricated steel sections that act compositely with the slab. The composite interaction is
achieved by the attachment of shear connectors to the top flange of the beam. The shear
connectors provide sufficient longitudinal shear connection between the beam and the
concrete so that they act together structurally.
Composite slabs and beams are commonly used (with steel columns) in the
commercial, industrial, leisure, health and residential building sectors due to the speed of
construction and general structural economy that can be achieved. Although most commonly
used on steel framed buildings, composite slabs may also be supported off masonry or
concrete components.
A typical example of the decking layout for a composite floor is shown in Figure 1.1. The
lines of shear connectors indicate the positions of the composite beams.
Design of Structural Decking System for Building 1

1.1.1 Needs of use Metal Deck
Figure 1.2 7 Reasons uses of Decking System
1.1.2 Motivation
Structural Engineering is a field in which there is a constant revolution-taking place.
New and innovative structural forms and technological developments are being created every
day.
Following this technological development, there is an enhanced intention imposed on
building construction industry to improve time, economy and structural efficiency of
structures. Especially when high-rise buildings are constructed it is true that a lot of time,
money and labor are needed. Building construction meant for different purposes is being

carried out by different institution. In order to get the aforementioned benefits the desired
profiled steel sheet should be produced and applied locally.
1.2 Benefits of composite construction

Composite construction has contributed significantly to the dominance of steel frames
or concrete frame in the residential, commercial building. The main benefits of composite
construction are:
1.2.1 Speed of construction

Bundles of decking can be positioned on the structure by crane and the individual
sheets then installed by hand. Using this process, crane time is minimal, and in excess of 400
m2 of decking can be installed by one team in a day, depending on the shape and size of the
building footprint. The use of the decking as a working platform speeds up the construction
process for following trades. Minimum reinforcement is required, and large areas of floor can
be poured quickly.
1.2.2 Safe method of construction

The decking can provide a safe working platform and act as a safety ‘canopy (a high
cover overarching an open space)’ to protect workers below from falling objects.
1.2.3 Saving in weight

Composite construction is considerably stiffer and stronger than many other floor
systems, so the weight and size of the primary structure can be reduced. Consequently,
foundation sizes can also be reduced.
1.2.4 Saving in transport

Decking is light and is delivered in pre-cut lengths that are tightly packed into
bundles. Typically, one lorry can transport in excess of 1000 m2 of decking. Therefore, a
smaller number of deliveries are required when compared to other forms of construction.
1.2.5 Structural stability

The decking can act as an effective lateral restraint for the beams, provided that the
decking fixings have been designed to carry the necessary loads and specified accordingly.

The decking may also be designed to act as a large floor diaphragm to redistribute wind loads
in the construction stage, and the composite slab can act as a diaphragm in the completed
structure. The floor construction is robust due to the continuity achieved between the
decking, reinforcement, concrete and primary structure.
1.2.6 Shallower construction

The stiffness and bending resistance of composite beams means that shallower floors
can be achieved than in non-composite construction. This may lead to smaller storey heights,
more room to accommodate services in a limited ceiling to floor zone, or more storey’s for
the same overall height. This is especially true for slim floor construction, whereby the beam
depth is contained within the slab depth.
1.2.7 Sustainability
Steel has the ability to be recycled repeatedly without reducing its inherent properties.
This makes steel framed composite construction a sustainable solution. ‘Sustainability’ is a
key factor for clients, and at least 94% of all steel construction products can be either re-used
or recycled upon demolition of a building. Further information on sustainability of composite
flooring systems is given in Composite Flooring Systems: Sustainable construction solutions.
1.2.8 Easy installation of services

Cable trays and pipes can be hung from hangers that are attached using special
‘dovetail’ recesses rolled into the decking profile, thereby facilitating the installation of
services such as electricity, telephone and information technology network cabling. These
hangers also allow for convenient installation of false ceilings and ventilation equipment.
The above advantages detailed in more depth in SCI publication Better Value in Steel:
Composite flooring often lead to a saving in cost over other systems. SCI publication
Comparative structure cost of modern commercial buildings shows solutions involving
composite construction to be more economical than steel or concrete alternatives for both a
conventional four storey office block and an eight storey prestigious office block with an
atrium.

1.3 Applications
Composite slabs have traditionally found their greatest application in steel framed
office buildings, but they are also appropriate for the following types of building:
• Other commercial buildings
• Industrial buildings and warehouses
• Leisure buildings-(auditorium)
• Stadia-(stadium ) & Cinemas
• Hospitals & Schools
• Housing; both individual houses and residential buildings
• Refurbishment projects (Repair of renovation building)
1.4 Comparison Chart:
CONVENTIONAL RCC SLAB DECKING SLAB

Speed of Construction in Conv. Slab Speed of Construction in Decking Slab
Figure.1.3 Comparison Chart
1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Composite Slabs:
Composite floor construction used for commercial and other multi-storey buildings,
offers a number of important advantages to the designer and client.
The advantages of composite slabs are Simplicity of construction;
• Acts as stay-in-place formwork and offers an immediate working platform
• Lighter construction than a traditional concrete building
• Less on site construction
• Acts as slab reinforcement
• Ease of transportation and installation
• Strict tolerances achieved by using steel members manufactured under controlled
factory conditions to established quality procedures.

Another benefit is that the cellular shape of some decks provides room for the flush
fitting of ceiling fixtures. They are easier and faster to construct than traditional reinforced
concrete slabs because it is easier to install the deck, which acts as the reinforcing, than to lay
out a series of reinforcing bars.
Some of the disadvantages are;

• Need extra care in areas of concentrated traffic or storage so that the steel deck is not
damaged
• Prior to concreting, the steel-deck panels must be cleaned of all dirt, debris, oil and all
foreign matter
• High cost of materials for both the steelwork members and the necessary fire
protection system.
• The non-availability of materials locally and therefore total reliance on overseas
suppliers for delivery, quality control, etc.
1.6 Objective and scope of research:

The objective of this research is to prepare manually design by determining cross
sectional dimensions of composite slabs for different loading and span.
The research is based on available analytic methods to determine the capacity of
composite slabs. Hence laboratory works are not included.

2. DESIGN CONSIDERATION & CONSTRUCTION TEAM
The aim of this Section is to identify typical activities and responsibilities for the team
members involved in the design and construction of a building using composite components.
Clearly, the precise delegation of responsibilities will depend on the details of the contract for
a specific project, with which all parties need to be familiar. As an overriding principle, the
CDM regulations state that ‘Every person on whom a duty is placed by these regulations in
relation to the design, planning and preparation of a project shall take account of the general
principles of prevention in the performance of those duties during all stages of the project’.
A similar requirement applies for the responsibilities during construction: ‘Every person
on whom a duty is placed by these Regulations in relation to the construction phase of the
project shall ensure as far as is reasonably practicable that the general principles of
prevention are applied in the carrying out of the construction work’.
2.1 Team members

In recognition of the different types of contract that may be employed, the following
generic terminology has been adopted for the key parties involved: The Client is the person
(or organization) procuring the building from those who are supplying the components and
building it. The Architect is the person (or practice) with responsibility for the integration of
the overall design of the building, and with a particular responsibility for the building
function and aesthetics. The Structural Designer is the person (or organization) who is
responsible for the design of the structural aspects of the permanent works. This role could,
for example, be fulfilled by a Consultant, a ‘Design and Build’ Contractor, or a Steelwork
Sub-contractor. In many cases the Structural Designer will delegate some of the design
responsibility.
For example, a Consultant may effectively delegate some of the design work by using
data supplied by a decking manufacturer. The manufacturer then becomes a Delegated
Designer, with responsibility for certain aspects of the decking and, perhaps, the slab design.
Where applicable, this must be clearly communicated to the manufacturer along with all
relevant design information required early in the project design process.
A Designer is a person (or organization) who, because of specialist knowledge,
carries out some of the design work on behalf of the Structural Designer. This may be
achieved by supplying design information such as load-span tables for composite slabs. The

Main Contractor is the organization responsible for the building of the permanent works,
and any associated temporary works. The CDM coordinator has obligations with regard to
the safety aspects of a project. This is a role defined in the CDM Regulations.
2.2 Roles in design and construction –

2.2.1 Form of floor construction
The choice of floor construction and the general beam and column arrangements are
the responsibility of the Architect and the Structural Designer. The Architect will be
concerned with more general and spatial aspects of the building form, such as the column
locations, the construction depth of the floors, and the soffit appearance (if it is to be
exposed). The Structural Designer will determine the general loads to be considered in the
design of the structure, based on the type of occupancy for each area specified by the
Architect/Client. Details of any specific loads, for example due to services, may need to be
supplied by others. The Structural Designer will also undertake scheme designs to identify
beam and slab solutions with spanning capabilities to suit the Architect’s requirements.
2.2.2 Composite beams

Composite beam in which a steel wide-flange shapes (I or W shape) is attached to a
concrete floor slab. The detailed design of the composite beams is the responsibility of the
Structural Designer, who should recognize that there is an interaction between the beam and
slab design, particularly with the decking and transverse reinforcement. In designing the
composite beams, due consideration should be given to the construction stage load case.
Although it may be necessary to consult the decking manufacturer for practical advice on
shear connector configurations, it is the responsibility of the structural designer to specify the
shear connector type and quantities required. When considering composite beams, the
designer should be aware of practical considerations such as the access requirements for
using stud welding equipment and minimum practical flange widths for sufficient bearing of
the decking. These requirements may have serious implications on the economy of the chosen
solution.
2.2.3 Composite slab

The design of the composite slab is the responsibility of the Structural Designer.
Particular attention should be paid to areas where there are special loads, such as vehicle

loads and loads from solid partitions and tanks. Construction stage loads should also be
considered, with particular attention to any concentrated loads from plant or machinery
required to carry out the safe erection of the building and its structure. When designing and
detailing any reinforcement, the Structural Designer should ensure that the specified bars can
be located within the available depth of slab and that the correct reinforcement covers for the
design durability conditions can be achieved. (Recognize any other space constraints that
may exist on site.) It is recommended that the Structural Designer prepares general
arrangement drawings for the slab (in addition to the steelwork general arrangement
drawings). In particular, these drawings should define the edges and thickness of the slab, and
they should form the basis of the decking layout drawings and the reinforcement drawings.
The Structural Designer should also produce a reinforcement layout drawing for each
bay of each floor. The reinforcement grade, location, lengths, minimum overlaps and
minimum concrete cover should be shown (and appropriate information about fibers if they
are to be used). On site, these drawings will be used to check that all the reinforcement has
been fixed correctly (or fibers correctly incorporated). Designing a concrete mix to provide
the required structural and durability performance is normally the responsibility of the Main
Contractor.
2.2.4 Choice of Decking

The choice of decking and its general arrangement is the responsibility of the
Structural Designer. The design must consider the fire resistance of the slab (which may
depend on the decking type), the ability of the decking and composite slab to resist the
applied loading, the propping requirements, and the deflections at both the construction and
in-service (composite) stages. As well as influencing all of these, the choice of decking
profile may have implications for the composite beam design. Design data provided by a
decking manufacturer will normally be used to select the decking, as its performance is
complex and is best determined from tests. The Structural Designer must be satisfied with the
information supplied in this form by the Delegated Designer (decking supplier/manufacturer),
and ensure that it is not used ‘out of context’. Consultation with the decking
supplier/manufacturer is recommended if there is any doubt. Where decking is specified for
unusual applications, the ‘standard’ design information may not be directly applicable.

