READING.

11 FORM

Text 1

The extinction of many species of birds has undoubtedly been hastened by modern man; since 1600 it has
been estimated that approximately 100 bird species have become extinct over the world. In North America, the first
species known to be annihilated was the great auk, a flightless bird that served as an easy source of food and bait
for Atlantic fishermen through the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Shortly after the great auk's extinction, two other North American species, the Carolina parakeet and the
passenger pigeon, began dwindling noticeably in numbers. The last Carolina parakeet and the last passenger pigeon
in captivity both died in September 1914. In addition to these extinct species, several others such as the bald eagle,
the peregrine falcon, and the California condor are today recognized as endangered; steps are being taken to
prevent their extinction.

1. The number of bird species that have become extinct in the United States since 1600 most probably is:
a) more than 100; b) exactly 100; c) less than 100; d) exactly three.
2. The passage implies that the great auk disappeared:
a) before 1600; b) in the 1600's; c) in the l800's; d) in the last fifty years.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the great auk was killed because:
a) it was eating the fishermen's catch; b) fishermen wanted to eat it;
c) it flew over fishing areas; d) it baited fishermen.
4. The paragraph following this passage most probably discusses:
a) what is being done to save endangered birds; b) what the bald eagle symbolizes to Americans;
c) how several bird species became endangered; d) other extinct species.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 2

Checks and balances are an important concept in the formation of the U.S. system of government as presented
in the Constitution of the United States. Under this conception of government, each branch of government has
built-in checks and limitations placed on it by one or more different branches of government in order to ensure that
any one branch is not able to usurp total dominance over the government. Under the Constitution, the United
States has a tripartite government, with power divided equally among the branches: the presidency, the legislature,
and the judiciary. Each branch is given some authority over the other two branches to balance the power among
the three branches. An example of these checks and balances is seen in the steps needed to pass a law. Congress
can pass a law with a simple majority, but the president can veto such a law. Congress can then counteract the veto
with a two-thirds majority. However, even if Congress passes a law with a simple majority or overrides a
presidential veto, the Supreme Court can still declare the law unconstitutional if it finds that the law is
contradictory to the guidelines presented in the Constitution.
5. The expression "dominance over" in line 3 is closest in meaning to:
a) understanding of; b) dispute over; c) authority over; d) rejection of.
6. The word "tripartite" in line 4 suggests that something is:
a) divided into three; b) totally democratic; c) powerfully constructed; d) evenly matched.
7. The "judiciary" in line 5 is:
a) the electorate; b) the authority; c) the legal system; d) the government.
8. The word "counteract" in line 8 is closest in meaning to:
a) vote for; b) debate; c) surpass; d) work against.
9. "Contradictory to" in line 10 is closest in meaning to:
a) in agreement with; b) opposite to; c) supported by; d) similar to.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 3

The American flag is the end product of a long evolution. Each of its component parts has its own history.
The very first American flag was hoisted in the skies over Boston on January 1, 1776, by the American forces
there. This first flag consisted of thirteen red and white stripes representing the number of American colonies. It
also included the British Cross of St. George and Cross of St. Andrew. It could be considered rather ironic that
these symbols of British rule were included, on the American flag in that the American colonists were fighting for
independence from the British. The origin of the stars on the current flag is obscure; that is, the stars could
possibly have been taken from the flag of Rhode Island, or they could have been taken from the coat-of-arms of the
Washington family. According to legend, this first flag with stars was sewn by Betsy Ross, a Philadelphia
seamstress who was famous for her clever needlework. This version of the flag contained thirteen stars and
thirteen stripes, one for each of the thirteen colonies battling for independence. The original idea was to add one
star and one stripe for each state that joined the new, young country. However, by 1818, the number of states had
grown to twenty, and it did not work well to keep adding stripes to the flag. As a result, Congress made the
decision to revert to the original thirteen stripes representing the thirteen original colonies and adding a star each
time a new state was admitted. This has been the policy ever since.
10. In line 8, the word "seamstress" is used to describe someone who:
a) works at home; b) sews; c) is a part of high society; d) practices medicine.
11. The word "work" in line 12 could best be replaced by:
а) get a job; b) function; c) accomplish; d) make an effort.
12. The word "keep" in line 12 could best be replaced by:
a) continue; b) maintain; c) hold; d) guard.
13. The expression "revert to" in line 12 means:
a) return to; b) add to; c) rejoice over; d) forget about.
14. The word "product" in line 1 is closest in meaning to:
a) goods; b) merchandise; c) banner; d) result.
15. Something that is "hoisted" (line 2) is:
a) created; b) found; c) raised; d) made.
16. The word "ironic" in line 3 could most easily be replaced by:
a) steellike; b) normal; c) unexpected; d) nationalistic.
17. Which of the following is closest in meaning to "obscure" in line 6?
a) Unclear; b) original; c) modern; d) known.
 READING. 11 FORM

Text 4

The rattlesnake has a reputation as a dangerous and deadly snake with a fierce hatred for humanity. Although
the rattlesnake is indeed a venomous snake capable of killing a human, its nature has perhaps been somewhat
exaggerated in myth and folklore.
The rattlesnake is not inherently aggressive and generally strikes only when it has been put on the defensive.
In its defensive posture the rattlesnake raises the front part of its body off the ground and assumes an S-shaped
form in preparation for a lunge forward. At the end of a forward thrust, the rattlesnake pushes its fangs into the
victim, thereby injecting its venom.
There are more than 30 species of rattlesnakes, varying in length from $10 inches to 6 feet and also varying
in toxicity of venom. In the United States there are only a few deaths annually from rattlesnakes, with a mortality
rate of 'less than 2 per cent of those attacked.
18. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
a) The Exaggerated Reputation of the Rattlesnake; b) The Dangerous and Deadly Rattlesnake;
c) The Venomous Killer of Humans; d) Myth and Folklore about Killers.
19. According to the passage, which of the following is true about rattlesnakes?
a) They are always ready to attack; b) they are always dangerous and deadly;
c) their fierce nature has been underplayed in myth and folklore; d) their poison can kill people.
20. The word "posture" in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
a) Mood; b) fight; c) position; d) strike.
21. When a rattlesnake is ready to defend itself it:
a) lies in an S-shape on the ground; b) lunges with the back part of its body;
c) is partially off the ground; d) assumes it is prepared by thrusting its fangs into the ground.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that:
a) all rattlesnake bites are fatal; b) all rattlesnake bites are not equally harmful;
c) the few deaths from rattlesnake bites are from six-foot snakes;
d) deaths from rattlesnake bites have been steadily increasing.
23. The word "mortality" in line 10 is closest in meaning to:
a) percentage; b) illness; c) death; d) survival.
24. The author's purpose in this passage is to:
a) warn readers about the extreme danger from rattlesnakes; b) explain a misconception about rattlesnakes;
c) describe a rattlesnake attack; d) clarify how rattlesnakes kill humans.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 5

A hoax, unlike an honest error, is a deliberately concocted plan to present an untruth as the truth. It can take
the form of a fraud, a fake, a swindle, or a forgery, and can be accomplished in almost any field: successful hoaxes
have been foisted on the public in fields as varied as politics, religion, science, art, and literature.
A famous scientific hoax occurred in 1912 when Charles Dawson claimed to have uncovered a human skull
and jawbone on the Piltdown Common in southern England. These human remains were said to be more than
500,000 years old and were unlike any other remains from that period; as such they represented an important
discovery in the study of human evolution. These remains, popularly known as the Piltdown Man and scientifically
named Eoanthropus dawsoni after their discoverer, confounded scientists for more than forty years. Finally in
1953, a chemical analysis was used to date the bones, and it was found that the bones were modern bones that had
been skill fully aged. A further twist to the hoax was that the skull belonged to a human and the jaws to an
orangutan.
25. The topic of this passage could best be described as:
a) the Piltdown Man; b) Charles Dawson's discovery; c) Eoanthropus dawsoni; d) a definition and
example of a hoax.
26. The author's main point is that:
a) various types of hoaxes have been perpetrated; b) Charles Dawson discovered a human skull and
jawbone;
c) Charles Dawson was not an honest man; d) the human skull and jawbone were extremely old.
27. The second paragraph includes:
a) an illustration to support the ideas in the first paragraph; b) a counterargument to the ideas in the first
paragraph;
c) an analogy to the ideas in the first paragraph; d) a detailed definition of a hoax.
28. The word "concocted" in line 1 most probably means:
a) issued; b) spoken; c) implemented; d) fabricated.
29. The word "confounded" in line 8 is closest in meaning to:
a) confused; b) prevented; c) determined; d) discovered.
30. The passage does NOT mention about hoaxes in the field of:
a) creating works of art; b) athletic events; c) writing books; d) research work.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 6

Getting back on the Moon

Several decades after the Apollo 11 Moon landing, scientists want another trip.
One of the most dramatic events in human history took place in 1969. Dressed in his space suit and equipped
with an oxygen backpack, a walkie-talkie, a camera and a special visor to block out the fierce light of the
sun, the astronaut Neil Armstrong stepped from the Eagle lunar module out onto the Moon. He was soon
joined by Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin. The two men collected rock samples and took photographs before returning
to the Apollo spacecraft.
After several decades, the excitement surrounding mankind's first visit to another world has not decreased. 9
___ Moreover, the snapshot of a sapphire-blue Earth, as seen from the Apollo spacecraft, remains a
powerful symbol of space exploration.
However, some scientists claim that, despite twelve men having walked on the Moon in six missions
between 1969 and 1972, basic questions about it remain unanswered. For example, is there really water
there? What is the 'far side' like? How did the Moon come to orbit the Earth? 10 ________ Human beings,
they say, would be better at gathering information and samples than unmanned spacecraft.
David Heather, a lunar researcher from London, agrees that such questions could be answered more easily if
people were sent up rather than robots. He thinks that people are more intelligent and useful. 11_____
The researcher, who is studying data from unmanned spacecraft, believes that because scientists have got
some sample material from the Moon, most people considerthat it is unnecessary to go back there. He
insists, however, that a lot of the material we have does not give a good idea of what all parts of the Moon
are like. 12 ______ As a result, there are very few pieces of rock from the highland regions and insufficient
material from the lunar seas.
13 _____That is another reason why people like David Heather would like to see more scientists up there,
working with more advanced equipment. A lot more could be done today.
There are problems, however, the main one being that it is incredibly expensive to send humans to the
Moon. 14 ______ There is only so much money to go round. There would be arguments about the best use
of resources between people who want to go to the Moon, people who want to build telescopes on Earth and
people who want to build telescopes in space. Each group would argue that their project is the most
important and urgent undertaking.
There is another problem to be faced. 15 _________For example, astronauts on the far side of the Moon, which is
invisible to Earth, would be out of contact. A lot of people would oppose manned missions for that reason
alone.

Choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits each gap (9-15). There is one extra sentence which
you do not need to use.

A All the Apollo missions had to land near the Moon's equator, so the samples have come from a limited
area.
B It is easy to forget, too, that the
technology of the early lunar missions was the technology of the 1960s.
C They are supposed to do the kind of tasks that astronauts cannot do.
D The most mysterious areas of the Moon are probably the most dangerous.

E Now, some believe that manned missions should begin again.

F The human footprints on the lunar surface seem as incredible now as they did in the 1960s.
G For that reason, some people might oppose any plans for new missions.
H They can make quick decisions about what they should collect and examine.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 7
See Tasmania!
Rich in old-world charm and with magnificent National Parks, Tasmania is well covered by a good
road network. Light traffic and wonderful views make driving these roads a pleasure. Though the bus system
is reliable, on many routes services may only run once daily. So hire a car and see this beautiful and
interesting island at your own speed.
There is a variety of places to stay, and although booking is strongly advised, particularly at
peakholiday times, it should not be too difficult to arrange things as you go, if you prefer. We sell you a set
of Taz Hotel Pass vouchers and Tasmania is yours. The Taz Hotel Pass offers the visitor a simple and
convenient way to stay anywhere in Australia. Each hotel ticket is paid for in advance and is for one night's
accommodation. There is no maximum or minimum number of hotel tickets you can buy, and we will give
you your money back on unused tickets, less a small administrative charge. Taz Hotels are divided into
simple colour categories, with Ruby being the most basic and Diamond representing the highest quality. We
recommend that you buy a mixture of tickets, as we cannot give you your money back if you use a higher-
value ticket when staying at a lower-value hotel. If you travel to an area where Taz have no hotels, then we
will find other reasonably priced accommodation for you in exchange for your Taz tickets.
Here is the planned route for our holiday in Tasmania:
Day 1: Arrive at Hobart airport, pick up your car and spend some time in the capital, perhaps driving
up to the Old Signal Station on Mount Nelson.
Day 2: Drive through the Derwent Valley, stopping at Russell Falls. Later the scenery becomes even
more amazing as you pass Lake St Clair National Park. Spend the night in the fishing town of Strahan.
Day 3: We take you on a half-day cruise from Strahan on the famous Gordon River. Then set off for a
leisurely drive to Cradle Mountain National Park.
Day 4: Enjoy the wild beauty of the Park. Go fishing or horse-riding. Or walk around beautiful Dove
Lake, from where there are wonderful views of the mountain itself.
Day 5: Explore the fascinating country towns as you drive north and along the coast to Launceston,
Tasmania's second-largest city.
Day 6: A pleasant drive through peaceful countryside to Hobart. On route, you pass the charming
towns of Ross and Oatlands. Return to the airport in time for your flight.

State True or False:

1. There are few traffic jams in Tasmania.
2. There are several buses every day on most routes.
3. It is essential to reserve accommodation in advance.
4. There is a limit on the number of hotel tickets you can buy.
5. Ruby Hotels are the cheapest.
6. Taz Hotel tickets can only be used in Taz Hotels.
7. The most attractive scenery you see on the second day is by Russell Falls.
8. The third day is spent in the car.
9. There are good views of Cradle Mountain from the edges of Dove Lake.
The trip finishes where it started.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 8
Animal Magic
1_______A kind of treatment designed to stimulate people who are withdrawn or uncommunicative has
recently been given a new name: pet therapy. It has given difficult children, lonely old people and even anti-
social prisoners a completely new outlook on life.
2_______Even though pet therapy is only now being widely used, it is not a new idea. In the eighteenth
century an English doctor, William Tuke, filled the grounds of a hospital for mentally disturbed people with
chickens, rabbits and goats. At a time when people were usually punished for strange behaviour rather than
helped, this was a radical new approach to treating the mentally disturbed. Tuke's idea was that patients
could learn self-control by caring for creatures weaker than themselves.
3_______This is an idea which has persisted. In New York, horses, cows, cats and dogs were recruited to
heal soldiers who had been wounded during World War II. These animals comforted the traumatised and
helped the battle-scarred to avoid becoming obsessed with their injuries.
4________During the 1970's, scientific interest was rekindled by a study that had originally set out to
examine the connection between social conditions and heart disease. Quite by chance, researchers
discovered that the survival rate of people who owned a pet was significantly greater than those who didn't.
At first, they treated these findings with suspicion, but the more research that was
done, the more conclusive the proof became. People with pets really were living longer.
5________It was discovered that stroking a cat or dog lowers a human being's blood pressure and reduces
anxiety. Just having an animal around you can lower your heart rate. Cats and dogs aren't the only pets that
can help you to relax either. A dental school in America has discovered that gazing at fish in a tank helps
patients relax before undergoing dental treatment.
6________The current trend towards using pets in therapy sessions is based on the work of an American
psychologist, Dr Boris Levinson. He was treating a child who was very withdrawn and refused to talk. One
day, Dr Levinson took his dog Jingles to the therapy session and, to his surprise, the child began stroking
and cuddling the dog. Through more contact with Jingles, the child became increasingly open and
approachable and Levinson was able to complete the psychotherapy successfully.
7________But what aspect of the animal-human relationship is the cause of such benefits? Does the
companionship of animals fulfill certain basic human needs that are still not fully understood, but which are
nevertheless vital to our sense of well-being? One recent study revealed that there were significantly fewer
minor illnesses such as colds, backaches and stomach problems among adults after they had acquired a pet.
"It is difficult to know if they became healthier as a result of acquiring their pet, but they certainly perceived
themselves to be so," the researcher said.
8________There is no real explanation however, for why animals can change people in various ways.
Elizabeth Ormerod, who is spearheading a campaign to introduce pets into a Scottish prison, has watched
the effect of animals on prisoners. "Animals help to dispel tension," she says. The Scottish prisons that have
some involvement with animals report fewer disturbances as well as better relationships between staff and
prisoners. "Caring for a pet encourages compassion and reverence for life," says Ormerod. "You could call it
humane education."
Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-I for each part (11-18) of the article. There is one
extra heading which you do not need to use.

A. Pets improve the health of their owners.

B. The difference a dog made.
C. A pioneering new method of treatment.
D. Pets linked to longer lifespan.
E. A new view of the world.
F. Pets are not for everyone.
G. Healing physical and mental scars.
H. Prison relations improved by animals.
Animals ease
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 9
The little chef
Fifteen-year-old Sam Stern, the most famous teenage chef in the UK, learned how to cook when he
was very young. At the age of three he could roll dough and by the age of nine he could make a roast
chicken with herbs. His cooking career, however, began only a few years ago when his brother Tom started
texting him from university to ask for family recipes. Sam not only sent his brother the family recipes but
also created his own. In fact, his own recipes were so good that his mother encouraged him to write a book.
This led to his best-selling book Cooking Up a Storm.
In the summer of 2006, Sam travelled to the US, where he appeared on famous TV shows such as the
Today Show and the Martha Stewart Show. He also signed a book contract with a US publishing house and
plans to return to the US later in the year for his own TV show. His next book Real Food, Real Fast will be
published in October 2006. Sam is currently working on his third book which is for young people leaving
home to study.
State True or False:
1. Sam is from the United States.
2. Sam learned how to cook when he was twelve.
3. Sam’s brother, Tom, asked for family recipes while he was at university.
4. Sam used to send his brother cooked food by post.
5. Sam’s mother wanted him to write a book.
6. Sam’s mother wrote Cooking Up a Storm.
7. Sam appeared on British television.
8. Sam signed a contract with an American publishing house.
9. Sam’s second book will be published in October, 2006.
10. Sam’s third book is already out in the US.
11. Sam is writing a book for young people leaving home to study.
12. He is going to take part in a famous Today Show soon.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 10
Action Sports Camps
Action Sports Camps provide activity holidays for children aged over five and adults. We offer
training in over twenty sports at ten different centres throughout the UK. All the centres are open from April
until October, and some open during the winter for weekend courses. The sports offered differ from one
centre to another, so if you want to do something in particular, you should check our colour brochure.
The camps are not just limited to outdoor sports - we cover a wide range of indoor activities as well.
So if the rain comes, the camps continue, although you may have to take off your football boots and pick up
a squash racket instead. With the experience we've gained over the years, we put together the right mix of
sport and activities providing sport for all, not just for those who are brilliant at athletics. It is unnecessary to
bring any equipment because it is all provided.
We work in small groups, children working with others of their own age, but we do all come together
for social activities and meals. So different members of a family can make their own individual choices, but
they get a chance to exchange their experiences later on.
Our centres offer first-class accommodation, food and facilities - and the staff are first-class too.
Qualified teachers or professionals receive training from us, and many work with us year after year. We
always employ qualified staff for activities such as swimming, trampolining and gymnastics, but some of the
assistants organising the children's games are students, many of whom came to the camp themselves when
they were younger.
At most of our centres, accommodation is in a hostel or tents. It is not possible for us to arrange other
accommodation, but we can send you a list of what is available in the area. Most of the places are
recommended to us, but not all, so we are not responsible for the quality of the accommodation on this list.
Luxury accommodation is not available near our camps.
To book a place at a sports camp, complete the form and send it with a cheque for the deposit to the
address below. The rest of the fee can be paid at any time, but we must receive it at least one month before
your camp. Please note, to keep costs down, you are charged 2.5% extra by us if you pay with your credit
card. You will receive a letter of confirmation within ten days of sending your form. Cancellations made up
to a month before the camp are refunded in full apart from a 5% administration fee. Fifty per cent of the fee
is refunded if a cancellation is made up to two weeks before the date of the camp. After that, no refunds can
be given.

State True or False:

1. Some centres are open all winter.
2. The activities available depend on the weather.
3. Action Sports Camps courses are unsuitable for people who are excellent at sport.
4. You need to have your own sports equipment.
5. Children and adults spend some time together each day.
6. Some of the staff are unqualified.
7. Action Sports Camps only recommend accommodation of a high quality.
8. You have to pay the total fee one month after you book.
9. Action Sports Camps charge you more if you pay with your credit card.
10. If you cancel three weeks before your camp, you will get half your money back.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 11
Winter in Venice
1______February in Venice is carnival season, where things are far from what they seem, and it is
impossible to distinguish between the performers and the spectators. Revellers flit through the alleys, and
ghostly masks hang from the ceilings and walls of tiny shops. It is easy to get caught up in the crowds of
people who have flocked to Venice for the carnival, to munch on fritelle, small doughnuts made only during
carnival season, and to forget that there is more to Venice than just entertainment.
2______Venice is a working, modern city, not a museum and certainly not a theme park. Rubbish collectors
moor their dust carts at jetties every morning as people emerge from their houses to buy groceries from
floating shops. They go to work by boat and walk along the waterfront eating icecream on Sundays.
3______One place to find the real city is in the black mud of the Rio di San Luca, a canal which was drained
over a year ago. An archaeological rubbish dump has been revealed, made up of the remains of centuries of
ordinary Venetians' lives. Among other things, ancient chicken bones, shopping trolleys and coins from
Byzantine, Ottoman and Napoleonic times have been uncovered. Regrettably the destruction of La Fenice,
the city's glorious opera house, was partly caused by the fact that several nearby canals had been drained.
Because they were dry, firefighters had no water to pump onto the blaze.
4______Of course, the real Venice is not just humdrum daily life or the remnants of history. Its churches
house some of Europe's finest art, including Tintoretto's "Paradise" which is the largest oil painting in the
world. For many visitors there is just too much to take in - too many works of art tucked away in too many
churches. Crowds are thickest in Piazza San Marco, where children caught up in the excitement queue to
have their faces painted, and tourists and revellers alike gather in the Cafe Florian, making it seem like a
curiosity shop into which passers-by peer.
5______Should the crowds become too much for you, it is easy to escape to one of Venice's outlying islands,
which are barely visible across the lagoon in the chilly winter mist. After the cemetery island of San Michele
you come to Murano, where glass is still being made. It is blown, rolled and twisted in ways that have not
changed since the 13th century. Fine Murano glass is found in museums everywhere, but the workshops
where it is made are filling the surrounding water with arsenic, meaning that the lagoon is becoming
severely polluted. But apart from the traditional July dip in the Adriatic after the fiesta del Rendetore
fireworks, and the occasional hapless visitor who slips on slimy steps, no one swims in the lagoon.
6_______Beyond Murano lies Burano, where the houses are painted in powder blue, brick red and every
colour in between. The slow tolling of the monastery bell on neighbouring Torcello across the water
somehow emphasises the tranquility of the outlying islands, creating an atmosphere which is in stark
contrast to the sometimes overwhelming noise and crowds of Venice itself.
7_______Nightlife in Venice is reputed to be dull, but after dark it is one of the most thrilling cities on earth.
If you're lucky a thick fog will roll in. Stone walls begin to drip; you hear snatches of conversations, and
footsteps and voices echo from shadowy alleys. It is certainly a fascinating experience, one that is unique to
this beautiful, multi-faceted city.