2.2.5 Decking arrangement and details

The decking layout drawings are normally prepared by a decking sub-contractor
acting as a Delegated Designer. Details should be checked by the Structural Designer, who
should advise the Delegated Designer of any special requirements, such as the need for extra
fixings when the decking is required to act as a wind diaphragm, or of any particular
requirements concerning the construction sequence. The Structural Designer should check
that the proposed bearing details and the interfaces with the other elements of construction
are practicable, and that they permit a logical, buildable sequence. In preparing the decking
layout drawings, the decking sub-contractor may find it beneficial to refine the design. For
example, it may be necessary to change some of the continuous spans to simple spans for
practical reasons. This may have implications on the propping requirements during
construction. The loads that may be applied to the decking in the construction condition, both
as a temporary working platform and as formwork, should be clearly indicated on the decking
layout drawings or general notes. The loads that may be applied to the composite slab should
also be shown on the decking layout drawings, and on the appropriate concreting drawings
(these will be included in the Health and Safety File for reference throughout the lifetime of
the building). It is therefore essential that all loading assumptions and design criteria are
communicated to the decking sub-contractor.
2.2.6 Temporary works

Propping should be avoided wherever possible, as it reduces the speed of construction
and therefore affects the construction sequence and economy. When propping is unavoidable,
it is usually necessary to prop through several floors to support the prop loads. This can
prevent other operations over a large area. However, when the construction sequence permits,
propping does increase the spanning capability of the decking. Determining the propping
requirements is generally the responsibility of the Structural Designer (normally using
information supplied by a Delegated Designer), although local propping needs may change
when the Delegated Designer details the decking layout. The decking should be checked by
the Structural Designer to ensure that it can withstand the concentrated loads from the
propping arrangement. The location of lines of props or other temporary supports should be
shown on the decking layout drawings.
The design and installation of the propping system is the responsibility of the Main
Contractor, but propping systems should be braced appropriately. Removal of props should
not be carried out before the concrete has reached its specified strength, or, when specified in
the contract, before the Structural Designer gives explicit approval. In addition, the Structural
Designer should supply the Main Contractor with the propping loads, and the dead load that
has been considered, to help him/her to draw up the propping scheme. When devising the
scheme, consideration must be given to the fact that floors will need to be designed to carry
the concentrated loads from props (for advice on possible loading).
2.2.7 Fire protection

The Architect is normally responsible for determining the fire resistance period
required for the building, and for choosing the type of fire protection. The Structural
Designer, in many cases represented by a Delegated Designer (specialist sub-contractor), is
responsible for the specific details of the fire protection. The Structural Designer should also
make it clear on the drawings when any voids between the profiled decking and the steel
beams have to be filled.
2.2.8 Safety
Whilst all parties involved in the design and construction process are required to
consider construction safety, the CDM co-ordinator has some specific obligations under the
CDM regulations .These obligations include the creation of the Health & Safety Plan and the
Health & Safety File. The aim of the first of these documents is to inform others of potential
health and safety issues; the Structural Designer should supply, for example, details of any
risks that may be foreseen during construction for inclusion in this plan. The Health and
Safety File is intended to assist persons undertaking maintenance work, and will include
information such as as-built drawings.
The Structural Designer should inform the contractor of any ‘residual hazards’ (those
that the contractor will manage during the construction) associated with any unorthodox
method of construction, and the provisions made to help the contractor to manage them. It is
the CDM Co-ordination’s responsibility to provide advice and assistance, to ensure that
designers fulfill their obligations, to consider health and safety issues, to co-operate with
others, and to supply all appropriate information.

2.3 Design and construction sequences:

The following flowcharts describe typical design (Figure 2.1) and construction
(Figure 2.2) sequences for composite floor construction.
Fig. 2.1 sequences for composite floor construction

Fig. 2.2 sequences for composite floor construction

Clear and timely communication of information is important given that several parties
are involved in the building design process. There are also obligations placed on the key
parties under the CDM Regulations to exchange information during both design and
construction.
2.4 Design stage

The design of composite beams and slabs is clearly influenced by spanning
requirements, and the loads that are to be supported. In addition to grid layouts, it is therefore
important that accurate details of all the loads are established at an early stage. Unfortunately,
some information, such as the loads due to the services, is often unavailable when needed,
and the Structural Designer has to use conservative values in order to give flexibility when
the services are designed at a later stage.
Knowledge of the position of services is also important, because it enables account to
be taken of any opening requirements in the beam webs and/or slabs. Openings can have a
significant effect on the resistance of a member.
The following list is a guide to the information required to design the composite slabs
and beams:
• Column grid and beam general arrangement
• Position of slab edges
• Static and dynamic imposed loads (to include consideration of any temporary
concentrated loads from plant/machinery that may be required during construction)
• Services and finishes loads
• Special loads (e.g. walls, wind diaphragm loads)
• Fire resistance period
• Decking type (shallow or deep, re-entrant or trapezoidal)
• Slab depth limitations
• Minimum mass requirements (for acoustic performance)
• Location of openings
• Requirements for soffit appearance and general exposure
• Requirements for service fixings
• Requirements for cladding attachments (which may affect the slab edge detailing)
• Construction tolerances
• Deflection limits

• Propping requirements or restrictions

• Any known site restrictions on the use of thru-deck welding.09
In order to prepare the decking layout drawings, a Delegated Designer will also need
to know the:
• Concrete type and grade
• Shear connector layout and details
• Cladding support method (for edge trim design, etc.)
There are also specific issues of information transfer that arise because the design of
the decking and composite slabs often relies on the use of information presented in decking
manufacturers’ literature. It is important that the tabulated data and explanatory information
is comprehensive. For example, in load-span tables the following points should be clear:
• Are the loads that are given nominal values or design values?
• What allowances, if any, have been made for services loads etc.?
• What fire performance do the tables relate to?
• Do specified reinforcement requirements imply any crack control capability?
• Do the tables imply adequate serviceability behavior as well as resistance, and if so
what limiting criteria have been assumed?
If the Structural Designer chooses to delegate some of the slab design to the design
service of a decking manufacturer (Delegated Designer), it is essential that there is clear
communication of all relevant design information.
2.5 Construction stage

An absence of essential information transfer between the design and construction
teams can lead to delays or, at worst, incorrect or unsafe construction. The site personnel
should check the information provided and confirm that it is complete, passing any relevant
information to appropriate sub-contractors. Any variations on site that might affect the design
should be referred to the Structural Designer.
2.5.1 Decking layout drawing

Decking layout drawings should be available for those lifting the decking, so that the
bundles can be positioned correctly around the frame. Clearly, they should also be available
for the deck laying team. Although different decking contractors’ drawing details may vary
slightly, the drawings should show (in principle) each floor divided into bays, where a bay is

an area that is to be laid from a bundle as one unit. Bays are normally indicated on the
drawing using a diagonal line. The number of sheets and their length should be written
against the diagonal line. The bundle reference may also be detailed against this diagonal
line. Further construction notes for the bay can be referenced using numbers in circles drawn
on the diagonal lines, as shown in Figure 3.1. This figure shows an example of a decking
layout drawing, but with the shear connectors and fastener information omitted for clarity.
Decking contractors’ literature should be referenced for exact details.
The approximate starting point for laying the decking should be given on the
drawings, together with the direction in which laying should proceed. All supports
(permanent or temporary) should be identified, and whether they should be in place prior to
laying the decking. The letters TP on the drawings typically indicate lines of propping.
Column positions and their orientation should also be shown. The decking type, thickness
and material strength should be indicated on the drawing.
The location of all openings trimmed with steelwork, and all slab perimeters, should
be given relative to the permanent supports. This may be in the form of a reference box titled
‘Edge Trim’, with a reference number (for details shown elsewhere), the slab depth, and the
distance from the edge of the slab to the centre line of the nearest permanent support, but
decking contractors’ literature should be referred to for the exact drawing details.
The shear connector layout should also be shown on the decking drawings, or on
separate drawings for reasons of clarity. The information should include the type of shear
connector, its length, orientation (if shot-fired) and position relative to the ribs. The minimum
distance between the centre-line of the shear connector and the edge of the decking should be
given. Details of preparation, fixing and testing of shear connectors should be available on
site.


Fastener information should be given on the drawings. The fastener type for both
seams and supports should be given, along with maximum spacing (or minimum number of
fasteners per meter). Where the Structural Designer has designed the decking to act as an
effective lateral restraint to the beams and additional fasteners to the manufacturer’s normal
fixing arrangement are necessary, this should be clearly indicated on the decking layout
drawing and/or general notes.
The general notes should include the design loads that the decking can support in the
construction condition. Guidance on avoidance of overload prior to placing the concrete is
given in the BCSA (British Constructional Steelwork Association) publication. A copy of the
decking layout drawings must be given to the Main Contractor so that checks can be made
that the necessary propping is in place. The Main Contractor will also need to refer to these
drawings for details of the maximum construction loading and any special loading.
2.5.2 Decking bundle identification

An identification tag should be attached to each bundle of decking delivered to site.
The tag will normally contain the following information:
Number of sheets, their lengths and thickness
• Total bundle weight
• Location of floor to receive bundle
• Deck type
• Bundle identification.
Product information on the decking should also be available on site, including the
height of the ribs and their spacing, and other technical information.
2.5.3 Information required for laying the reinforcement, casting the slab and its use
thereafter;
A reinforcement layout drawing should be prepared for each bay of each floor by the
structural Designer. The location, length, minimum overlap and minimum concrete cover of
all reinforcement should be indicated. The grade of all reinforcement should also be noted.
This grade can be checked against the identification tag for each reinforcement bundle
delivered to site. Appropriate information about fibres should be given, if they are to be used.
Important reinforcement details (such as at construction joints, support locations,
openings and edges) should be referenced and placed on this drawing.

The floor slab general arrangement drawings (or the Specification) should include the
concrete performance requirements or mix details (including any details for fibre
reinforcement), surface finish requirements, level tolerances and any restrictions on the
location of construction joints. They should also identify the minimum concrete strength at
which temporary supports may be removed, the minimum concrete strength at which
temporary construction loads may be applied, and, where appropriate, the maximum
allowable vehicular axle weight (for punching shear). Minimum concrete strengths may be
given in terms of days after concreting.
2.5.4 Propping Information

As mentioned in Section 2.2-2.2.6, the Structural Designer should supply the Main
Contractor with the floor dead load value to allow a propping solution to be developed.

3. STEEL DECKING
Steel decking spans between the bottom flange of the beams and supports the wet
concrete during construction. The embossments formed in the decking achieve excellent
composite action with the concrete, assisted by bar reinforcement. Light mesh reinforcement
is provided in the concrete topping for crack control purposes. The steel decking has two
main structural functions:
• During concreting, the decking supports the weight of the wet concrete and
reinforcement, together with the temporary loads associated with the construction
process. It is normally intended to be used without temporary propping.
• In service, the decking acts ‘compositely’ with the concrete to support the loads on
the floor. Composite action is obtained by shear bond and mechanical interlock
between the concrete and the decking. This is achieved by the embossments rolled
into the decking – similar to the deformations formed in rebar used in a reinforced
concrete slab - and by any re-entrant parts in the deck profile (which prevent
separation of the deck and the concrete).
The decking may also be used to stabilize the beams against lateral torsional buckling
during construction, and to stabilize the building as a whole by acting as a diaphragm to
transfer wind loads to the walls and columns (where it is designed to do so, and in particular
where there are adequate fixings. The decking, together with either welded fabric
reinforcement placed in the top of the slab or steel/synthetic fibers throughout the slab, also
helps to control cracking of the concrete caused by shrinkage effects.
3.1 Decking profiles

Decking profiles are produced by a number of manufacturers. Although there are
similarities between their profiles, the exact shape and dimensions depend on the particular
manufacturer. There are two generic types of shallow decking; re-entrant (dovetail) profiles
and trapezoidal profiles. Examples of re-entrant profiles are shown in Figure 3.2. Examples
of trapezoidal profiles with a shoulder height of up to 60 mm (excluding the crest stiffener)
are shown in Figure 3.3, and similar profiles deeper than this are shown in Figure 3.4.
The traditional shallow decking profiles are between 45 to 60 mm high, with a rib
spacing usually of 150 to 333 mm. This type of decking typically spans 3 m, leading to frame
grids of 9 m X 9 m or similar dimensions, using secondary beams at 3 m spacing, for which

temporary propping is usually not required. Profiles up to 95 mm high overall have been
developed which can achieve over 4.5 m spans without propping.
Figure 3.1 Section of Decking

Normally, Deck is available in lengths from 6'-0 to 50'-0. Extra charges are applied to
lengths less than 6'-0 (i.e. 1.83m). The decking is laid continuously over a number of spans,
which makes it stronger and stiffer than over a single span. More recently, a 160 mm
(overall) profile has been developed which can span 6 m unpropped as a simply supported
member. Deep decking profiles, which are over 200 mm deep, are also available. These are
mainly used in slim floor construction.
The galvanized finish is available in G40, G60, & G90 coatings. Deck can also be
furnished with a two coat bright white primer bottom side combined with either a primer-
painted or galvanized top side. The primer-painted finish is intended to protect the steel for a
reasonable installation period while exposed to ordinary atmospheric conditions and shall be
considered an impermanent and provisional coating. Always store deck off the ground with
one end elevated and protected from the elements with a weather-proof covering that is
ventilated to avoid condensation.
The deck rib height at an different specify gauge distance & deck type- the positive &
negative section modulus of steel deck/ft width given in the table-

3.1.1 Tolerances:
• Panel length: Plus or minus ½ inch (13 mm).
• Thickness: Shall not be less than 95% of the design thickness.
• Panel cover width: Minus 3/8 inch (10 mm), plus ¾ inches (20 mm).
• Panel camber and/or sweep: ¼ inch in 10 foot length (6 mm in 3 meters).
• Panel end out of square: 1/8 inch per foot (3 mm in 300 mm) of panel width.
The thickness of steel before coating with paint or metal shall be in conformance with
the following Table.2:

3.2 Decking Types
3.2

3.3

3.4

The grades of steel used for decking are specified in BS EN 10326. The common
grade in the UK is S350 (the designation identifies the yield strength of the steel in N/mm2).
Decking is generally rolled from 0.9 to 1.2 mm thick strip steel. The spanning capability of a
given decking profile clearly increases as the steel thickness increases, but not in direct
proportion to the strength. The steel is galvanized before forming, and this is designated in
the steel grade by the letters GD, followed by a number corresponding to the number of
grammes of zinc per m2. The normal specification is GD 275, i.e. 275 grammes of zinc per
m2, which results in a thickness of approximately 0.02 mm per face (sufficient to achieve an
excellent design life in internal applications with mild exposure conditions). Thicker
galvanized coatings of 350 g/m2, and up to 600 g/m2, are available for special applications
where improved durability is needed, but specifications other than 275 g/m2 will be difficult
to obtain and are likely to require a large minimum order. ‘Thru-deck’ welding may also be
affected. For this reason, polyester paints are sometimes applied over the galvanizing to
provide a longer service life. Advice should be sought from the supplier/manufacturer when
decking is to be used in a moderate or severe environment. Further, advice on the use of
composite construction in an aggressive environment.
Limitations:-
A. Deck shall be limited to galvanized or uncoated steel decks with embossments
meeting the requirements for Type I, Type II, or Type III patterns as shown in Figure
A2-1, A2-2, A2-3, and A2-4.The design embossment height, ph, shall not be less than
0.035 inches (0.89 mm) and shall not be greater than 0.105 inches (2.67
mm).Embossments shall not be less than 90% of the design embossment depth.
B. The embossment factor, ps, shall not be less than that defined in Table.3.
Deck Embossment Nominal Deck Minimum ps
Type Depth
1 1.5 in. 5.5
1 2.0 in. 12.0
1 3.0 in. 18.0
2 1.5 in. 5.5
2 2.0 in. 8.5
2 3.0 in. 8.5
3 1.5 in. 5.5
3 2.0 in. 10.0
3 3.0 in. 12.0

a. For Type 1 deck embossments:

ps1=12 (le / S) (Eq. A2-1)
b. For Type 2 deck embossments:
ps2=12 ( l1 + l2 ) / S (Eq. A2-2)
c. For Type 3 deck embossments:
ps1=12 (sum of l1 lengths within S1) / S1 (Eq. A2-3)
ps2 = 12 (sum of l2 lengths within S2) / S2 (Eq. A2-4)
Fig. 3.5 Embossment Detail

3.3 Minimum Bearing Surface

The recommended bearing lengths and support details differ depending upon the
support material (steel, concrete, etc.), and they are different for interior and exterior (end)
supports. Typical values and details are given in Figure 4.5 for the following:
• Steel or concrete supports - Composite slabs on steel or concrete supports should
have minimum bearing lengths of 75 mm for the slab, and a minimum end bearing
length of 50 mm for the decking (see Figure 4.5(a) and Figure 4.5(b)). For continuous
decking, the minimum overall bearing length should be 75 mm.
• Masonry and other support types - Composite slabs on supports made of materials
other than steel and concrete should have a minimum bearing length of 100 mm for
the slab and a minimum end bearing length of 70 mm for the decking (see Figure
4.5(c) and Figure 4.5(d)). For continuous decking, the minimum overall bearing
length should be 100 mm.

Figure 3.7 End bearing on steel
Figure 3.8 End bearing on concrete

4. DESIGN FOR COMPOSITE STEEL FLOOR

DECK- SLABS
4.1 Design Criteria
• Composite Steel Deck System without Studs Subjected to either Uniform Live
load or Concentrated Load
A. Deck as Form
4.1.1 Design by either Allowable Strength Design (ASD) or Load and

Resistance Factor design (LRFD) shall be permitted. The section
properties and allowable strength (ASD) or design strength (LRFD)
for the steel deck shall be computed in accordance with standard
codes.
4.1.2 Bending Resistance of Composite Slab:
The structural properties of profiled sheet along with reinforcement

provided and concrete with a positive type of interlock between concrete and steel deck is
the basis of a composite floor. Some loss of interaction and hence slip may occur
between concrete - steel interface. Such a case is known as ‘Partial interaction'. Failure in
such cases occurs due to a combination of flexure and shear.
The width of the slab ‘b’ shown in Fig.4.1(a) is one typical wavelength of profiled
sheeting. But, for calculation purpose 'b' is taken as 1.0 m. The overall thickness is ht and the
depth of concrete above main flat surface hc. Normally, ht is not less than 80 mm and hc is
not less than 40 mm from sound and fire insulation considerations.
The neutral axis normally lies in the concrete in case of full shear connection;
but in regions of partial shear connection, the neutral axis may be within the steel section.
The local buckling of steel sections should then be considered. For sheeting in tension, the
width of embossments should be neglected. Therefore, the effective area 'Ap' per meter and
height of centre of area above bottom 'e' are usually based on tests.The plastic neutral
axis ep is generally larger than e.

The simple plastic theory of flexure is used for analysis of these floors for
checking the design at Limit State of collapse load. Euro code assumes the equivalent
ultimate stress of concrete in compression as 0.85(f ck ) cy /γc where (f ck ) cy is the characteristic
cylinder compression strength of concrete. However, IS 456: 1978 uses an average stress of
0.36(f ck ) cu accommodating the value of γc and considering (f ck ) cu as characteristic cube
strength of concrete. IS code is on the conservative side.
Note: that in this chapter f ck refers to cube strength of concrete.
a. Neutral axis above the sheeting [Fig. 4.1(b)]
Full shear connection is assumed. Hence, compressive force Ncf in concrete is equal to steel
yield force N pa .
N cf = Npa = (Ap f yp/ap ).....................................................................(1)
Ncf = 0.36 fck.b.x
where Ap = Effective area per meter width

fyp = Yield strength of steel
ap = Partial safety factor (1.15)
The neutral axis depth x is given by
x =Ncf/b (0.36 fck )………………………………………………………………… (2)

This is valid when x ≤ hc, i.e. when the neutral axis lies above steel decking.