Choose a sentence from the list A-H which best summarises each part (11-17) of the article. There is
one extra sentence which you do not need to use.
A. You can escape from the crowds and witness the creation of beautiful objects - but beware of the
water!
B. Everyday life takes place on and near the water.
C. Emptied canals have revealed layers of history - and caused a great tragedy.
D. This is not a city for the faint-hearted, as there are dangers around every corner.
E. Going further afield, you can find beautiful scenery and a peaceful atmosphere.
F. It may seem to be exclusively a place of magical excitement, but there is more to it than that.
G. Darkness creates an intriguing atmosphere which can only be experienced in Venice.
H. From viewing great masterpieces to catching glimpses of cafe life, there is no end of things to see
and do.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 12
Ferndig Islands
Three miles across the water from the town of Blascott lies the group of islands known as the
Ferndigs. The main island is St Michael. Separated by a narrow channel of water is St Michael's little sister,
St Margaret. People first lived on these islands 1,500 years ago. By the 1950s the population had gone down
to below twenty, and in 1960 the last person left the islands. But in 1991 two families moved back, and since
then more people have followed. Tourists now visit regularly to enjoy the beautiful scenery.
Visit the one shop on the islands which sells butter, cheese and bread produced by the families who
live there. The produce is also taken by boat to restaurants in Blascott, where it can be enjoyed by visitors to
the area. Perhaps more interestingly, a range of perfumes is made from the wild flowers and herbs which
grow on the island and can be bought in the shop. They are produced mainly for export and are very special.
So a visit to the shop is a must!
St Michael Island is easily explored on foot but, in the interests of safety, visitors are requested to keep
to the main footpaths. From where the boat lands, walk along the cliff until you reach a steep path
signposted to the church. When you get there, it is worth spending a moment in this lovely old building.
Carry on along the same path which continues to climb to the highest point on the island. There is a
wonderful view from here along the coastline. If it is warm, you may like to finish your day relaxing on the
beach. Priory Beach on the eastern side of the island is safe for swimming. Sandtop Bay on the western side
is the other sandy beach, but swimming is not advised here.
It is possible to hire a boat to cross to the islands, or you can take one of the boat trips which depart
from Blascott harbour in summer, Monday to Friday. The islands are always open to visitors apart from on
Sundays. Buy a ticket for a boat trip from the kiosk in Blascott harbour. The charge for landing on the
islands is included in the ticket but, if you take your own boat, remember to take some money. The crossing
takes thirty minutes, and boats run every fifteen minutes.
Before you set off on a trip, visit the exhibition centre which tells the history of the islands and gives
information about birds and wildlife you may see when you get there.

State True or False:

1. St Margaret Island is smaller than St Michael Island.
2. There was no one living on the islands in the 1980s.
3. There are several restaurants on the islands.
4. Flowers are for sale in the island shop.
5. The church is at the top of the highest hill.
6. There is one beach on St Michael Island where it is safe to swim.
7. It is possible to take a boat trip on a Saturday.
8. There is a fee for landing on the islands.
9. The journey to the islands lasts half an hour.
10. There is an exhibition centre on the islands.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 13
Read a magazine article about global warming. Eight paragraphs have been removed from the article.
Choose from paragraphs A-I the one which fits each gap (11-18). There is one extra paragraph which you do
not need to use.
What’s up with the weather?
A. It seems as though these serious and urgent predictions are already coming true. Recently, Hurricane
Andrew cost American insurance companies $16.5 billion and insurers worldwide have concluded
that the greenhouse effect could bankrupt them.
B. World temperatures are forecast to rise by 1.8 to 6.3°C by the year 2100 but no one is certain what its
eventual effects will be. Consequently, a number of theories have been developed.
C. Most scientists' fears are focused on the heavily populated south coast of England. Increased coastal
development means that flooding would be catastrophic. The value of the coastal land between
Bognor Regis and Bournemouth was recently estimated at Ј5,745 million.
D. In old urban areas, most storm drainage systems are combined with the sewage system. "Flash flood"
storms are therefore likely to send waves of untreated sewage into the watercourse. "We have to face
the fact" - says Professor Parry - "that climate change is inevitable - and possibly it will be very
unpleasant."
E. The most innovative country in this respect is Spain. In the last three years it has been at the forefront
in promoting the use of alternative energy forms - including tidal and hydro-electric power.
F. On New Year's Day of this year, for example, Mexico City had its first snowfall in twenty years;
monsoons in India, Bangladesh and Nepal stranded nearly two million people in June, and last year's
Caribbean storms were the worst for sixty years. Scientists are now convinced that the world's
climate has been changed by mankind.
G. Pessimists on the other hand predict a rise in sea levels of 15 to 96 centimetres - meaning that many
low-lying islands like those in the Pacific and Carribean will be totally submerged.
H. At the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio, nations promised to cut their carbon dioxide emissions drastically
by the year 2000, although the only country that looks on target is Sweden. The other nations seem to
be counting on solutions like solar power to come to the rescue.
I. In Britain, the threat of flooding is being taken very seriously. The Thames Flood Barrier was built to
protect London from the rising sea level.
The world climate is in chaos. Freak weather conditions have been so common recently that even the most
hardbitten cynics suspect that something odd is going on.
11___________________________________________
In December 1995, climatologists from the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) all agreed that global warming is an undeniable fact.
12____________________________________________
Optimists foresee milder winters and record harvests for farmers. They believe that the severity of storms
will reduce due to the stabilising of differences between the equator and the poles.
13____________________________________________
In a warmer world, extremes of wet and dry will intensify. In very dry regions where there is little water
anyway, an increase in temperatures would worsen droughts and increase desertification -especially in the
interiors of continents where rainfall will become very rare. In areas where high levels of rainfall are normal,
such as in coastal and mountainous regions, increased water vapour, and hence fiercer rainfall, should be
expected.
14________________________________________________________________
As a result of this, insurance companies are panicking. Many are trying to persuade governments to regulate
emissions of greenhouse gases.
15___________________________________________________________________________
Professor Parry, a member of the IPCC, states that there really isn't very much we can do to stop global
warming happening. "Even if we could dramatically reduce industrial emissions, the atmosphere would
continue to heat up for another 50 years - because the oceans act like a vast storage heater, holding on to
heat and delaying the warming of the air about us."
16_________________________________________________________________
Some scientists, however, fear that the Flood Barrier may be overwhelmed because the geological structure
of Britain means that the south east of England is actually tilting into the sea. This, with the rising sea levels,
means that the high-tide level of the River Thames in central London is set to rise by a rate of 75 centimeters
a century.
17_________________________________________________________________
The rest of us won't get off lightly though. Warmer weather is likely to increase the amount of algae in
reservoirs and lakes. This will make water treatment and purification more difficult and there will probably
be an increase in stomach-and intestine-related illnesses. Fierce storms could also bring about health
problems.
18_________________________________________________________________
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 14
First introduced in 1927, The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories are a series of books about the adventures
of brothers Frank and Joe Hardy, teenaged detectives who solve one baffling mystery after another. The
Hardy Boys were so popular among young boys that in 1930 a similar series was created for girls featuring a
sixteen-year-old detective named Nancy Drew. The cover of each volume of The Hardy Boys states that the
author of the series is Franklin W. Dixon; the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories are supposedly written by
Carolyn Keene. Over the years, though, many fans of both series have been surprised to find out that
Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene are not real people. If Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene never
existed, then who wrote The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries?
The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew books were written through a process called ghostwriting. A
ghostwriter writes a book according to a specific formula. While ghostwriters are paid for writing the books,
their authorship is not acknowledged, and their names do not appear on the published books. Ghostwriters
can write books for children or adults, the content of which is unspecific. Sometimes they work on book
series with a lot of individual titles, such as The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew series.
The initial idea for both The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew series was developed by a man named
Edward Stratemeyer, who owned a publishing company that specialized in children’s books. Stratemeyer
noticed the increasing popularity of mysteries among adults, and surmised that children would enjoy reading
mysteries about younger detectives with whom they could identify. Stratemeyer first developed each book
with an outline describing the plot and setting. Once he completed the outline, Stratemeyer then hired a
ghostwriter to convert it into a book of slightly over 200 pages. After the ghostwriter had written a draft of a
book, he or she would send it back to Stratemeyer, who would make a list of corrections and mail it back to
the ghostwriter. The ghostwriter would revise the book according to Stratemeyer’s instructions and then
return it to him. Once Stratemeyer approved the book, it was ready for publication.
Because each series ran for so many years, Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys both had a number of
different ghostwriters producing books; however, the first ghostwriter for each series proved to be the most
influential. The initial ghostwriter for The Hardy Boys was a Canadian journalist named Leslie McFarlane.
A few years later, Mildred A. Wirt, a young writer from Iowa, began writing the Nancy Drew books.
Although they were using prepared outlines as guides, both McFarlane and Wirt developed the characters
themselves. The personalities of Frank and Joe Hardy and Nancy Drew arose directly from McFarlane’s and
Wirt’s imaginations. For example, Mildred Wirt had been a star college athlete and gave Nancy similar
athletic abilities. The ghostwriters were also responsible for numerous plot and setting details. Leslie
McFarlane used elements of his small Canadian town to create Bayport, the Hardy Boys’ fictional
hometown.
Although The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew books were very popular with children, not everyone
approved of them. Critics thought their plots were unrealistic and even far-fetched, since most teenagers did
not experience the adventures Frank and Joe Hardy or Nancy Drew did. The way the books were written
also attracted criticism. Many teachers and librarians objected to the ghostwriting process, claiming it was
designed to produce books quickly rather than create quality literature. Some libraries—including the New
York Public Library—even refused to include the books in their children’s collections. Ironically, this
decision actually helped sales of the books, because children simply purchased them when they were
unavailable in local libraries.
Regardless of the debates about their literary merit, each series of books has exerted an undeniable
influence on American and even global culture. Most Americans have never heard of Edward Stratemeyer,
Leslie McFarlane, or Mildred Wirt, but people throughout the world are familiar with Nancy Drew and
Frank and Joe Hardy.
Questions
1) According to the passage, the Nancy Drew mystery series was introduced in
A. 1925 C. 1929
B. 1927 D. 1930
2) Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A. Ghostwriting: A Way of Life
B. Who Were Leslie McFarlane and Mildred A. Wirt?
C. The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew: Ghostwriting a Series
D. The Dubious yet Profitable Practice of Ghostwriting
 3) According to the passage, which of the following people was a real writer?
A. Carolyn Keene C. Leslie McFarlane
B. Franklin W. Dixon D. Tom Hardy
4) As used in paragraph 3, which is the best definition for surmised?
A. guessed C. knew
B. questioned D. proved
5) Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that Leslie McFarlane and Mildred Wirt
A. disliked writing according to a specific formula
B. respected the art of ghostwriting
C. were unsuccessful in their previous occupations
D. found it helpful to write from personal experience
6) According to the passage, some teachers and librarians objected to ghostwritten books such as The
Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew Mystery Stories because they
A. disapproved of mystery stories
B. thought the books were too expensive
C. believed the books were not quality literature
D. disliked Edward Stratemeyer’s questionable business practices
6) Which of the following best describes the author's attitude toward The Hardy Boys and Nancy
Drew book series?
A. balanced and respectful
B. doubtful and critical
C. hostile but forgiving
D. overwhelmingly praising
7) Which of the following best describes the structure of this passage?
A. introduction, explanation, history, controversy, conclusion
B. introduction, history, controversy, explanation, conclusion
C. history, explanation, summary, conclusion, controversy
D. history, controversy, explanation, summary, conclusion
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 15
From LORD OF THE FLIES by W. GOLDING

Glossary: scar - круча, скеля; canopy - навіс, тент; flaunt - розмахувати; susurration - шепіт, легке
шарудіння; riotous - буйний, гамірний; sepal - бот. чашолистик.
Simon, whom they expected to find there, was not in the bathing-pool.
When the other two had trotted down the beach to look back at the mountains he had followed them
for a few yards and then stopped. He had stood frowning down at a pile of sand on the beach where
somebody had been trying to build a little house or hut. Then he turned his back on this and walked into the
forest with an air of purpose. He was a small, skinny boy, his chin pointed, and his eyes so bright they had
deceived one into thinking him delightfully gay and wicked. The coarse mop of black hair was long and
swung down, almost concealing a low, broad forehead. He wore the remains of shorts and his feet were bare.
Simon was burned by the sun to a deep tan that glistened with sweat.
He picked his way up the scar, then turned off to his right among the trees. He walked with an
accustomed tread through the acres of fruit trees, where the least energetic could find an easy if unsatisfying
meal. Flower and fruit grew together on the same tree and everywhere was the scent of ripeness and the
blooming of a million bees at pasture.
Simon went where the just perceptible path led him. Soon high jungle closed in. Tall trunks bore
unexpected pale flowers all the way up to the dark canopy. The air here was dark too, and the creepers
dropped their ropes. His feet left prints in the soft soil.
He came at last to a place where more sunshine fell. Since they had not so far to go for light the
creepers had woven a great mat that hung at the side of an open space in the jungle; for here a patch of rock
came close to the surface and would not allow more than little plants and ferns grow. The whole space was
walled with dark aromatic bushes, and was a bowl of heat and light. A great tree, fallen across one corner,
leaned against the trees that still stood and a rapid climber flaunted red and yellow sprays right to the top.
Simon paused. He looked over his shoulder and glanced swiftly round to confirm that he was utterly
alone. He bent down and wormed his way into the centre of the mat. The creepers and the bushes were so
close that he left his sweat on them and they pulled together behind him.
When he was secure in the middle he was in a little cabin screened off from the open space by a few
leaves. He parted the leaves and looked out into the clearing. Nothing moved but a pair of butterflies that
danced round each other in the hot air. Holding his breath he cocked a critical ear at the sounds of the island.
Evening was advancing towards the island; the sounds of the bright fantastic birds, the bee-sounds, even the
crying of the gulls that were returning to their roosts among the square rocks, were fainter. The deep sea
breaking miles away on the reef made an undertone less perceptible than the susurration of the blood.
Simon dropped the screen of leaves back into place. The slope of the bars of honey-coloured sunlight
decreased; they slid up the bushes, passed over the green candle-like buds, moved up towards the canopy,
and darkness thickened under the trees. With the fading of the light the riotous colours died and the heat
cooled away. The candle-buds stirred. Their green sepals drew back a little and the white tips of the flowers
rose delicately to meet the open air. Now the sunlight had lifted clear of the open space and withdrawn from
the sky. Darkness poured out, submerging the ways between the trees till they were dim and strange as the
bottom of the sea. The candle-buds opened their wide white flowers glimmering under the light that pricked
down from the first stars. Their scent spilled out into the air and took possession of the island.