Mp .R d = Ncf (d p - 0.42 x)................................................... (3)

Note: that centroid of concrete force lies at 0.42x from free concrete surface.
Mp .R d is the design resistance to sagging bending moment.
b. Neutral axis within sheeting and full shear connection [Fig. 4.1(c)]
Ncf = (bh c ⋅ 0.36 f ck )
The compression of concrete within rib is neglected. The force N cf is less than N pa .
The tensile force in sheeting is split into Na (equal to compressive force N cf ) plus N ac .
N a = N cf
And the remaining force N ac such that the total tensile force is N ac + N a . The equal and
opposite force N ac provide resisting moment M pr .
Note: This M pr will be less than M pa , the flexural capacity of steel sheeting.
The relationship between M pr /M pa and N cf /N pa is shown in Fig. 4.2(a) in the dotted
line. For design this can be approximated by line ADC that can be expressed as
The moment of resistance is given by
Sum of resistance is shown in Fig. 4.1(d) and Fig. 4.1(e), which is equal to the resistance
shown in Fig. 4.1(c).
The lever arm z can be found by examining the two extreme cases. For case (i) where N cf =
N pa or N cf /N pa = 1.0, N ac = 0 and hence M pr = 0.
Mp .Rd = Npa (d p -0.42h c )
This is indicated by point F in Fig. 4.2(b).

For case (ii), on the other hand
N cf = 0; N a = 0.
M pr = M pa . The neutral axis is at a height ep above the bottom. Then
z = ht - 0.42hc – ep……………………………………………………………. (4)

This is represented by point E. Thus the equation to the line EF is
c. Partial shear connection (N c < N cf )
In this case, the compressive force in the concrete N c is less than N cf and depends on
the strength of shear connection and the stress blocks are as shown in Fig. 4.1(b) for the slab
(with N c in place of N cf ) and Fig. 4.1(c) for sheeting.
The depth of stress block is,
In this case, equations 5, 6 and 10 get modified by substituting,
N c = N cf
N cf = N pa
x = hc
Thus,
4.1.3 Deck shall be evaluated for strength under the following load
combinations:
a. Allowable Stress Design
w dc + w dd + w lc (Eq.4.1.1)
w dc + w dd + P lc (Eq.4.1.2)
w dd + w cdl (Eq. 4.1.3)
Where:
w dc = dead weight of concrete
w dd = dead weight of the steel deck
w lc = uniform construction live load
(combined with fluid concrete) not
less than 0.96 kPa
w cdl = uniform construction live load
(combined with deck), not less
than 2.40 kPa
P lc = concentrated construction live load
per unit width of deck section;
2.19 kN on a 1 meter width)
b. Load and Resisitance Factor Design

1.6wdc + 1.2wdd + 1.4wlc (Eq. 4.1.4)
1.6wdc + 1.2wdd + 1.4Plc (Eq. 4.1.5)
1.2wdd + 1.4wcdl (Eq. 4.1.6)

c. Composite Deck Construction Loading Diagrams in Table 4. as follows

4.1.4 Bending moment calculation for deck slab-
a. For + ve B.M calculation are;
Fb (allow) = 0.95 x F yd
Where:
Fb = allowable bending stress (used 0.8Fy allowable instead

of 0.95Fy if composite section slab was cracked.)
F yd = yield strength of deck steel
Note: Calculating first - Dead weight of concrete, dead weight of the steel deck for bending
moment & shear force calculation.
:· w dc =(t(top)+h-h d )x12+2x(h d (rwt+rw)/2))/(144xw c)
Where;
t(top) =0,thickness of a durable slab topping.
w c = wt of concrete
The uniform construction live load of 0.96kN/m2 is considered adequate for typical
construction applications that consist of concrete transport and placement by hose and
concrete finishing using hand tools. The designer typically has little control over means-and
methods of construction, and should bring to the attention of the constructor that bulk
dumping of concrete using buckets, chutes, or handcarts, or the use of heavier motorized
finishing equipment such as power screeds, may require design of the deck as a form using
uniform construction live loads, wlc, of 2.40 kN/m2 or greater.

B.M, +Mu = (1.6wdc + 1.2wdd)/ (1000) x 0.096xL2+1.4x(0.203xPxL)

or
+Mu = (1.6wdc + 1.2wdd + 1.4wlc)/(1000) x 0.070xL2)
Whichever is more (i.e Mu max )……….
Now , calculating the bearing ultimate strength;

+Fbu = +Mu(max) x 12/S p
Therefore, If bearing ultimate strength is less than or equal to allowable bending stress, then
it is safe…otherwise to increase the deck rib height given in table.
b. For - ve B.M calculation are;
-Mu = (1.6wdc + 1.2wdd)/ (1000) x 0.063xL2+1.4x (0.094xPxL)
or -Mu = ((1.6 wdc /1000)+(1.2w dd /1000)+(1.4wlc /1000)) x 0.125xL2
Whichever is more (i.e Mu max )……….
Now , calculating the bearing ultimate strength;

-Fbu = -Mu(max) x 12/S p
Where;
Sp = positive section modulus of steel deck/ft. width
Sn = negative section modulus of steel deck/ft. width
Therefore, If bearing ultimate strength is less than or equal to allowable bending stress, then
it is safe…otherwise to increase the deck rib height (i.e. Sp & Sn value which is taken by
following given table)
4.1.5 Calculations for Construction Loads-
a. Beam Shear in deck as a form-
φVd = beam shear capacity of deck alone (LRFD value from SDI Table)
Vu = (1.6wdc + 1.2wdd + 1.4wlc)/1000x (0.625xL)
Therefore, Vu<=Allow then it is safe…for design.

b. Shear and Negative Moment Interaction-
S.R. = (Vu/φVd) 2+ (Mu/ (Fb(allow)x Sn/12))2
Note:-S.R value is always less than or equal to 1.0, then it is safe for design.
c. Web Crippling (End Bearing)-
φRd = beam shear capacity of deck alone (LRFD value

from SDI Table)
Rui=((1.6wdc + 1.2wdd + 1.4wlc)/1000x1.25xL)x0.75
Rui <= φRd, it is safe for design other wise to increase the value of Rui by
1/3 of allowable or to increase to beam shear capacity of deck alone.
d. Deflection in Deck –
The IS 456: 2000 gives a stringent deflection limitation of L/350 which may
be unrealistic for unpropped construction. The Euro code gives limitations of L/180 or 20
mm, which ever is less.
Δ (DL) = 0.0054x (wdc + wdd)/12000xL4/ (Es x Id)

Where;
Id=inertia of steel deck/ft.width (from SDI table)
Es=203,000 MPa
Δ (ratio) = Lx12/Δ (DL)
4.1.6 Calculations for Uniform Live Load-
a. Strong Axis Positive Moment-
+φMno = (0.85x F yd x S cr )/12

Where:
S cr = steel Reinforcement
+Mu =1.2x(0.096x w(DL)/1000xL2) +1.6x(0.096 x w(LL)/1000 x L2)
+Mu <= Allow. O.K. for design ,otherwise to increase

b. Strong Axis Negative Moment-
-φMno = (0.90xA sn xF yx ((h-d1)-a/2))/12

Where:
A sn = Negative moment reinforcement in mm2
-Mu = 1.4x0.125x w(DL)/1000xL2) +1.7x (0.125x w(LL)/1000xL2)
-Mu <= Allow. It is safe fo design. Otherwise to incrase depth of slab
c. Beam Shear-
φVd = beam shear capacity of deck alone (from SDI Table)
Ac = 2xhx ((rw+2xhx (rwt-rw)/2/hd) +rw)/2
φVc = 2x0.85x√(f'cx1000)xAc/1000
φVnt = φVd+φVc <= 4x0.85x√ (f'cx1000)xAc/1000 (without studs)
Vu = 1.2x (0.625x w(DL)/1000xL)+1.6x (0.625x w(LL)/1000xL)
:. Vu <= Allow. O.K. for design. otherwise to check design. revise

overall section
d. Shear and Negative Moment Interaction-
S.R. = (Vu/φVnt) 2+ (Mu/ (+φMno)) 2
S.R. <= 1.0, O.K.for design
e. Deflection-
wa(LL) = allow. Live load = (φMno x (1/0.070)/L2-1.2x w(DL))/1.6
Δ(LL) = 0.0054x w(LL)/12000xL4/(Ec x Iav) (Ec=Es/n)

Δ (ratio) = Lx12/Δ(LL)

4.1.7 Calculations for Concentrated Load-
a. Maximum Effective Slab Strip Width-
be (max) = 8.9x(t c /h)x12
b. Strong Axis Positive Moment-
x = (Lx12)/2 (assumed for bending)
b m = b 2 +2xt(top)+2xt c
b e = b m +4/3x(1-x/(Lx12))x(x) <= b e (max)
n = E s /E c = 29000/ (33x w c ^1.5x√ (f’ c x 1000)/1000), rounded
a = (-A sd +√ ((A sd ) 2-4x (12/n)/2x (-A sd x (h-yd ))))/ (2x(12/n)/2)
Z = h-y d -a
Icr = (12/n) xa3/3+A sd xZ2+I d
S cr = Icr / (h-a)
+φMno = (0.85xF yd xS cr )/12
+Mu = 1.2x (0.096x w(DL)/1000xL2) +1.6x (0.203xPxL) x (12/b e )
+Mu <= Allow. O.K.for design
c. Strong Axis Negative Moment –
X = (Lx12)/2 (assumed for bending)
b m = b 2 +2xt(top)+2xt c
b e = b m +4/3x(1-x/(Lx12))x(X) <= be(max)
b = 12/p x r w (avg) = width for negative bending
a = A sn x F y /(0.85 x f’ c x b)
-φMno = (0.90 x A sn x F y x ((h-d 1 )-a/2))/12
-Mu = 1.4x (0.125x w(DL)/1000x L2)+1.7x (0.094x P x L)x(12/b e )

-Mu <= Allow. O.K for design

.
d. Beam Shear for Concentrated Load:
X= h (assumed for beam shear)
bm = b 2 +2xt(top)+2xtc
be = bm+(1-x/(Lx12))x(x) <= be(max)
Ac = 2xhx ((rw+2xhx (rwt-rw)/2/hd) +rw)/2
φVc = 2x0.85x√(f’cx1000)xAc/1000
φVnt = φVd+φVc <= 4x0.85x√(f’cx1000)xAc/1000 (without studs)
Vu = 1.2x (0.625x w(DL)/1000xL)+1.6x(Px12/be)
Vu <= Allow. O.K. for design
e. Shear and Negative Moment Interaction for Concentrated Load:
S.R. = (Vu/φVnt) 2+ (Mu/ (-φMno)) 2
S.R. <= 1.0, O.K.
f. Punching Shear for Concentrated Load:
bo = 2x(b 2 +b 3 +2xtc)
φVc = 2x0.85x√(f'c x 1000)x bo x tc/1000
Vu =1.7xP
Vu <= Allow. O.K.
g. Deflection for Concentrated Load:
yuc = ((12/n) x tc2/2+(12/n)/(12/(2x rw(avg)))x hd x (tc+hd/2)+….

….+Asd x (tc+hd-yd))/(tc x (12/n)+Asd+(12/n)/(12/(2 x rw(avg)))x hd)
Iuc=(12/n)xtc3/12+(12/n)x(tc)x(yuc-tc/2)2+Id+(Asd)x(h-yuc-yd)2+….
….+(12/n)/(12/(2x rw(avg)))x hd3/12+(12/n)/(12/(2x rw(avg)))x hd x(h-hd/2-yuc)2
Iav = (Icr+Iuc)/2 (average of cracked and uncracked)
Δ(P) = 0.015x P x (12/be) x L3/(Ec x Iav) (Ec=Es/n)

Δ(ratio) = L x 12/Δ(P)
h. Weak Axis Moment for Concentrated Load:

A' c = 12 x t c
A st(min) = 0.00075x A' c
Ast >=Ast(min), O.K.for all design of case of different gauge or
thickness of metal sheet ,which doesnot affect the steel of deck slab should be same.
X = (L x 12)/2 (assumed for bending)
b m = b 2 +2x t (top) +2x t c
b e = b m +4/3x (1-x/(Lx12))x(X) <= be(max)
w = (Lx 12)/2+b 3 <= Lx12
a = A st x F y / (0.85 x f' c x b)
Where: b = wt of conc. For specific width)
φMnw = (0.85x A s x F y x (d 1 -a/2))/12
Muw = (1.6 x (Px b e x12/ (15 x w)))/12

Muw <=Allow. O.K.for design

Fig.4.4 section of deck slab

4.2 Serviceability Criteria:

The composite slab is checked for the following serviceability criteria
(i) Cracking
(ii) Deflection
(iii) Fire endurance
4.2.1 Cracking:
The crack width is calculated for the top surface in the negative moment
region using standard methods prescribed for reinforced concrete. Normally crack width
should not exceed 3 mm. IS 456: 2000 gives a formula to calculate the width of crack.
Provision of 0.4 % steel will normally avoid cracking problems in propped
construction and provision 0.2 % of steel is normally sufficient in un-propped
construction. If environment is corrosive it is advisable to design the slab as continuous
and take advantage of steel provided for negative bending moment for resisting
cracking during service loads.
4.2.2 Deflection:
The IS 456: 2000 gives a stringent deflection limitation of L/350 which may
be unrealistic for un-propped construction. The Euro code gives limitations of L/180 or 20
mm whichever is less. It may be worthwhile to limit span to depth ratio in the range of 25 to
35 for the composite condition, the former being adopted for simply supported slabs and the
later for continuous slabs. The deflection of the composite slabs is influenced by the slip-
taking place between sheeting and concrete. Tests seem to be the best method to estimate the
actual deflection for the conditions adopted.
Note: The deflections should not normally exceed the following [BS5950 Part 4, 1990]:
- L/180 (but ≤ 20mm) when the effect of ponding are not taken into account
- L/130 (but≤ 30mm) when the effects of ponding are taken into account
Where: L is the effective span of the profiled steel sheets
If the central deflection, δ, of the sheeting under its own weight plus that of the wet
concrete, calculated for serviceability, is less than 1/10 of the slab depth, the ponding effect
may be ignored in the design of the steel sheeting. If this limit is exceeded, this effect would

be allowed for; for example by assuming in design, that the nominal thickness of the
concrete is increased over the whole span by 0.7δ [Structural Steelwork Eurocodes, 2001].
4.2.2 Fire endurance:
The fire endurance is assumed based on the following two criteria:
• Thermal insulation criterion concerned with limiting the transmission of heat

by conduction
• Integrity criterion concerned with preventing the flames and hot gases to nearby
compartments.
It is met by specifying adequate thickness of insulation to protect combustible

materials. R (time in minutes) denotes the fire resistance class of a member or
component. For instance, R60 means that failure time is more than 60 minutes. It is
generally assumed that fire rating is R60 for normal buildings.
4.3 Installation & Site Storage-
4.3.1 Site Storage:

Steel deck shall be stored off the ground with one end elevated to provide drainage,
and shall be protected from the elements with a waterproof covering, ventilated to avoid
condensation.
4.3.2 Deck Placement:

Place each deck unit on supporting structural frame. Adjust to final position with
accurately aligned side laps and ends bearing on supporting members. On joist framing, be
sure the appropriate end lap occurs over a top chord angle for proper anchorage.
Note: Staggering roof deck end laps is not a recommended practice. The deck capacity is not
increased by staggering the end laps, yet layout and erection costs are increased.
4.3.3 Lapped or Butted Ends:

Deck Ends may be either butted or lapped over supports.

4.3.4 Anchorage:
Roof deck units shall be anchored to supporting members including perimeter support
steel and/or bearing walls by either welding or mechanical fasteners, to provide lateral
stability to the top flange of the supporting structural members and to resist the following
minimum gross uplifts; 45 pounds per square foot (2.15 kPa) for eave overhang; 30 pounds
per square foot (1.44 kPa) for all other roof areas. The dead load of the roof deck construction
shall be deducted from the above forces. The location and number of fasteners required for
satisfactory attachment of deck to supporting structural members are as follows:
All side laps plus a sufficient number of interior ribs to limit the spacing between
adjacent points of attachment to 18 inches (500 mm). Do not walk or stand on deck until
these minimum attachments are accomplished at the structural supports. Deck units with
spans greater than 5 feet (1.5 m) shall have side laps and perimeter edges (at perimeter
support steel) fastened at mid span or 36 inches (1 m) intervals, whichever distance is
smaller. Side lap attachment shall progress from support to mid span. A perimeter deck
system support parallel to deck flutes or ribs is necessary to provide for a minimum fastener
spacing as specified. The design and detailing of this perimeter deck support system is the
responsibility of the project designer.
Note: The deck should be anchored as soon as possible to act as a working platform, to
prevent blow off and slip off from supports and to provide stability to deck system and frame.
The designer should check the appropriate codes for the required uplift loading and show the
required anchorage connections on the plans. If no information is shown on the plans, the
uplift loads shown in paragraph 5.4 will be assumed. Side lap fasteners can be welds, screws,
crimps (button punching), or other methods approved by the designer. Welding side laps on
thicknesses 0.028 inches (.7 mm) or less may cause large burn holes and is not recommended.
The objective of side lap fastening is to prevent differential sheet deflection. The five foot
(1.5 m) limit on side lap spacing is based on experience. The deck erector should not leave
broken bundles or unattached deck at the end of the day as the wind may displace the sheets
and cause injury to persons or property. In the past, 1½ inches (38 mm) of end bearing was
the minimum; this is still a good “rule of thumb” that will, in general prevent slip off. If less
than 1½ inches (38 mm) of end bearing is available, or if high support reactions are expected,
the design engineer should ask the deck manufacturer to check the deck web stress. In any
case, the deck must be adequately attached to the structure to prevent slip off.

a. Welding:
Fillet welds, when used, shall be at least 1 inch (25 mm) long. Weld metal shall
penetrate all layers of deck material at end laps and shall have good fusion to the supporting
members. Welding washers shall be used on all deck units with a metal thickness less than
0.028 inches (0.7 mm). Welding washers shall be a minimum thickness of 0.056 inches (1.5
mm), 16 gage, and have a nominal 3/8 inch (10 mm) diameter hole. Care shall be exercised in
the selection of electrodes and amperage to provide a positive weld and prevent high
amperage blow holes.
Note: The obligation is placed on the contractor to prepare welding procedure specifications
and to qualify them before production use. These procedure specifications must include
classification of the filler metal, its size, and for each type of weld, its melting rate or any
other suitable means of current control indicative of melting rate, as applicable. The welder
qualification test requires each welder to prove the ability to produce satisfactory welds using
these qualified procedures. Welds are made from the top side of the deck, with the welder
immediately following the placement crew. In general, stronger welds are obtained on 0.028
inches (.70 mm) or thicker deck without weld washers. Welds on deck less than 0.028 inches
(.70 mm) are stronger with washers
b. Mechanical Fasteners:
Mechanical fasteners (powder actuated, screws, pneumatically driven fasteners, etc.)
are recognized as viable anchoring methods, provided the type and spacing of the fasteners
satisfy the design criteria. Documentation in the form of test data, design calculations, or
design charts should be submitted by the fastener manufacturer as the basis for obtaining
approval. The deck manufacturer may recommend additional fasteners to stabilize the given
profile against sideslip of any unfastened ribs.
Note: The allowable load value per fastener used to determine the maximum fastener
spacing is based on a structural support thickness of not less than 1/8 inch (3 mm) when
powder-actuated or pneumatically driven fasteners with 5/16 inch (8 mm) diameter minimum
bearing surface (fastener head size) are used. When the structural support thickness is less
than 1/8 inch (3 mm), powder actuated or pneumatically driven fasteners shall not be used but
screws are acceptable.

4.3.5 Finishes:
All steel to be used for roof deck shall be galvanized, aluminized or prime painted.
The roof deck shall be free of grease and dirt prior to the coating.
Note: The primer coat is intended to protect the steel for only a short period of exposure in
ordinary atmospheric conditions and shall be considered an impermanent and provisional
coating. Field painting of prime painted deck is recommended especially where the deck is
exposed. In corrosive or high moisture atmospheres, a galvanized finish is desirable in a G-60
(Z180) or G-90 (Z275) coating. In highly corrosive or chemical atmospheres or where
reactive materials could be in contact with the steel deck, special care in specifying the finish
should be used. In this case, individual manufacturers should be contacted. In most cases,
deck welds are removed from a corrosive environment when the roof is installed and no weld
touch up paint or cold galvanizing is necessary. In those instances where the welds are left
exposed to a corrosive atmosphere, the weld should be wire brushed and coated with an
approved substance.
4.3.6 Fireproofing:
The metal deck manufacturer shall not be responsible for the cleaning of the underside
of metal deck to ensure bond of fireproofing. Adherence of fireproofing materials is
dependent on many variables; the deck manufacturer (supplier) is not responsible for the
adhesion or adhesive ability of the fireproofing