True or False Statements (+/-).

1.There was a pile of sand on the beach, as if somebody had been trying to build a little hut.
2.Simon had no definite purpose before walking into the forest.
3.Simon went up the mountain where he saw flower and fruit grow together on the same tree.
4.Only after Simon had looked over his shoulder, he wormed his way into the centre of the mat.
5.It was an early morning.. The crying of the gulls were heard from the square rocks.
6.Simon lifted the screen of leaves.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 16
NO TIME LIKE THE LAST MINUTE
(Family Life Mary Killen)
As I boarded the train at Paddington Station; one night, I was delighted by the unexpected sight of
three friends also boarding. ‘Hurray!’ we cried as we bagged a table for four in the dining car and settled
down to the prospect of a delicious meal and stimulating conversation.
But with about three minutes to departure, I looked through the window to see one of our party
wandering along the platform. ‘Where’s Rupert going?’ I asked his wife. ‘Oh, probably going to get a
newspaper or something,’ she shrugged. ‘He likes to give himself these little thrills. He never actually boards
a train until the whistle has; actually blown.’ Three agonising minutes after the train had started rolling down
the tracks, Rupert came; gasping back to the table, having just managed to get into the last carriage and
walked all the way through the train.
Our friend Lucy’s husband, John, derives a similar thrill from not arriving at airports at the stated
latest check in time. ‘Even when we are there,’ says Lucy, ‘he carries on shopping after the flight is called
and says “Don’t worry. Once you have checked in, it’s OK. They always’ call out your actual name.’
Rupert and John’s penchant for ‘competing’ against time is unfortunately a vice I share. The thrill of
‘just, making’ a train is addictive, and what is more depressing than hanging around a railway station or
sitting in a motionless train? With life racing by so quickly, one wants to maximise every moment's
potential.
Yet this is not the whole story. As a child I always walked through the school gate at the exact
moment before I would be punished for being late, and experienced the thrill of triumph at having ‘made it’.
Now, in adult life, I find that each day holds the potential for a whole galaxy of bogus achievements of this
nature. I never start packing for a holiday until an hour before we are due to set off. I never get my clothes
ready for a party until twenty minutes before I have to leave home.
Looking back, I realise the habit probably set in during adolescence, when I noted that my mother
was always ready at least half an hour before she went out. On Tuesday nights when she set off to see
friends, she used to be collected by car at 7.30 p.m. From 7 p.m., she would be pacing the garden. If she was
giving a dinner party, she would have the table laid with cutlery the day before.
We like to prove we can do things better than our parents, and therefore I stupidly window-shop in
Oxford Street so that I have to take a taxi rather than a bus to Paddington Station, and arrive with my heart
thumping. I cut it so fine when going to catch a train that, when I leave from home, I regularly have to finish
getting dressed in the car on the way to the station. Old habits die hard but I'm beginning to see the
advantages that might accrue from being ready in time. Think how much money I could save on taxis if I
took buses in plenty of time instead. Think how much less panicky I would be at every party if I weren't
doing up my buttons as I walked through the door. Think how much less anxious I would be if only I could
be ready on time. One might even live longer without the stress of constantly competing against time.
With any luck my two little daughters will want to prove that they can do things better than I can and
will take precisely the opposite line deriving a thrill from being well-prepared, like both their grandmothers.
1. When the writer saw her friends getting on the train, she …
A was worried that someone was missing.
B looked forward to a good trip.
C wondered why they were late.
D hoped they would find a table for four.
2. Why did Rupert leave the train?
A He had forgotten something important.
B He had changed his mind about the trip.
C His wife had asked him to get something.
D It was what he usually did.
3. When thinking about Rupert and John, the writer
A appreciates why they act as they do.
B is depressed by their behaviour.
C is determined to make better use of her time.
D realises the potential dangers of their behaviour.
4. The writer considers her ‘achievements’ to be …
A worthwhile.
B illusory.
C childish.
D a sign of boredom.
5. The writer considers that her mother …
A set a bad example.
B controlled her own anxiety.
C was inhospitable to relatives.
D provided a model to react against.
6. What does the writer hope for her own daughters?
A They will have better lives than her.
B They will not be influenced by family members.
C They will trust to luck.
D They will not follow her example.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 17
ARE WE LIVING IN A WALK-ON-BY SOCIETY?
Today how many of; us seeing a group of 11- or 12-year-olds vandalising a phone box or picking on
a younger child would actually intervene? Yet if we don’t, who will?
Intervening would be an example of ‘active citizenship’, in which citizens should become guardians
of their own communities, confronting disrespect and disorder. Instead of asking for more and more
policemen on the beat, we should take minor law and order into our own hands.
In a highly disciplined society – Japan, for instance – you might well get away with rebuking
someone for antisocial behaviour. But: this is; because the Japanese have a very highly developed sense of
respect for authority.
I remember sitting in a subway train in Kyoto and noticing, to my surprise, that a young man sitting
opposite me had put his feet up on the seat without removing his shoes (which the Japanese invariably do).
As a foreigner, and with limited Japanese, I did not even think of rebuking him. But; he caught my glance,
obviously read my unspoken thought, blushed and removed his feet. Try anything like this on the London
Underground and you might find that even an unspoken, but obvious, thought will call forth a torrent of the
foul-mouthed abuse that has become such a notable feature of our society.
We all have at the back of our minds the notion that we are entitled to make a ‘citizen's arrest’. But I
have never met anyone mad enough to try a citizen's arrest - and with good reason. If you get your facts
wrong and jump to a hasty conclusion that the man lying on the ground is the victim when he actually
started the fight, so that you seize the wrong man, then you could be guilty of ‘false arrest’ and be liable to
damages.
Given that criminals are very ready to assert their ‘rights’, even against their victims, only a criminal
lawyer or an off-duty policeman could arrest someone without fear of getting into serious trouble.
Surely there are times when we have to do something. What if you hear a woman scream in a side
street and it sounds like a scream of terror, then what else can you do but try to help? The French actually
have a stern and strictly enforced law that makes it a criminal offence if you fail to assist someone in danger
or distress.
Our trouble is that we are an undisciplined society, in which we increasingly use the law to try to
regulate fairly minor anti-social behaviour. The result is that many people feel that to be active citizens is to
go along with an increasing busybodiness that is actually deeply unpopular.
How many of us would really want to report a motorist (let alone rebuke him) for a minor parking
offence? Do not most of us feel that the police are already too keen to prosecute car owners, so that if we
help them we feel less like ‘active citizens’ than collaborators. The paradox is that it is in societies which by
our standards are not so organised that people are much more willing to intervene.
In Cairo a few months ago, coming out of a restaurant, I was approached by three ragged boys
begging for money. They were obviously just about to snatch my wallet and run off when two passers by on
opposite sides of the street bellowed at them in a real fury, and sent them on their way. I doubt this would
happen in London. But in Cairo everyone smokes on trains and buses, everyone drops masses of litter and
everybody hates the police.
1. How did the writer react to the sight of the man on the train?
a. He asked him to take his feet off the seat.
b. He was embarrassed by his behaviour.
c. He didn’t say anything.
d. He told him off for not removing his shoes.
2. The writer feels that
A we should be asking for more policemen.
B we should be prepared to deal with small law and order problems ourselves.
C active citizenship works really well in Japan.
D the idea of active citizenship is inappropriate in England.
3. Making a citizen’s arrest
A is something we often have on our minds.
B might lead to somebody other than the criminal being punished.
C could lead to the wrong person being found guilty.
 D is only carried out by criminal lawyers and off-duty policemen.
4. Compared to the French, the British are less likely to intervene because
A they don’t want to be unpopular.
B they can’t be bothered.
C there is no law to make them do so.
D they can leave it to the police.
5. Which statement is closest to the writer’s opinion?
A Cairo is less organised but people are more likely to intervene.
B Cairo is more organised but people are more willing to intervene.
C People in Cairo hate the police as much as the British.
D People have similar attitudes in both cities.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 18
RISING STAR
At the age of 18, Hilary Hahn has the focus and self-possession to promise a bright career as an
international soloist.
Hilary Hahn is one of the best young solo violinists to emerge in the world of classical music. With
tied-back hair and china-doll features, Hilary seems much younger than her years, but in fact she is quite
mature enough to face up to the competitive demands of the concert hall.
Brought up in the US city of Baltimore, Hilary first reached for the violin when she was three.
Shortly before her fourth birthday, she joined a class of pre-school children all keen to learn to play the
instrument. She quickly gained an understanding of her own progress. ‘There were always children ahead of
me and children behind me, so it helped to see that with time and practice, I could really become a better
player,’ she recalls. It wasn’t long before she was making her first public performance and winning her first
competition. Then, at the age of just ten, she got a place at the prestigious Curtis Institute of Music in
Philadelphia.
Now, when she is not touring, Hilary’s time is divided between her family home in Baltimore and her
flat near the Curtis Institute’s classrooms in Philadelphia. She spends much of her time with her father, who
has joined her in Philadelphia to take on the role of full-time assistant and touring companion. Her mother,
Anne, lives and works as a tax accountant in Baltimore. Although both parents share a casual interest in
music, neither could have anticipated the outcome of Hilary’s brilliant playing. ‘Dad keeps me company,
goes out, gets food and answers the phone when I’m practising; says Hilary.
There is always the danger that such prodigious talent can fall into the wrong hands. But Hilary has
been lucky enough to gain further support from the team of teachers and colleagues who surround her. David
Zinman, a violinist with the Baltimore Orchestra, first heard Hilary when she was rehearsing for a
competition at the Baltimore Symphony Hall. Since then he has monitored her progress, helping her in the
transition from enthusiast to professional. Together with her teachers, David has kept a watchful eye on her
progress.
David advised Hilary not to commit herself to too many concerts too soon. ‘He always told me to
keep performing, but not to make it my whole life,’ she recalls. Although Hilary spends up to six hours a day
in the Curtis Institute’s practice rooms, she is keen to maintain a life beyond her studies. ‘Some people could
say I do nothing other than study music, that I haven’t had much of a life. But that’s not true because I’ve
always had a lot of friends, and still have some very good ones actually. Some kids focus on sports, some on
academic study and I’m the same, except that my focus is on music’
As Hilary recounts her childhood, you can't help feeling that even she is surprised by her success.
The last seven years have gone like a blur, I feel like I’ve just been carried along by it all.’ She has shown,
however, that she is more than capable of making her own decisions about what music she plays. On her
highly praised first recording, released last year, she played a selection of Bach sonatas which are difficult
enough to challenge people twice her age.
But Hilary is in no hurry to take to the road full-time. Although the world of international concert
tours is available to her, she will for the moment continue with her studies in Philadelphia and look forward
to each new performance that comes her way. ‘Staying at school gives me the time to think,’ says Hahn. She
is determined not to burn out before reaching musical maturity as so many child prodigies do. ‘I want to
continue doing the same as I have done up until now. I’ve achieved a lot already, but there is so-much that I
have yet to do.’
1. When Hilary first went to violin lessons she was …
A aware of how good she, was.
B jealous of more able; children.
C impatient with less able children.
D worried about her rate of progress.
2. How do Hilary’s parents feel about her success?
A They are not; really interested in it.
B It is the fulfilment of their dreams.
C They regret the disruption to their lives.
D It took them very much by surprise.
3. David Zinman first recognised Hilary’s talent when she …
A was playing in an orchestra.
B was taking part in a competition.
C was practising for a performance.
D was having a violin lesson.
4. What does the expression ‘watchful eye’ in the text tell us about David’s attitude to Hilary?
A He doesn't trust her.
B He wants to help her.
C He is ambitious for her.
D He is aware of her weaknesses.
5. How does Hilary feel about her way of life?
A She’d like to see more of her friends.
B She’d like to develop other interests.
C She thinks she’s similar to other teenagers.
D She thinks she’s spent too long studying music.
6. What does ‘it all’ in the text refer to?
A her childhood
B her success
C her surprise
D her material
7. From what we learn in the article, how can Hilary best be described?
A She’s committed to what she does.
B She enjoys being the centre of attention.
C She has a wide range of abilities.
D She’s keen to take advantage of all opportunities.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 19
SMART STUFF
Increasingly over the last few years we have become familiar with, the range of small electronic
gadgets that come under the heading ‘smart’ accessories. Joggers, for example, run with heart-rate monitors,
and shop assistants carry pocket-sized computers.
As a scientist at Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Media Lab, Rosalind Picard tries out all
kinds of is smart accessories before they go on the market. One of these was the so-called ‘frown headband’.
It came as a shock to Rosalind to realise just how often she frowned. Stuck in a traffic jam recently, waiting
for the cars to move forward, Rosalind kept hearing the sounds of the tiny sensor inside the band worn
around her forehead - each time she frowned in frustration, the sensor gave out a signal.
Headbands that check facial expressions are just one of the things she and her colleagues have
designed. Their aim is to make ready-to-wear items that both look good and give the wearer useful
feedback. Body sensors, like those in Rosalind’s headband, can detect physical changes.
Another computer scientist, Steven Feiner, is working on a pair of glasses that will do more than help
you to see. Are you one of those people who lack confidence when giving a talk to an audience? Look to the
right and the glasses will flash your notes in front of your eyes. They could also prove useful for cooks who
want to check a recipe without leaving sticky fingermarks all over their cookery books.
At the moment, Steven’s invention looks more like a pair of ski goggles than a pair of glasses. It’s a
headset connected to a hand-held computer and a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, which tracks
the wearer’s position. Students who don't mind being stared at have tried out the Star Trek-like device on
campus. But Steven says that these head-worn displays will eventually get smaller, lighter and smarter as
technology improves.
And, of course, this new technology has a fashionable as well as a useful application. A chemical
engineer named Robert Langer has invented a new microchip that, if put inside a ring, can give off different
scents according to a person’s mood. That, of course, may or may not appeal to you. And, in the end, it is
shoppers, not scientists, who will determine which of these smart accessories will succeed as fashionable
items and which are destined to join history’s long list of crazy inventions.
It is clear however, that as small computer displays get brighter and cheaper, they will pop up in all
sorts of easily-wearable accessories, even in the buttons on your coat. What’s more, this is something that’s
going to happen a lot sooner than we all expect.
1. When Rosalind wore the headband, she was surprised at …
A how well the sensor worked.
B how affected she was by the traffic.
C how strong the signal was.
D how comfortable it was to wear.
2. What does ‘Their’ in the text refer to?
A facial expressions
B headbands
C colleagues
D ready-to-wear items
3. Steven’s glasses will help people who are giving a talk by …
A telling them if they forget to say things.
B checking how nervous they’re feeling.
C signalling if they make a mistake.
D helping them to remember things.
4. What is the current problem with Steven’s glasses?
A where they are worn
B how much they cost
C what they look like
D the way they've been tested
5. What is the writer’s view of Robert Langer’s invention?
A It is unlikely to work successfully.
B It is a bad use of new technology.
C He is sure people will laugh at it.
D He is uncertain whether people will buy it.
6. In general, what does the writer think about ‘smart’ accessories?
A They will soon be widely available.
B Much more research is needed into them.
C Only a few of them will prove to be useful.
D They will only affect the lives of certain people.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 20
THE SPACE SAVER
William Morris, a famous English designer who was influential towards the end of the nineteenth
century, once wrote: ‘Have nothing in your houses that you do not know to be useful or believe to be
beautiful’ A century later, thanks to the so-called consumer society, many people’s homes in Britain are so
jammed full of things that it is difficult; for us to make good use of our available living space. If I look round
my own house, for example and apply William Morris’ idea as seriously as I would like to, the task of
deciding what to get rid of and what to keep seems too big to tackle alone. There are rooms you can’t get
into because of all the junk piled behind the door.
The answer, I have discovered, is to call in an expert. Annya Ladakh makes her living by going into
people’s house and helping them to fill plastic bags with unwanted items which they then give away or sell
in second-hand shops. For a consultation fee of £120, she will spend three hours helping you to assess the
problem and draw up an action plan. In this way, she helps you to distinguish between your most treasured
possessions and the useless ‘clutter’ that just seems to build up.
Most of her Clients are either busy professional people who never get round to tidying up, or people
setting themselves up to work from home who suddenly find they need more space. ‘Often, people set off in
the morning, dressed immaculately, behave extremely efficiently in their work, but return to a chaotic house,’
says Annya. ‘It seems strange, but they just don't bring the work mentality home with them.
Sometimes, one visit will be sufficient to diagnose the problem and deal with it. But if the clutter has
spread through the house and into sheds and garages, return visits may be needed to check on progress. For
some clients, it might just be a matter of clearing a few shelves or installing some new ones. For others, it
may mean displaying a few cherished photographs in a frame rather than keeping every one they ever took
in large albums that rarely come out of the cupboard.
Her experience has taught her that clutter is not just a logical question, but an emotional one, an
indication, perhaps, that someone is hanging on to the past. ‘It can be painful to let go of material
possessions, however worthless they may be,’ Annya observes. ‘Especially if people have been brought up
by parents who lived through a less materialistic age, when it was normal to hang onto things in case they
came in handy. Nowadays, most of us simply have too many possessions.’
1. What is the writer’s opinion of William Morris’s idea?
A It is not relevant today. C He wanted it to be in a special place.
B It is something she’d like to try. D It is not to be taken seriously.
2. What service does Annya provide?
A She helps people to make decisions. D She puts a value on people’s
B She buys unwanted things from people. possessions.
C She sells unwanted things for people.
3. What surprises Annya about most of the people she works for?
A They are too busy to be tidy.
B They are willing to listen to her.
C They are efficient in other ways.
D They often bring work home with them.
4. What does ‘them’ in the text refer to?
A Annya’s eyes C Annya’s advice
B Annya’s clients D Annya’s views
 5. Why may Annya need to see some clients more than once?
A when she is dealing with very personal items
B when they don't accept all of her suggestions
C when alterations have to be made to the house
D when there is a great deal of work to be done
6. According to Annya, why may people not like disposing of their possessions?
A It’s a result of their upbringing.
B They think everything they own is useful.
C It’s a result of the age we live in.
D They think that old things may be valuable.

READING. 11 FORM
Text 21

From The Worst-Case Scenario Handbook

How to Survive in Frigid Water 1) Do not attempt to swim unless it is for a very short distance. A
strong swimmer has a 50-50 chance 0f surviving in 50-degree Fahrenheit water. Swim only if you can
reach land, a boat, or a floating object with a few strokes. ( Swimming moves cold water over skin,
causing rapid cooling. Cold water saps body heat 25 times faster than air of the same temperature, and
water any colder than 70 degrees Fahrenheit can cause hypothermia ). 2) If you are alone and wearing a
personal flotation device (PFD), assume the Heat Escape Lessening Posture (HELP). Cross your ankles,
draw your knees to your chest, and cross your arms over your chest. Your hands should be kept high on
your chest or neck to keep them warm. Do not remove clothing. Clothes will not weigh you down but
will hold warm water against your skin like a diver’s wetsuit. This position can reduce heat loss by 50
percent. 3) If two or more people are in the water and all are wearing personal flotation devices (PFDs),
assume the “huddle” position. Two or four people should “hug”, with chest touching chest. Smaller
individuals can be sandwiched between larger members. This position allows body heat to be shared. Also,
rescuers can spot groups more easily than individuals.

State true or false sentences:

1. An average person swimming 50 yards in 50-degree water has a 50 percent chance of surviving.
2. Air lowers body heat 25 times faster than water of the same temperature.
3. Generally, when stranded in frigid water, you should try to swim to the closest floating object.
4. When alone and wearing a PFD in cold water, you should wrap your arms around your stomach.
5. In this article, HELP stands for heat escape lessening posture.
6. Always remove clothing when stranded in water, because it will weigh you down.
7. The HELP reduces the body’s heat loss by 50 percent.
8. When two to four people stranded in water they should hold each other with their chests touching.
9. Smaller people stranded in the water should be held on the backs of the larger people.
10. It is more difficult for people stranded at sea to be seen by rescuers if they are in groups.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 22

After inventing dynamite, Swedish-born Alfred Nobel became a very rich man. However, he foresaw its
universally destructive power too late. Nobel preferred not to be remembered as the inventor of dynamite,
so in 1895, just two weeks before his death, he created a fund to be used for awarding prizes to people
who had made worthwhile contributions to mankind. Originally there were five awards : literature, physics,
chemistry, medicine and peace. Economics was added in 1968, just sixty-seven years after the first awards
ceremony.
Nobel’s original legacy of nine million dollars was invested, and the interest on this sum is used for the
awards which vary from $30,000 to $125,000.
Every year on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death, the awards (gold medal, illuminated
diploma, and money) are presented to the winners. Sometimes politics plays an important role in the
judges’ decisions. Americans have won numerous science awards, but relatively few literature prizes.
No awards were presented fro 1940 to 1942 at the beginning of World War II. Some people have won
two prizes, but this is rare; others have shared their prizes.

Choose the right variant:

1. When did the first award ceremony take place? A) 1895 B) 1901 C) 1962 D) 1968
2. Why was the Nobel prize established? A) to recognize worthwhile contributions to humanity
B) to resolve political differences C) to honor the inventor of dynamite D) to spend money
3. In which area have Americans received the most awards?
A) literature B) peace C) economics D) science
4. Which of the following statements is not true? A) Awards vary in monetary value
B) Ceremonies are held on December 10 to commemorate Nobel’s invention
C) Politics can play an important role in selecting the winners D) A few individuals have won two
awards.
5. In how many fields are prizes bestowed? A) 2 B) 5 C) 6 D) 10
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 23

On the 1st of January 2002, 300 millions Europeans in twelve countries woke up to a new currency, the euro. The
euro is not new: it had been used in electronic transfers and by banks in international businesses since 1999. But
with the launch of euro banknotes and coins, anyone who lives, does business or travels in any of the twelve-
countries will benefit from dealing in just one currency.
There are seven euro banknotes denominations, which can be recognized easily by their look feel: the
larger banknote the higher the value. There are also 8 denominations of euro coins each having a common side and
a national side. The common side always shows the value of the coin. The national side differs from country to
country.
Euro banknotes and coins may be used in each of the participating countries. For the first time in the
history of Europe twelve currencies have been traded in for just one. (Taken from the European Central Bank
Advertisement)

True or False:
1. The euro was first used on January 1, 2002.
2. Twelve countries used euro as their only currency.
3. The euro will be convenient only for travelers and businessmen.
4. A five hundred euro banknote will be larger than a two hundred one.
5. Each country has different euro coins, which can only be used in that country.
6. There are seven different euro banknotes and seven different coins.
7. The national side of each coin shows how much it is worth.
8. Thirty million people have used the euro since January 1, 2002.
9. Banknotes are easily recognized by their look and colour.
10. The euro is the first currency in history to be used in twelve countries in Europe.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 24

From The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd

After my morning of capturing bees, I spent the afternoon in the peach stand out on the highway,
selling T. Ray’s peaches. It was the loneliest summer job a girl could have, stuck in a roadside hut with
three walls and a flat tin roof.
I sat on a Coke crate and watched pickups zoom by till I was nearly poisoned with exhaust fumes
and boredom. Thursday afternoon was usually a big peach day, with women getting ready for Sunday
cobblers, but not a soul stopped.
T. Ray refused to let me bring books out here and read, and if I smuggled one out, say, Lost
Horizon, stuck under my shirt, somebody, like Mrs. Watson from the next farm, would see him at church
and say, “Saw your girl in the peach stand reading up a storm. You must be proud.” And he would half
kill me.
What kind of person is against reading? I think he believed it would stir up ideas of college,
which he thought was a waste of money for girls, even if they did, like me, score the highest number a
human being can get on their verbal aptitude test. Math aptitude is another thing, but people aren’t meant
to be overly bright in everything.