4.3.7 Sequence of Construction:
Figure 4.5 Installation Process of Decking
Figure 4.6 3D view of composite Decking

4.4 Design of Steel deck slab for building-
• Design a simply supported metal steel deck slab accordance to manufacture

dimensioning standardization size of deck span 1.83m for 2-span condition.
Composite Steel Deck System without Studs Subjected to either Uniform Live
load or Concentrated Load. Composite Deck type 38.1mm X 152.4mm of an 18
gauge deck & Load Area length b 3 =114.3mm.
Uniform live load, w (LL) =9.58 kN/m2,
Concentrated load, P =22.56 kN/m2.
The unit weight of concrete is 24kN/m3. Negative Moment Reinforcement
A sn = 0.2^2/ft of a 50.8mm depth, Distribution reinforcement A st = 0.2^2/ft of a
63.5 depth. Thickness of topping will be neglect & further Detail as shown in
figure. Adopt M-30 concrete, Fe 415 steel & deck Steel yield is 227.58 N/mm2
(33ksi)
Results:-
Properties and Data:
h d =38.1mm = deck rib height
p= 152.4 mm = deck rib pitch (c/c distance between flutes)

rw = 50.8 mm = deck rib bearing width (from SDI table)
rw(avg) = 57.15 mm = avg. deck rib width (from SDI table)
td = 1.20396 mm = deck thickness ( mm equivalent to gauge )
Asd = 490.3216 mm2 = area of steel deck/fit ( from SDI table )
Id = 128.128x103 = inertia of steel deck /ft .width ( from SDI table)
Yd = 21.59 mm = C.G. of deck
Sp = 5719.085336mm3 = positive section modulus of steel deck/ft. width (from
SDI Table)
Sn= 5522.440568mm3 = negative section modulus of steel deck/ft. width (from
SDI Table)
tc = h-hd
= 152.4 - 38.1
= 114.3 mm
Wc = (t(top)+h-h d )x12+2x(h d (rwt+rw)/2))/(144xw c)
= (0+152.4-38.1)x12+2x(63.5+50.8)/2))/(144x24)
= 3.03 kN/m2
Wd = 0.12454 kN/m2
w(DL) = 3.155 kN/m2
Bending in Deck as a form only for construction Loads -
P = 0.66723 kN
W 2 = 0.958 kN
Fb ( allow) = 216.151 x 103
+Mu = (1.6*Wc+1.2*Wd)/1000*0.096*L^2+1.4*(0.203*P*L)

= (1.6x3.03+1.2x 0.12458 ) /1000x0.096x1.822 +1.4x(0.203x0.66723x1.82)
= 0.015777 kN.m
Or
+Mu = (1.6*Wc+1.2*Wd+1.4*W2)/1000*0.070*L^2
= (1.6*3.03+1.2*0.12454+1.4*0.958)/1000*0.070*1.822
=0.02733 kM.m
+fbu = +Mu(max)*12/Sp
= 0.02733 * 12/ 5719.085
= 146.169*103 kN/m2
:. +fbu <= Allow., O.K.
-Mu = (1.6*Wc+1.2*Wd)/1000*0.063*L^2+1.4*(0.094*P*L)
= (1.6*3.03+1.2*0.12454)/1000*0.063*1.822 +1.4*(0.094*0.66723*1.82)
=0.02393 kN.m
-Mu = (1.6*Wc/1000+1.2*Wd/1000+1.4*W2/1000)*0.125*L^2
= (1.6*3.03/1000+1.2*0.12454/1000+1.4*0.958/1000)*0.l25*1.822
=
2.62x10-3kN/m
-fbu = -Mu*12/Sn
= 0.0262*12/5522.44
= 146.23x103kN/m2
:. -fbu <= Allow., O.K.
Beam Shear in Deck as a Form only for construction Load
φVd = 18.49 kN
Vu = (1.6*Wc+1.2*Wd+1.4*W2)/1000*0.625*L
= (1.6x3.03+1.2x0.12454+1.4x0.958)/1000x0.625x1.82

=2.2063 kN
:. Vu <= Allow., O.K.
Shear and Negative Moment Interaction in Deck as a Form Only for Construction
Loads:
S.R. = (Vu/fVd)^2+(Mu/(Fb(allow)*Sn/12))^2
= (2.2063/18.4902 + (0.02733/216.151 x 103x5522.44056/12))2
=0.472 S.R. <= 1.0, O.K.
Web Crippling (End Bearing) in Deck as a Form Only for Construction Loads:
φRd = 18.77kN
Rui = ((1.6*Wc+1.2*Wd+1.4*W2)/1000*1.25*L)*0.75 (allowing 1/3 increase)

= ((1.6x3.03+1.2x0.12454+1.4x0.958)1000x1.25x1.82)x0.75
= 3.313925 kN
:. Ri <= Rd, O.K.
Deflection in Deck as a Form Only for Construction Loads:
D(DL)=0.0054*(Wc+Wd)/12000*L^4/(Es*Id)
= 0.0054*(3.03+0.12454)/12000x1.824/(2.1x105x128.128x103 )
= 0.0022m
D(ratio) = L*12/D(DL)
= L/80
= 1.83/807
= 0.00226 m
Strong Axis Positive Moment for Uniform Live Load:
+φMno = (0.85*Fyd*Scr)/12
= (0.85x227.52x103xScr)/12
= 8.89 kN.m
+Mu = 1.2*(0.096*w(DL)/1000*L^2)+1.6*(0.096*w(LL)/1000*L^2)
= 1.2x (0.096x3.155/1000x1.822) +1.6x (0.096x9.58/1000x1.822)
= 0.0060780 kN.m
:. +Mu <= Allow., O.K.

Strong Axis Negative Moment for Uniform Live Load:

-φMno = (0.90*Asn*Fy*((h-d1)-a/2))/12
= 4.38kN.m
-Mu = 1.4*(0.125*w(DL)/1000*L^2)+1.7*(0.125*w(LL)/1000*L^2)
=1.4x (0.125x 3.155/1000x1.822) + 1.7x (0.125x9.58/1000x1.822)
= 2.63 kN.m
:. -Mu <= Allow., O.K.
Beam Shear for Uniform Live Load:
φVd = 18.50 kN
Ac = 2*h*((rw+2*h*(rwt-rw)/2/hd)+rw)/2
= 2x0.1524 ((50.8 +2x0.1524 (rwt-0.1524)/2/38.1)+0.1524)/2
= 0.0232 m2
φVc = 2*0.85*SQRT(f'c*1000)*Ac/1000
= 2x0.85x SQRT (27579.029172x1000)x0.0232/100
= 185.296 kN/m2
φVnt = φVd+φVc <= 4*0.85*SQRT(f'c*1000)*Ac/1000 (without studs)
= 18.50+ 185.296 <= 4x0.85x SQRT (27579.029172x1000)x0.0232/1000
= 370.593 kN/m2
Vu =1.2*(0.625*w(DL)/1000*L)+1.6*(0.625*w(LL)/
= 1.2 x(0.625x 3.155)/1000x1.82) + 1.6x(0.625x 9.58 /1000x1.82)
= 71.82 kN/m2
Shear and Negative Moment Interaction for Uniform Live Load:
S.R. = (Vu/φVnt)^2+(Mu/(+φMno))^2
= ((71.82/370.593)2 + (0.0060780 /8.89))2
= 0.396
:.S.R. <= 1.0, O.K.
Deflection for Uniform Live Load:
wa(LL) = allow. live load = (φMno*(1/0.070)/L^2-1.2*w(DL))/1.6
= 8.89x (1/0.070)/1.822x3.155)
= 75.90 kN/m2
∆(LL) = 0.000965 m
∆(ratio) = L*12/∆(LL)

= 1.82x12/0.000965
= L/1883
Maximum Effective Slab Strip Width for Concentrated Load:

be(max) = 8.9*(tc
= 8.9x (114.3/0.1524)x12
= 2.03 m
Strong Axis Positive Moment for Concentrated Load:

x = (L*12)/2 (assumed for bending)
= (1.82x12)/2
= 0.9144 m
bm = b2+2*t(top)+2*tc
= 0.1143+ 2x0.000+2x0.1143
= 0.3429 m
be = bm+4/3*(1-x/(L*12))*x <= be(max)

= 0.3429+4/3(1-x/1.82x12))*x
= 0.9525 m
n = Es/Ec
=8
:. a = (-Asd+SQRT((Asd)^2-4*(12/n)/2*(-Asd*(h-yd))))/(2*(12/n)/2)
= (-0.00049+SQRT((0.00049)2-4x(12/8)/2x(-0.00049x(0.1524-0.02159))))/(2x(12/8)/2
= 0.04655 m
Z = h-yd-a
= 0.1524-0.02159-0.0465
= 0.084252 m
Icr = (12/n)*a^3/3+Asd*Z^2+I
= (12/8)x0.046553/3+0.00049x0.0842522+0.0128128 = 4.88x10-6 mm4

Scr = Icr/ (h-a)
=4.88x10-6/(0.1524-0.04655)
= 4.61x10-5 mm3
+φMno = (0.85*Fyd*Scr)/12
= (0.85x227526.99x4.61x10-5 )/12
= 8930 kN.m
+Mu = 1.2*(0.096*w(DL)/1000*L^2)+1.6*(0.203*P*L)*(12/
= 1.2x (0.096x3.155/1000x1.822)+1.6x(0.203x0.1524x1.82)x(12/0.9525)
= 4593 kN.m
:. +Mu <= Allow., O.K.
Strong Axis Negative Moment for Concentrated Load:

X = (L*12)/2 (assumed for bending)
= (1.83x12)/2
= 10.98 m
= 0.1143+2x0.000+2x0.1143
= 0.3429m
be = bm+4/3*(1-x/(L*12))*x <= be(max)
= 0.3429+4/3(1-10.98/(1.83*12))*10.98
= 0.9525 m
b = 12/p*rw(avg) = width for negative bending
=12/0.1524*0.05715
=1377.78 m
a = Asn*Fy/(0.85*f'c*b)
= 0.6258*413687.4/(0.85*27579.16*1377.78)
= 0.0199136
-φMno =(0.90*Asn*Fy*((h-d1)-a/2))/12
= (0.90*0.6258*413687.4*(0.1524-0.0508)-0.01991/2)/12
= 4.55 kN.m

-Mu = 1.4*(0.125*w(DL)/1000*L^2)+1.7*(0.094*P*L)
= 1.4*(0.125*3.155)/1000*1.83^2)+1.7*(0.94*2267.95*1.83)*(12/0.9525)
= 2.73 kN.m
:. -Mu <= Allow., O.K.
Beam shear for concentrated load:
x = h (assumed for beam shear)
= 0.1524 m
= 0.1143+2*0.0000+2*0.1143
= 0.3429 m
be = bm+(1-x/(L*12))*x<=be(max)
=0.3429+ (1-0.1524/ (1.83*12))*0.1524
= 0.4826 m
Ac = 2*h*((rw+2*h*(rwt-rw)/2/hd) +rw)/2
= 2*0.1524*((0.0508+2*0.1524*(0.0635-0.0508)/2/0.0381)+0.0508)/2
= 22500 mm^2
φVc = 2*0.85*SQRT(f'c*1000)*Ac/1000
= 2*0.85*SQRT (30*1000)*22500/1000
= 17.21 kN
φVnt = φVd+φVc <= 4*0.85*SQRT (f'c*1000)*Ac/1000 (without studs)

= 18.86+17.21<=4*0.85*SQRT (30*1000)22500/1000
= 34.47 kN
Vu = 1.2*(0.625*w(DL)/1000*L)+1.6*(P*12/be)
= 1.2*(0.625*3.15)/1000*1.83)+1.6*(22.62*12/0.4826
= 23.79 kN
Shear and Negative Moment Interaction for Concentrated Load:

S.R. = (Vu/φVnt)^2+(Mu/(-φMno))^2

= (24.26/34.47)^2+(2.73/(4.33))^2
= 0.838
:. S.R. <= 1.0, O.K.