Questions 1-10 refer to Text 1. On your answer sheet circle + if the statement is true, - if it is false.
1. The peach stand, where the narrator works, is located close to a road.
2. The narrator indicates that her summer job is difficult, but enjoyable.
3. The narrator really enjoyed watching cars on the highway while sitting in the peach stand.
4. Typically, there are many customers at the narrator’s roadside stand on Thursday afternoons.
5. Mrs. Watson doesn’t agree with T. Ray that reading in the peach stand is unacceptable.
6. T. Ray doesn’t permit the narrator to read in the peach stand because it is a distraction.
7. T. Ray thinks that spending money to educate girls in college is worthwhile in some cases.
8. The narrator claims that reading books during the summer improves verbal aptitude.
9. The narrator declares that her verbal and math abilities are both exceptional.
10. According to the narrator, people are not intended to be extremely smart in every subject.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 25

From The Bee by Mark Twain

Glossary:
hive – вулик
to draw the line – провести межу

After the queen, the personage next in importance in the hive is the virgin. The virgins are fifty
thousand or one hundred thousand in number, and they are the workers. No work is done, in the hive or
out of it, save by them. The males do not work, the queen does no work, unless laying eggs is work, but it
does not seem so to me. There are only two million of them, anyway, and all of five months to finish the
contract in. The distribution of work in a hive is as cleverly and highly specialized as it is in an enormous
American machine-shop or factory. A bee that has been trained to one of the many and various activities
in a hive doesn’t know how to carry out any other, and would be offended if asked to do anything outside
of her profession. She is as human as a cook; and if you should ask the cook to serve the table, you know
what will happen. Cooks will play the piano if you like, but they draw the line there. In my time I have
asked a cook to cut wood, and I know about these things.

Questions 1 through 5 refer to Text 2. On your answer sheet circle the correct letter A, B, C, or D

1. Who is the most important bee in the hive?

a. the virgin
b. the queen
c. the male
d. the cook

2. How many eggs does a queen bee need to lay to fulfill her responsibilities?
a) 50000
b) 100000
c) 150000
d) 2000000

3. The workers in a hive:

a) each know how to do many different jobs.
b) are trained to do only one special job.
c) are trained to work in machine shops.
d) do only some of the work.

4. According to Mark Twain, besides cooking what else will cooks do?
a) sing operas
b) cut wood
c) play the piano
d) draw pictures

5. Why are worker bees like cooks?

a) They make food for the colony.
b) They prefer to work only within their profession.
c) They are easily offended.
d) They are both humans.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 26

From On the Duty of Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau

Glossary:
barn – сарай
neat – охайний

The night in prison was new and interesting enough. The prisoners were enjoying a chat and the
evening air near the entrance, when I entered. But the guard said, “Come, boys, it is time to lock up”; and
so they left, and I heard the sound of their steps returning into the hollow building. My roommate was
introduced to me by the guard as “a first class fellow and a clever man.” When the door was locked, he
showed me where to hang my hat, and how he managed things there. The rooms were whitewashed once
a month; and this one, at least, was the whitest, most simply furnished, and probably neatest apartment in
town. He naturally wanted to know where I came from, and what brought me there; and, when I had told
him, I asked him in my turn how he came there, believing him to be an honest man, of course; and as the
world goes, I think he was. He said, “They accuse me of burning a barn; but I never did it.” As near as I
could discover, he had probably gone to bed in a barn when drunk, and smoked his pipe there; and so a
barn was burnt. He had the reputation of being a clever man, had been there some three months waiting
for his trial to come, and would have to wait that much longer; but he was quite domesticated and
comfortable, since he got his food for nothing, and thought that he was well treated.

Questions 1-5 refer to Text 3. On your answer sheet circle the correct letter A, B, C, or D.

1. What word could best describe the author’s experience in the prison that night?
a) ordinary
b) terrible
c) intriguing
d) unsafe

2. How can we describe the author’s relationship with his roommate?

a) curious and friendly
b) domesticated and comfortable
c) quiet and distant
d) excited and impolite

3. What can we say about the room in which the author spent the night in prison?
a) It was dark and wet.
b) There was a lot of furniture.
c) It was dirty and cold.
d) The room was very clean.

4. Why was the author’s roommate put in prison?

a) He had drunk too much.
b) He had been smoking a pipe.
c) He was accused of causing a fire.
d) He had been sleeping in somebody else’s barn.

5. Why was the author’s roommate comfortable living in the prison?

a) He was afraid of life outside of the prison.
b) He was happy to get free food.
c) He liked the white walls of his room.
d) He wasn’t really comfortable there.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 27
From Pioneers in Canada by Sir Harry Johnston
Glossary:
crew – екіпаж
strait – протока
estuary – гирло

On the 19th of May, 1535, Cartier started again from St. Malo with three ships, the biggest of
which was only 120 tons, while the others were respectively 60 and 40 tons. The crew consisted of about
112 people, and in addition there were the two Indian youths who had been kidnapped on the previous
voyage, and were now returning as interpreters. Instead, however, of reaching Newfoundland in twenty
days, he spent five weeks crossing the Atlantic before he reached his rendezvous with the other ships at
Blanc Sablon, on the south coast of Labrador, because the easy access to the Gulf of St. Lawrence
through Cabot Strait (between Newfoundland and Cape Breton) was not yet realized. Once past Anticosti
Island, the two Huron interpreters began to recognize the landscape. They now explained to Cartier that
he had entered the estuary of a great river. They said he only had to follow this river in ships and boats
and he would reach “Canada” (which was the name they gave to the district around Quebec), and that
beyond “Canada” no man had ever been known to reach the end of this great water; but, they added, it
was fresh water, not salt, and this last piece of information much disheartened Cartier, who feared that he
had not, after all, discovered the water route across North America to the Pacific Ocean.

Questions 1 through 5. On your answer sheet circle the correct letter A, B, C, or D.

1. How did the two Indian interpreters come to work for Cartier?
a) Cartier found them in Europe and asked them to work for him.
b) Cartier met them on a ship and was impressed with their linguistic skill.
c) They were waiting in Newfoundland to be Cartier’s guides when he arrived.
d) Cartier cruelly kidnapped them and took them to Europe to learn his language.

2. When did Cartier finally meet with the other ships at Blanc Sablon?
a) at the end of May
b) at the beginning of June
c) in late June
d) in the middle of July

3. Where were the two Indian youths from?

a) St. Malo
b) Huron
c) Cape Breton
d) Blanc Sablon

4. In this text “Canada” is:

a) the name the Indians gave to the land near Quebec.
b) a country in North America.
c) a really good hockey team.
d) an Indian word that means “land at the end of the great water”.

5. Why was Cartier interested in this voyage?

a) He was looking for gold.
b) He wanted to settle in this land.
c) He was interested in the traditions of the Indians.
d) He wanted to find a way to the Pacific Ocean.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 28

From the introduction to Australian Legendary Folktales by Andrew Lang

Glossary: pottery – гончарні вироби

Australia attracts the imagination as no other place. When Cortes entered Mexico, in the most
romantic moment of history, it was as if men had found their way to a new planet, all that they saw was so
strange, so long hidden from Europe. Still they found kings, nobles, peasants, palaces, temples, a great
organised society, fauna and flora not so very different from what they had left behind in Spain. In
Australia all was new, and, while seeming fresh, was immeasurably old. The plants differ from ours; the
monotonous grey gum-trees did not look like our mixed forests, but were ancient, melancholy, plain, like
their own continent of rare hills, occasional streams and never-ending deserts, hiding nothing within their
emptiness, yet promising a secret. The birds and beasts – kangaroo, platypus, emu – are ancient types,
monsters of Nature, as a child draws. The natives were a race without a history, far older than Egypt,
nearer the beginnings than any other people. Their weapons are the most primitive: those of the extinct
Tasmanians were actually palaeolithic. The earth holds no pottery, the cave walls no pictures drawn by
men more advanced; the sea hides no ruined palaces; no cities are buried in the plains; there is not a trace
of writings or of agriculture. The burying places contain relics of men perhaps even lower than the
existing tribes; nothing confirms the presence in any age of men more civilized.

Questions1 through 5. Mark (+) if the answer is true and (-) if the answer is false.

1. What word is closest in meaning to “romantic” in the context of the 2nd sentence?
a) affectionate
b) impractical
c) idealistic
d) adventurous

2. What technologies did the Australians have when the continent was first discovered by Europeans?
a) weapons
b) pottery
c) writing
d) agriculture

3. Which of these statements is true?

a) Australia had a more developed society than Mexico.
b) Plants in Mexico were less like those in Europe than Australian plants.
c) Mexico had nothing in common with Europe.
d) Australia had no written history.

4. What can we say about the Tasmanians?

a) Their weapons were better than those of the rest of the people of Australia.
b) They went to war with the other Australians.
c) They all died.
d) They made the best pottery in Australia.

5. The Australians that were alive when the first Europeans arrived were:
a) much more advanced than their Australian ancestors.
b) only a little more advanced than their Australian ancestors.
c) less advanced than their Australian ancestors.
d) living in a dark age after the fall of their Australian ancestors’ civilization.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 29
Read the text, match choices (A-H) to (9-13). There are three choices you don’t need to use.

THE POWER OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND BODY LANGUAGE

Good communication is the foundation of successful relationships, both personally and professionally.
But we communicate with much more than words. In fact, research shows that the majority of our
communication is nonverbal. Nonverbal communication, or body language, includes our facial
expressions, gestures, eye contact, posture, and even the tone of our voice.
There are many different types of nonverbal communication. Together, the following nonverbal signals
and cues communicate your interest and investment in others.
1. ……………
The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions without saying a word. And
unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions
for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures.
2. ……………
Consider how your perceptions of people are affected by the way they sit, walk, stand up, or hold their
head. The way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of information to the world. This
type of nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements.
3. ……………
Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially important type of
nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can communicate many things, including
interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of
conversation and for gauging the other person’s response.
4. ……………
Have you ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other person was standing too close
and invading your space? We all have a need for physical space, although that need differs depending on
the culture, the situation, and the closeness of the relationship. You can use physical space to
communicate many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy, aggression, dominance,
or affection.
5. ……………
We communicate even when we are not using words. Nonverbal speech sounds such as tone, pitch,
volume, inflection, rhythm, and rate are important communication elements. When we speak, other
people «read» our voices in addition to listening to our words. These nonverbal speech sounds provide
subtle but powerful clues into our true feelings and what we really mean. Think about how tone of voice,
for example, can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence. It’s not what you say, it’s how you say
it.
The ability to understand and use nonverbal communication is a powerful tool that will help you connect
with others, express what you really mean, navigate challenging situations, and build better relationships
at home and work.

A Space
B Facial Expressions
C Gestures
D Touch
E Body Movements and Posture
F Voice
G Intensity
H Eye Contact
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 30

Choose the most suitable sentence from the list A-G for each part (1-6) of the text. There is one
extra sentence which you do not need to use.