Punching Shear for Concentrated Load:
bo = 2*(b2+b3+2*tc)
= 2*(0.1143+0.1143+2*0.1143
= 0.9144 m
φVc = 2*0.85*SQRT(f'c*1000)*bo*tc/1000
= 2*0.85*SQRT (30*1000)*0.9144*0.1143/1000
= 77.48 kN
Vu = 1.7*P
= 1.7*680
= 37.80 kN
Deflection for Concentrated Load:

yuc = ((12/n)*tc^2/2+(12/n)/(12/(2*rw(avg)))*hd*(tc+hd/2)+….
….+Asd*(tc+hd-yd))/(tc*(12/n)+Asd+(12/n)/(12/(2*rw(avg)))*hd)
= ((12/8)*0.1143^2/2+(12/8)/(12/(2*0.05715)))*0.0381*(0.1143+0.0381/2)+0.0475*(0.1143
+0.0381-0.02158))/(0.1143*(12/8)+0.0475+(12/8)(12/(2*0.5715)))*0.0381)
= 0.07155 m
Iuc = (12/n)*tc^3/12+(12/n)*tc*(yuc-tc/2)^2+Id+Asd*(h-yuc-yd)^2+….
….(12/n)/(12/(2*rw(avg)))*hd^3/12+(12/n)/(12/(2*rw(avg)))*hd*(h-hd/2-yuc)^2
=(12/8)*0.1143^3/12+(12/8)*0.1143*(0.07155-0.1143/2)^2+0.001203+0.0475*(0.1524
- 0.07155-0.2158)^2+(12/8)(12/(2*0.5715)))*0.0381^3/12+(12/8)/(12/2*0.5715)))*0.0381
*(0.1524-0.0381/2-0.07155)^2
=0.090468 m^4
Iav = (Icr+Iuc)/2 (average of cracked and uncracked)

= (0.07155+0.09046)/2
= 0.0681 m^4
∆(P) = 0.015*P*(12/be)*L^3/(Ec*Iav) (Ec=Es/n)

= 0.015*22.62*(12/0.4826)*1.83^3/(35000*0.0381)
= 0.0036068 m
∆(ratio) = L*12/∆(P)
=1.83*12/0.0036068
= L/509
Weak Axis Moment for Concentrated Load:

A'c = 12*tc
= 12*0.1143
= 1.3716 m^2
Ast(min) = 0.00075*A'c
= 0.00075*1.3716
= 25.62mm^2/ft
:. Ast >=Ast(min), O.K
x = (L*12)/2 (assumed for bending)

= (1.83*12)/2
= 0.9144 m
= 0.1143+2*0.0000+2*0.1143
= 0.3429 m
be = bm+4/3*(1-x/(L*12))*x <= be(max)

= 0.3429+4/3(1-0.9144/(1.83*12))*0.9144
= 0.9525 m
w = (L*12)/2+b3 <= L*12
= (1.83*12)/2+0.1143

= 1.0287 m
a = Ast*Fy/(0.85*f'c*b) where: b = 12"

= 0.02562*415/(30*0.3048)
= 0.007467 m
φMnw = (0.85*As*Fy*(d1-a/2))/12
= (0.85*0.02562*415*(0.0508-0.007467/2))/12
= 2.8 kN.m
Muw=(1.6*(P*be*12/(15*w)))/12
= (1.6*(680*0.9525*12/15*1.0287)))/12
= 0.686 kN.m
:. Muw <=Allow., O.K.

5 DESIGN OF RCC CONVENTIONAL SLAB
• Design a R.C Slab for a room measuring 5mX4m. The slab is cast monolithically
over the beams with corners held down. The width of the supporting beam is 230
mm. The slab carries superimposed load of 9.58kN/m2 and roof finish load is
1.5KN/M2 Use M-30 concrete and Fe-415 Steel.
Since, the ratio of length to width of slab is less than 2.0 and slab is resting on beam,
the slab is designed as two way restrained slab.
1) Trail depth and effective span

Assume approximate depth d=l/28=4000/30=142.8mm
Assume D=160 mm & clear cover 15 mm for mild exposure
d=160-15-10/2=130
Effective span is lesser of the two
i). ly=5.0+0.13=5.13 m , lx=4.0+0.13=4.13 m
ly= 5.13 m , lx= 4.13 m
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 5.13
𝛼𝛼 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 4.13 = 1.24m
2) Load on slab
i) Self weight of slab = 0.16X2X1
= 4 kN/m2
ii) Super imposed load = 9.58 kN/m2
iii) Roof finish load =1.5 kN/m2
iv) Total load =15.08kN/m2
Ultimate load ,wu = 15.08X1.5
= 22.62 kN/m2
3) Design bending moment and check for depth

The boundary condition of slab in all four edges discontinuous (case 9, Table 9.5.2)
Mx = 𝛼𝛼x Wu l2x
My = 𝛼𝛼y Wu l2x

For ly/lx =1.24,

𝛼𝛼x=0.0755
𝛼𝛼y=0.056
Positive moment at mid span of short span =
Mx = 𝛼𝛼x Wu l2x
=0.0755X22.62X4.132
=27.32 kN.m
Positive moment at mid span of longer span =
My = 𝛼𝛼y Wu l2x
=0.056X22.62X4.132
=20.27 kN.m
𝑟𝑟4 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
V u = Wu X 1 +𝑟𝑟4 ( 2 ) r=1.25
=32.09KN
M ulim = 0.138 fck b d2
=0.138x30x1000x1302
=69.97KNM
Mx<Mulim
Hence slab under reinforce s/c.
4) Area of Reinforcement
Steel along shorter direction (Mx)
4.6 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Astx=0.5 fck/fy [1- (1 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑^2 )1/2 ]b d
=415.9mm2
:. Calculate spacing using 12mm𝜙𝜙 bar
S=271.93mm
Hence provide 12mm𝜙𝜙 bar at 270mm c/c.
:. Steel along longer direction (My)

Since long span bars are placed above short span bars d=160-10=150mm.

4.6 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Asty=0.5 fck/fy [1- (1 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑^2 )1/2 ]b d
Ast x =302.72mm2
Calculate spacing using 12mm𝜙𝜙 bar
S= 300mm
Hence provide 12mm𝜙𝜙 bar at 300mm c/c.
6) Check for shear

∏ 144
Ast prov =4𝑥𝑥270 x1000 = 418.88mm2
Pt%= Ast Prov x100/bxd

= 418.88x100/1000x130
=0.3
τ v =Vu/bd = 32.09x1000/100x130
=0.247N/mm2
From table no 19 in IS 456:2000
τ c =0.474
k=1. 25 for D=160mm
τ c = 1.25x0.474= 0.59N/mm2
τ c max = 0.5x3.5 = 1.75N/mm2
τv < τc < τ c max
Slab safe in shear
7) Check for deflection
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
Fs=0.58 fy 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 238.47
F 1 = 1.6 , F 2 = 1, F 3 = 1
(L/d) Permited =48
(L/d) Prov =30.77
(L/d) Permited > (L/d) Prov
deflection control is satisfactory

8) Torsional reinforcement
Size of mesh = 4000/5 =800mm
Size of wall =230mm
Provide mesh size = 800+230 = 1030mm
Say 1030mmx1030mm
Area of torsional reinforcement
3 /4 x Astx = 3 /4x 415.9
= 311.925mm2
∏ 100
Spcing = 4𝑥𝑥311.925
x1000
=251.79mm
Hence provide 10mm 𝛟𝛟 bar @ 250mm c/c
Edge strip
= 0.12/100x1000x160
= 192mm2
∏ 100
Spcing = 4𝑥𝑥192
x1000
Hence provide 10mm 𝛟𝛟 bar @ 250mm c/c

9) Detail Reinforcement -
Fig.5.1 Detail Reinforcement

6 TOTAL COST ESTIMATE
6.1 Prepare the Analysis of Rate-
6.1.1 Prepare the analysis of rate for Steel metal sheet deck Slab 4mx5m in
proportion 1:1:2 i.e. M30
For multi deck -
Thickness of multi deck = 0.9 mm
Weight of deck/m^2 = 9 kg/m^2 = 0.09 kN/m^2
Rib height =3.75 cm (1.5 inch.)
No of rib in 5 m span (spread along shorter side) =33 nos.
Volume of concrete for one rib = 0.0107 m3
Total volume of rib =33x0.0107 = 0.3549 m^3
Concrete required for deck slab = Total volume of slab - Total volume of rib
= (4x5x0.15) - 0.3549
= 2.645 m^3
Steel required for deck slab-
Along longer span -
No. of bars at spacing of 150 mm = 4000/150 = 26.66 =27 nos. Bar of 10 mm ɸ
Total length of bar =27 x 5 = 135 m = 135000 mm
Along shorter span-
No. of bars at spacing of 150 mm = 5000/150 = 33.33 = 34 nos. Bar of 10 mm ɸ
Total length of bar = 34 x 4 = 136 m = 136000 mm
Weight of deck sheet = (4 x 5 x 0.09) =1.8 kN.

For smart deck -
Thickness of multi deck = 0.9 mm
Weight of deck/m^2 = 9 kg/m^2 = 0.09 kN/m^2
Rib height =7.5cm (3 inch.)
No of rib in 5 m span (spread along shorter side) = 17 nos.
Volume of concrete for one rib = 0.0409 m3
Total volume of rib =17x0.0409 = 0.695 m^3
Concrete required for deck slab = Total volume of slab - Total volume of rib
= (4x5x0.15) - 0.695
= 2.305 m^3
Steel required for deck slab-
Along longer span -
No. of bars at spacing of 150 mm = 4000/150 = 26.66 =27 nos. Bar of 10 mm ɸ
Total length of bar =27 x 5 = 135 m = 135000 mm
Along shorter span-
No. of bars at spacing of 150 mm = 5000/150 = 33.33 = 34 nos. Bar of 10 mm ɸ
Total length of bar = 34 x 4 = 136 m = 136000 mm
Weight of deck sheet = (4 x 5 x 0.09) =1.8 kN.