Before the Hubble Space Telescope was launched, scientists thought they knew the universe. They
were wrong.
The Hubble Space Telescope has changed many scientists’ view of the universe. The telescope is named
after American astronomer Edwin Hubble,
1 _______________________.
He established that many galaxies exist and developed the first system for their classifications.
In many ways, Hubble is like any other telescope. It simply gathers light. It is roughly the size of a large
school bus. What makes Hubble special is not what it is,
2 _______________________.
Hubble was launched in 1990 from the “Discovery” space shuttle and it is about 350 miles above our planet,
3 _______________________.
It is far from the glare of city lights, it doesn’t have to look through the air,
4 _______________________.
And what a view it is! Hubble is so powerful it could spot a fly on the moon.
Yet in an average orbit, it uses the same amount of energy as 28 100-watt light bulbs. Hubble pictures
require no film. The telescope takes digital images
5 _______________________.
Hubble has snapped photos of storms on Saturn and exploding stars. Hubble doesn’t just focus on our solar
system. It also peers into our galaxy and beyond. Many Hubble photos show the stars that make up the
Milky Way galaxy. A galaxy is a city of stars.
Hubble cannot take pictures of the sun or other very bright objects, because doing so could “fry” the
telescope’s instruments, but it can detect infrared and ultra violet light 6 ____________
Some of the sights of our solar system that Hubble has glimpsed may even change the number of planets
in it.

A. which is above Earth’s atmosphere.

B. which are transmitted to scientists on Earth.
C. which is invisible to the human eye.
D. who calculated the speed at which galaxies move.
E. so it has a clear view of space.
F. because many stars are in clouds of gas.
G. but where it is.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 31
Couple Sue TV Station

The couple banished from the hit "reality" series "Temptation Island" because they are parents of a
young child have sued the production company and Fox-TV for defamation, claiming that producers knew
about the toddler all along.

Ytossie Patterson and Taheed Watson claim in their Los Angeles Superior Court lawsuit that producers
edited an episode of the hit show to make it appear that they had concealed their status as parents and then
chastised them on the air in an "extremely condescending and humiliating manner."

A spokeswoman for Rocket Science Laboratories, the show's producers, referred calls regarding the
lawsuit, which was filed on Wednesday, to Fox, which said it would have a statement "later in the day."

Patterson, 34, and Watson, 29, were among four couples sent last season to an island off Belize in the
Caribbean to film "Temptation Island," which separates the partners and sets each person up on dates with
attractive singles to see who will cheat.

Patterson and Watson were booted off the show midway through the season after the network said it had
discovered that they had a two-year-old child together, making their further participation inappropriate.

The couple claims in their lawsuit, which seeks unspecified damages, that they revealed the existence of
their child when asked during preliminary interviews with Rocket Science and were told that that was "the
wrong answer."

Patterson and Watson claim that "Temptation Island" producers decided that it would boost the show's
ratings if the child's existence were suddenly revealed during a broadcast.

During that broadcast, the couple claims, hours of conversation between them and producers was edited
and "manipulated" to create a false impression that they had kept their child secret.

"The footage was edited to exclude plaintiffs' responses to the producers questions and falsely portrayed
plaintiffs as mischievous and immoral (and that) they had in fact concealed the existence of their own child and
that they had nothing to say about it in the face of this disgraceful tongue-lashing," the lawsuit claims.

1. The programme mentioned is successful. T/F

2. The couple say they had told Fox of the child. T/F
3. The couple felt embarrassed by their treatment on the show.
4. The four couples go on dates with each other to see what happens.
5. The couple are suing for financial loss. T/F
6. The court case is in the Caribbean. T/F
7. The couple say that the producers changed the film to make them look dishonest. T/F
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 32
Multiple Intelligences by Thomas Armstrong
Howard Gardner distinguishes between seven human intelligences. These are:
Linguistic intelligence: the ability to use words effectively, whether orally or in writing.
Logical-mathematical intelligence: the ability to use numbers effectively and to reason well.
Spatial intelligence: the ability to perceive the visual-spatial world accurately and to perform
transformations upon those perceptions. This intelligence includes the sensitivity to color, line, shape,
form, space and the relation that exists between these elements.
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: skill in using one’s whole body to express ideas and feeling and
ability to use one’s hands to produce or transform things.
Musical intelligence: the ability to perceive and express musical forms.
Interpersonal intelligence: sensitivity to the moods, intentions, motivations and feelings of other
people. This can include sensitivity to facial expressions, voice and gestures; the ability to discriminate
among many different kinds of interpersonal cues, and the ability to respond effectively to those cues.
Intrapersonal intelligence: self-knowledge and the ability to act adaptively on the basis of that
knowledge. This intelligence includes having an accurate picture of oneself; awareness of inner moods,
intentions, motivations, temperaments, and desires; and the capacity of self-discipline, self-understanding,
and self-esteem.
Many people look at the above categories – particularly musical, spatial, and bodily-kinesthetic –
and wonder why Howard Gardner insists on calling them intelligences, not talents or aptitudes. Gardner
realized that many people are used to hearing expressions like “He is not very intelligent, but he has a
wonderful aptitude for music”; thus he was quite conscious of his use of the word intelligence to describe
each category. He said in an interview that he wanted to make people think and talk about the idea of
intelligences. If he had said that there are seven kinds of competences, people would have yawned and
said, “Yeah”. But by calling them ‘intelligences’ he was saying that we have tended to put on a pedestal
one variety called intelligence, and there are actually several of them, and some are things we have never
thought of as ‘intelligence’ at all.
Gardner set up certain basic ‘tests’ that each intelligence had to meet to be considered a full-fledged
intelligence and not simply a talent, skill, or aptitude. The first test is related to work he did in hospitals.
At the Boston Veteran Administration he worked with individuals who had suffered accidents or illnesses
that affected only specific areas of the brain. For example, a person with a wound or a cut in the left
frontal lobe might have a substantial portion of his linguistic intelligence damaged, and thus experience
great difficulty speaking, reading and writing. Yet, he might still be able to sing, do math, dance, reflect
on feelings, and relate to others. In these cases, brain lesions seemed to have selectively affected one
intelligence and not others.

State True or False:

1. T F Giving students opportunity to write is the only way to develop their linguistic
intelligence.
2. T F To have musical intelligence, a person has to be able to play an instrument.
3. T F It is implied that a person with good interpersonal intelligence makes a good team
member.
4. T F People with strong intrapersonal intelligence know themselves but cannot change.
5. T F Studying what people can and can’t do after they suffer a head injury is one test
Gardner used to show that there are separate intelligences.
6. T F Gardner found that when a part of the brain is damaged, certain intelligences are
affected but not others.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 33
Choose from the sentences A-G the one which fits in each gap 1-6. There is one extra sentence you do
not need to use.
Jorvik - Lost Viking Capital
A thousand years ago York was one of the largest, richest and most famous cities in the whole of
Britain. A monk at that time described it as packed with a huge population, rich merchandise, and
traders "from all parts, especially Danes."1________It owed its prosperity to the hard work and
commercial enterprise of Viking settlers from Scandinavia who had captured it in AD 866 and almost
totally rebuilt it.
Viking Jorvik has now completely disappeared. 2_________ In some parts of modern York, however,
near the rivers Ouse and Foss, which run through the centre of the city, archaeologists have found that
remains of Jorvik do still survive. They are buried deep below the streets and buildings of the 20th
century city. Here the damp soils have preserved the timber buildings. 3 _________ All the debris and
rubbish left by the people of Jorvik in and around their homes is still there, awaiting discovery.
Between 1976 and 1981 archaeologists from the York Archaeological Trust excavated a part of this
lost and all-but-forgotten city. The dig took place in Coppergate, before the city's new Coppergate
Centre was built. 4__________ The remains were so well preserved - even down to boots and shoes,
pins and needles, plants and insects - that every aspect of life at the time could be reconstructed.
York Archaeological Trust decided to try to tell the story of Jorvik as it was a thousand years ago. To
do so it built the Jorvik Viking Centre in the huge hole created by the dig.
5 __________ A further two were preserved just as the archaeological team discovered them, the
ancient timbers set out as they were found in the late 1970s, deep below the new shopping centre, where
they have lain for centuries.
In the Jorvik Viking Centre people from the 20th century journey back in time to the 10th century.
The journey is done in time-cars, which silently glide back through the years, past some of the thirty or
so generations of York's people who have walked the pavements of Coppergate, until time stops, on a
late October day in 948. 6__________The neighbourhood is full of the sights and sounds and smells of
10th century Jorvik. Townspeople are there, buying and selling, working and playing.

A For a while, modern time-travellers explore Coppergate and a little alley, Lundgate,
which runs off it.
B Four rows of buildings were found, running back from Coppergate itself, almost exactly in
the same positions as their modern successors.
C Jorvik has become York's favourite tourist attraction.
D Most of the city's buildings were made of wood, and have long since been demolished, or
have burnt down or rotted away.
E People in the 10th century called it Jorvik, and knew it as the capital of the North of
England, and one of Europe's greatest trading ports.
F Two of the rows of buildings were reconstructed as we think they were.
G Whole streets of houses, shops, workshops and warehouses are to be found, often still
standing shoulder high.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 34
GOING TO THE LIBRARY IN THE PAST
When I go into our local library, I often watch children looking at the shelves filled with a variety of
brightly coloured books. They pick a book, glance through a few of the pages and then almost immediately
reject it before beginning to look at another book. I smile to myself for when I was a child in the 1910s, we
were never allowed anywhere near the books. They were kept in some remote corner of the building to
which only the librarian had access.
How, you may ask, did we manage to choose the book which we wanted to borrow? Well,
immediately to the right of the entrance was a room which served two purposes: it was a reading room for
the older members of the community and it contained catalogues in alphabetical order of the titles and
authors of the books kept in the library. Using these, all one had to do was to write out a list of the books
required. However, since most of us knew very few authors by name, and even fewer book titles, the whole
process of borrowing a book was based upon guesses. There was no possibility of looking through the first
few pages to help us form an opinion, no looking at illustrations to discover if a book might arouse our
interest.
Even now I recall almost with pain some of the selections my friends and I made. We learned with
dismay that titles often gave little guidance as to what the book was about. If we could have returned the
book the next day, our irritation would have been considerably reduced, but this was not possible. The
librarian did not allow us to bring back any book until we had kept it for at least a week.
Having written out your list, you presented it to the librarian. If you thought your troubles were
finished, you were sadly mistaken. Your hands were inspected to make sure they were clean. More than
once, one or other of us was sent out of the library and told to return when we had washed our hands.
Once the librarian was satisfied that we were clean enough, she would disappear into another room
and return with the first book on our list which was available. When a book was returned, she would make a
thorough inspection of the pages to make sure that it had not been damaged in any way. At least that way
we never got blamed for something we had not done.
Although the librarian appeared very strict and frightening to a small boy, I owe her and the man
who gave the library to the town an immense debt of gratitude. They led me into the land of story, romance
and adventure, which in years to come brightened many a dull day.

1 According to the first paragraph, how is life different for children today from life for
children in the 1910s?
A They always get what they want.
B They have a wider choice of books.
C They are allowed to behave badly.
D They spend more time reading books.

2 It was difficult for children to know which books to choose because

A there was no list of authors.
B the illustrations did not interest them.
C there were only a few book titles.
D they could not see the books in advance.

3 How did children find out which books were available in the library?
A They had to write out a list.
B They had to ask the librarian.
C They had to look through the catalogues.
D They had to order them.

4. What does the writer say about book titles?

A Nobody knew any of them.
B They told us what books were about.
C There were not very many of them.
D They were not very helpful.
 5. What rule was there about returning a book to the library?
A You had to keep it until the following day.
B You had to return it within a week.
C You had to keep it for a week or more.
D You had to return it by the following day.

6. What did the librarian do as soon as she had received a child's list?
A She looked at the children's hands.
B She sent all the children away to wash their hands.
C She washed the children's hands.
D She asked the children if their hands were dirty.

7. Why does the author think that it was a good idea for the librarian to check the books
carefully when they were returned?
A She would be able to find out why you had damaged the book.
B You would not be accused of damaging a book that was already damaged.
C She would be able to find out if somebody else had damaged the book.
D You would not be blamed if you had damaged a book.

8. Why is the writer grateful to the librarian?

A She helped open up the world of literature to him.
B She told him wonderful stories.
C She helped to cheer him up when he was older.
D She made him feel like an adult.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 35

As I was passing near Calverton Hall, where my niece was at school, I thought I might give her a
surprise visit. I had turned off the road, and was going slowly down the long, tree-lined drive, when I first
saw the main school building. It was a large Victorian house made of dark stone, set in a large park. It
struck me that there was something very sinister about the place, and I noticed that it was strangely silent.
I could not even hear any voices, and there was nobody to be seen.
After parking the car in front of the main building, I went up the steps. The door was open, so I
went in. There seemed to be no one around, so I thought it would be best to wait until someone came. I
went over and touched radiator to see if the central heating was on. It wasn’t, which seemed odd as it was
already late November and winter had set in.
A few moments later, I heard footsteps coming down one of the stairs to the main hall. Soon an
elderly woman, who turned out to be the headmistress, appeared and gave me a particularly hostile stare.
When I explained to her that I had come to visit my niece, she said coldly: “It is against the rules for
pupils to be visited by relatives unless a request is made in writing at least three weeks in advance. I
would therefore be grateful if you would kindly leave at once.”