6.1.2 Comparing the both conventional RCC slab & Steel deck slab to calculate
the cost of both slabs.
For Multi deck-Table 5
Item Quantity Cost for Cost for saving

Per Conv. deck slab in
Unit RCC slab material
Rate (%)
Conv. Steel Rs. Rs. Ps Rs. Ps

RCC Slab deck slab
1.concrete
 cement 22 bags 19 bags 320/bag 7040 00 6080 00 13.63

 sand 0.75m^3 0.66m^3 800/m3 600 00 528 00 12.00
 Aggregate 1.5m^3 1.32m^3 650/m3 975 00 858 00 12.00
2.Reinforcemet 2.5qtl 1.6 qtl 4500/qtl 11250 00 7200 00 36.00
3.Metal deck - 180 kg 40/kg - - 7200 00 -
4.form work 15days - 200/day 3000 00 - - -
5.water proofing 3m^3 - 300/m3 900 00 - - -
6.Labour charges LumSum LumSum - 4100 00 3000 00 26.83
7.water charges+ 5% 5% - 1393 25 1358 03 2.51
contingencies
Total = 29258 25 26224 03
Economy achieve in multi deck-
Overall achieve cost in multi deck -

𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
= 𝑥𝑥 100
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
29258 .25 − 26224 .03

= 𝑥𝑥 100
29258 .25
= 10.40 %
Hence, steel deck cost save 10.40% as compared to Conventional RCC Slab.

For Smart deck-Table 6
Item Quantity Cost for Cost for saving

Per Conv. deck slab in
Unit RCC slab material
Rate (%)
Conv, Steel Rs. Rs. Ps Rs. Ps

RCC deck
Slab slab
1.concrete
 cement 22 bags 17 bags 320/bag 7040 00 5440 00 22.72

 sand 0.75m^3 0.57m^3 800/m3 600 00 342 00 43.00
 aggregate 1.5m^3 1.14m^3 650/m3 975 00 741 00 24.00
2.Reinforcemet 2.5qtl 1.6 qtl 4500/qtl 11250 00 7200 00 36.00
3.Metal deck - 180 kg 40/kg - - 7200 00 -
4.form work 15days - 200/day 3000 00 - - -
5.water proofing 3m^3 - 300/m3 900 00 - - -
6.Labour charges Lum Sum Lum Sum - 4100 00 3000 00 26.83
7.water charges+ 5% 5% - 1393 25 1358 03 2.51
contingencies
Total = 29258 25 25281 03
Economy achieve in Smart deck-
Overall achieve cost in Smart deck -

𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
= 𝑥𝑥 100
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
29258 .25 − 25281 .03

= 𝑥𝑥 100
29258 .25
= 13.60 %
Hence, steel deck cost saving 13.60% as compared to Conventional RCC Slab.

7 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMY
The Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR) has been estimated for the total cost
without the cost of land & taxes. Design only the slab without any building component &
estimate its cost as per DSR (District Schedule Rate) as saving economy deck slab compared
to conventional slab. Steel deck rate should be taken from manufacture rate.
The benefits taken into account include saving due to decongestion, saving in vehicle
operating cost, saving in concrete & steel, environmental pollution & accidents. The
Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) is estimated in multi deck at 10.40% & in smart
deck at 13.60%. The Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR), the completion cost without
cost of land & taxes of Rs. 26224.03 for multi deck slab & Rs. 25281.03 for Smart deck slab
& Rs. 29258.25 for conventional slab has been taken as an initial investment.
Economy analysis for structural decking system project has been carried out within the
framework of ‘without’ the project. The ‘without the project’ situation assesses the cost to the
economy in case the projected volume of work continuous to move on the prevailing modes
completion for introducing the Deck slab. The capital cost of both slab works & steel deck
for structural decking system to the building, with additional & replacement cost has been
stated. Yearly progress in the steel decking system project weekly fare in chapter 8.

8 WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT
• Yearly progress in the steel decking system project work during weeks in 2012 to
2013.Table.7
Sr. No Date Work Performance

Decide the name of project from related Reference paper under
1. 09/08/2012
the Guide-“Design of Structural Decking System for Building”
2. 16/08/2012 Guidance by Guide & Co-Guide about project topics
Detailed Study of Multi deck Brochure, Steel Framed Car Parks,
3. 23/08/2012
Lysaght-Smart deck file from Internet Search f papers
4. 06/09/2012 Guidance of above papers from guide & co-guide
5. 13/09/2012 Introduction Part of project from reference papers

Collection of more papers from internet to edited in project &
6. 20/09/2012
major current project work site
7. 27/09/2012 As per guidance; completion of next part of project
8. 04/10/2012 As per reference; Composite slab BIIK to get some points
9. 11/10/2012 Collection of steel deck photograph from Internet

As per guidance; arranging the all information of project
10. 18/10/2012
sequence wise in report
Completion of Synopsis project Report on “Design of Structural
11. 25/10/2012
Decking System for Building”
12. 01/11/2012 Submit the Synopsis project report in Ist semester
13. 29/01/2013 To start the next part of the project with design the slab
As per paper & references guidance to design procedure &
14. 08/02/2013
construction sequence adopted.
Refers the IS code 456:2000, IS 277-1992: Galvanized Steel
15. 22/02/2013
Sheets (Plain & Corrugated), IS 800:2007, IS 1079 (1994)
16. 14/03/2013 Refers from BS code & Euro code, American National Standards
Institute/ Steel Deck Institute,
17. 17/03/2013 Get the design criteria from current references

Design of deck slab ;according to given references at site of

18. 19/03/2013
lavasa car parking project
Design of conventional RCC slab :references from structural
19. 26/03/2013
design & drawing, S.k.Duggal book.
Analysis for RCC slab & For steel deck slab; references from
20. 31/03/2013
DSR, M.chakraborty book.
Total cost estimate of both compared slab i.e RCC slab & for
21. 06/04/2013
multi deck & Smart deck.
From both design & analysis of slab to get finical & economy
22. 08/04/2013
achieve.

9 CONCLUSIONS
 We are achieve economy in slab compared to conventional RCC slab as

follows-
• For multi deck slab- up to 10.60%
• For smart deck slab-up to 13.40%
 Saving of material -
• Reduced Steel Weight
• Reduced Concrete Volume – up to 30%
• Less Reinforcement – up to 50%
• Excellent Load Carrying Capacity
• Fire Resistant with minimum reinforcement
• Structural Stability
• Good Acoustic Performance
• Durable coating for moderate exposure
• Integral Service Fixing……

10 RECOMMENDATIONS
•The recommendations focus on application of strength principles based upon data

obtained from performance tests for the shear-bond and flexural failure modes.
•Structural decking system should be use in residential building
•The recommendations are based on the steel deck serving as the structural load-carrying
element during the construction phase.
• Composite steel-deck concrete floor slab serving as the load-carrying element for the
service-load phases.
•Fire Resistant with minimum reinforcement.
•Using this slab to get start fastest construction in Industry.

10. REFERENCES
• Managing health and safety in Construction (Design and Management) Regulations
2007. (CDM) Approved Code of Practice (Series code L144). HSE Books, 2007
• Code of Practice for metal decking and stud welding (Ref 37/04). BCSA, 2004
• AD 175: Diaphragm action of steel decking during construction Advisory Desk, in
New Steel Construction, Vol 3 (4), Aug 1995
• AD 247: Use of composite construction in an aggressive environment. Advisory
Desk, in New Steel Construction, Vol 9(2), March 2001
• IS 800:2007 : Structural use of Steelwork in Building
• IS 1079 (1994). Specification of hot-rolled carbon steel sheets & strips. New Delhi:
Bureau of Indian Standards.
• IS 456 (2000). Indian standard code of practice for plain & reinforced concrete, 4th
revision. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards.
• IS 277-1992: Galvanized Steel Sheets (Plain & Corrugated)
• References from structural design & drawing, S.k.Duggal book.
• References from DSR, M.chakraborty book.
• District Schedule Rate 2013 Jalgaon.
• http://www.jswsmd.in
• http://www.sdi.org/manuals.htm
• http://www.calculatoredge.com
• Current references from car parking project at Lavasa, Pune.

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J.T.

MAHAJAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

“DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL DECKING SYSTEM FOR

Mr. ATWAL PRATIK R. Mr.MAHAJAN AMIT S.

Prof. B.A.CHAUDHARI Prof. N.P.NARKHEDE

Prof. R.K.Malviya Dr.Bimlesh Kumar

Design of Structural Decking System for Building i

Design of Structural Decking System for Building ii

Design of Structural Decking System for Building iii

2.3 Design and construction sequences 13

Design of Structural Decking System for Building v

Design of Structural Decking System for Building vi

Table 1. Section Modulus Sp and Sn value 23

Design of Structural Decking System for Building vii

w dc Dead weight of concrete

Design of Structural Decking System for Building viii

t( top ) Thickness of a durable slab topping

Design of Structural Decking System for Building ix

Design of Structural Decking System for Building 1

1.1.1 Needs of use Metal Deck

Figure 1.2 7 Reasons uses of Decking System

Design of Structural Decking System for Building 2

1.2 Benefits of composite construction

1.2.1 Speed of construction

1.2.2 Safe method of construction

1.2.3 Saving in weight

1.2.4 Saving in transport

1.2.5 Structural stability

Design of Structural Decking System for Building 3

1.2.6 Shallower construction

1.2.8 Easy installation of services

Design of Structural Decking System for Building 4

1.4 Comparison Chart:

CONVENTIONAL RCC SLAB DECKING SLAB

Design of Structural Decking System for Building 5

Speed of Construction in Conv. Slab Speed of Construction in Decking Slab

Figure.1.3 Comparison Chart

1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Composite Slabs:

Design of Structural Decking System for Building 6

Some of the disadvantages are;

1.6 Objective and scope of research:

Design of Structural Decking System for Building 7

2. DESIGN CONSIDERATION & CONSTRUCTION TEAM

2.1 Team members

Design of Structural Decking System for Building 8

2.2 Roles in design and construction –

2.2.2 Composite beams

2.2.3 Composite slab

Design of Structural Decking System for Building 9

2.2.4 Choice of Decking

Design of Structural Decking System for Building 10

2.2.5 Decking arrangement and details

2.2.6 Temporary works

2.2.7 Fire protection

Design of Structural Decking System for Building 12

2.3 Design and construction sequences:

Fig. 2.1 sequences for composite floor construction

Design of Structural Decking System for Building 13

Fig. 2.2 sequences for composite floor construction

Design of Structural Decking System for Building 14

2.4 Design stage

Design of Structural Decking System for Building 15

• Propping requirements or restrictions