Statements (on your Answer Sheet put down + if the statement is true, - if it is false):
1. The school was situated in a very picturesque place and looked very attractive in spite of the fact
that it was strangely silent.
2. There were many noisy children in the school.
3. The narrator was supposed to write a request three weeks before he came.
4. The narrator’s nephew studied at Calverton Hall.
5. The Headmistress was going upstairs when she saw the narrator.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 36
A DAY LIKE NO OTHER
Frank Wilcox has been Chief of Police in Lansett County for 25 years. He took the job when he
had just turned 30. He has seen murders. He has seen robberies. He has seen cats stuck in trees. He has
found missing children. But today would be like no other day on the job.
It is 11:00 at night. Chief Wilcox begins putting together his things. He is tired. He wants to go home.
“Chief Wilcox,” calls an officer walking quickly into his office. It is Officer Simpson. He looks nervous.
He looks like he would like to be anywhere else but there.
“What is it, Simpson?” asks the Chief. “Holman’s Grocery was just held up at gunpoint,” Simpson says.
His voice is shaky. He coughs to clear his throat. “Was anyone hurt?” asks Chief.
Lansett is a very small county. The Chief knows just about everyone who lives there. If anyone was hurt,
there is a good chance he knows the person. Maybe that's why Officer Simpson looks nervous. “No one
was hurt,” says Simpson. “But we caught the suspect.”
“Ah, well, Simpson. You guys can take care of that. I’m—” Chief Wilcox stops in mid-sentence. He
understands what is wrong. From behind Officer Simpson, the Chief sees his youngest daughter, Devon.
She is in handcuffs. Chief Wilcox gets a lump in his throat. He sits in his chair, stunned. “How could it
be?” he thinks. “Devon, will you please tell me what is going on?” the Chief demands. Devon does not
look at him. The Chief can feel anger growing inside of him. He refuses to let that anger show. “Take her
back for questioning,” the Chief says to Officer Simpson in a calm voice. “Devon, whatever you do, tell
the truth,” the Chief says. “I’m your dad. I love you. We will figure this out.”

Questions (choose the correct letter a, b, c or d):

1) What is the main problem in this story?
a) Devon won't look at her dad.
b) Officer Simpson is nervous.
c) The Chief's daughter has been arrested.
d) The Chief is tired and wants to go home.
2) For how long has Wilcox been Chief of police?
a) 15 years
b) 25 years
c) 30 years
d) 35 years
3) What can the reader tell about Chief Wilcox?
a) He doesn’t care about the truth.
b) He has seen a lot in his job.
c) He is 30 years old.
d) He doesn’t know many people in his county.
4) Why is Officer Simpson nervous?
a) He is scared of Chief Wilcox.
b) He has just been held up at gunpoint.
c) He has just arrested the Chief's daughter.
d) He has just found an important piece of evidence in a new case.
5) "He refuses to let that anger show." Which sentence below means the same thing?
a) He is forced to let that anger show.
b) He is about to let that anger show.
c) He wants to let that anger show.
d) He decides not to let that anger show.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 37
Everyone in the world knows The Beatles, a British rock music group, which revolutionized
popular music around the world in the 1960s by leading a movement in rock music known as the British
Invasion. From 1964 through 1969, the Beatles achieved unprecedented popularity with 30 songs
reaching the Billboard magazine top ten popular music charts.
Formed in 1959, the Beatles were composed of four musicians born in Liverpool, England: guitarist
George Harrison, guitarist John Lennon, bassist Paul McCartney, and drummer Peter Best. In 1962
drummer Ringo Starr (born Richard Starkey) replaced Best. Influenced by American rock-and-roll artists
of the late 1950s, such as Little Richard and Buddy Holly, the Beatles styled their songs in the
sophisticated manner of the American tradition of popular music songwriting that peaked in the 1920s and
1930s. From the simple, fresh style of their early songs, such as “I Want to Hold Your Hand” (1963) and
“A Hard Day’s Night” (1964), the Beatles progressed to innovative, experimental works culminating in
the album Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). Considered the first concept album (songs
unified by a common theme), Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band was also admired for its haunting
harmony and lyrics, unconventional musical phrases and rhythms, and the integrated use of electronic
music and the Indian sitar. Other Beatles’ albums include With the Beatles (1963), Beatles for Sale
(1964), Abbey Road (1969), and Let it Be (1970).
In 1970 the Beatles split up and each member pursued another musical career, either as a solo artist
or as bandleader. Despite individual successes, members were often approached with requests to reunite,
fueling wide speculation until John Lennon’s murder in 1980. The Beatles won the Grammy Trustees
Award in 1972 and the group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988. In 1995 the first
volume of a three-album retrospective of the Beatles, Anthology, was released, accompanied by a
television miniseries of the same name. The Anthology album, which includes the previously unrecorded
song “Free as a Bird” (written by Lennon and recorded by the surviving band members during 1994 and
1995), became one of the fastest selling albums in the history of popular music. The second album of the
series, Anthology 2, was released in 1996.
Questions (choose the correct letter a, b, c or d):
1. The words “the British Invasion” in line 3 most probably mean:
a) a British attack on America;
b) conquering a new land by the British;
c) spreading of new ideas;
d) putting something into a British vase.
2. It may be concluded from the passage that:
a) no one had managed to write famous songs before the Beatles;
b) the Beatles became popular by selling music charts;
c) the Billboard magazine writes on sports;
d) the Beatles composed about 5 songs a year.
3. The composition of the group:
a) was never changed; b) needed changing regularly;
c) was the same for about 8 years; d) required much time and effort.
4. It is implied in the passage that the Beatles wouldn’t have become famous had it not been for:
a) Ringo Starr; b) a little man named Richard;
c) the culture of a different country; d) Hollywood.
5. The word “sophisticated” in line 9 can best be replaced with:
a) pervert; b) modern;
c) complicated; d) urban.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 38
Before the grass has thickened on the roadside verges and leaves have started growing on the trees
is a perfect time to look around and see just how dirty Britain has become. The pavements are stained
with chewing gum that has been spat out and the gutters are full of discarded fast food cartons. Years ago
I remember travelling abroad and being saddened by the plastic bags, discarded bottles and soiled nappies
at the edge of every road. Nowadays, Britain seems to look at least as bad. What has gone wrong?
The problem is that the rubbish created by our increasingly mobile lives lasts a lot longer than
before. If it is not cleared up and properly thrown away, it stays in the undergrowth for years; a semi-
permanent reminder of what a tatty little country we have now.
Firstly, it is estimated that 10 billion plastic bags have been given to shoppers. These will take
anything from 100 to 1,000 years to rot. However, it is not as if there is no solution to this. A few years
ago, the Irish government introduced a tax on non-recyclable carrier bags and in three months reduced
their use by 90%. When he was a minister, Michael Meacher attempted to introduce a similar
arrangement in Britain. The plastics industry protested, of course. However, they need not have bothered;
the idea was killed before it could draw breath, leaving supermarkets free to give away plastic bags.
What is clearly necessary right now is some sort of combined initiative, both individual and
collective, before it is too late. The alternative is to continue sliding downhill until we have a country that
looks like a vast municipal rubbish tip. We may well be at the tipping point. Yet we know that people
respond to their environment. If things around them are clean and tidy, people behave cleanly and tidily.
If they are surrounded by squalor, they behave squalidly. Now, much of Britain looks pretty squalid. What
will it look like in five years?
Questions (choose the correct letter a, b, c or d):
1. The writer says that it is a good time to see Britain before the trees have leaves because
a) Britain looks perfect.
b) you can see Britain at its cleanest.
c) you can see how dirty Britain is now.
d) the grass has thickened on the verges.
2. According to the writer, things used to be
a) more interesting.
b) the same abroad.
c) better abroad.
d) worse, but now things are perfect abroad.
3. For the writer, the problem is that
a) rubbish is not cleared up.
b) rubbish lasts longer than it used to.
c) our society is increasingly mobile.
d) Britain is a tatty country.
4. Michael Meacher
a) followed the Irish example with a tax on plastic bags.
b) tried to follow the Irish example with a tax on plastic bags.
c) made no attempt to follow the Irish example with a tax on plastic bags.
d) had problems with the plastics industry who weren't bothered about the tax.
5. The writer thinks
a) it is too late to do anything.
b) we are at the tipping point.
c) there is no alternative.
d) we need to work together to solve the problem.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 39

Ask anyone where they plan to celebrate at least part of the annual Kyiv Days Festival on the last
weekend of May, and their answer will be — Andriyivsky Uzviz (Andrew's Descent) of course! Over the
centuries, this twisting 850-meter street has wound its way up between the lush hills of the capital into the
cultural and spiritual heart of Kyiv. Its collection of several dozen picturesque buildings is soaked in
history that stretches back a thousand years. Intellectuals, craftsmen and artists have gravitated towards
Andrew's Descent for generations.
Like many historic places, the origin of Andrew's Descent is part myth and legend. Today's Descent
was first mentioned in the 11th century. Then it was the main road between several towns. However, Saint
Andrew blessed the surrounding hills and foretold the future glory of Kyiv while visiting during the first
half of the 1st century. The place where Saint Andrew put a cross in memory of his vision is now the
location of the magnificent Baroque style Saint Andrew's Church.

Statements (decide if the statements are true or false):

1. Andrew's Descent is a flat 850-meter long street.

2. Many people come to Andrew's Descent to celebrate May 1.
3. Andrew's Descent has many beautiful historical buildings.
4. Intellectuals, craftsmen and artists have lived on Andrew's Descent for many generations.
5. The history of Andrew's Descent is known exactly.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 40
Miracle on the Hudson
Things were looking bad for Flight 1549 out of New York’s LaGuardia Airport one cold winter
day in 2009. At 3:24 p.m., just minutes after takeoff, the Airbus 320 flew straight into a flock of large
birds. There were several loud noises. Then both of the engines died. In the cockpit, Captain Chesley B.
Sullenberger noticed a sharp smell of burning feathers. The plane was only 914 metres in the air, and it
had no power. They were going down.
Behind Sullenberger in the cabin, 150 passengers knew they were in trouble. Many desperately
turned on their mobile phones to say good-bye to loved ones. Some on the plane cried, and others prayed,
but Captain Sullenberger did not panic. The lives of the 150 passengers and five crew members were in
his hands. His ability to stay calm in the face of disaster was the only thing that could save them.
Sullenberger had 40 years of flying experience. Like many pilots, he had experience in the
military, where he flew a fighter jet. Sullenberger was also a safety consultant for airlines, so he knew a
great deal about how to handle a crisis. He knew how to fly gliders, too. This was a helpful skill because
the jet was now behaving like a very heavy glider.
At first he thought he could turn the plane around for an emergency landing. However, the jet was
right over the city. It was near too many tall buildings and “too low, too slow” to reach the airport. Then
he thought he could probably fly across the Hudson River and land at a nearby airport in New Jersey. That
wasn’t a good idea, however. He might crash into a neighbourhood full of people.
Sullenberger decided he had only one option. He would have to bring the plane down in the icy
Hudson River. It was going to be a very difficult landing. A water landing is extremely unusual for a
plane, especially a water landing with no casualties. He would need to keep the nose of the plane up and
control the wings perfectly. If one wing went into the water, the plane would turn over and over.
Experts say that self-confidence is crucial when you have to act in a difficult situation. Captain
Sullenberger was anxious, but he was confident. He believed he could land this plane. He didn’t panic and
brought the plane lower and lower. “Brace for impact,” he said over the intercom. At 3:31 p.m., the plane
touched down the water. There was a huge spray of water, the plane stopped, and it floated.
Sullenberger got up from his seat in the cockpit. He reached for the passenger list. As the
passengers climbed out of the plane onto the wings, he checked off their names. Was everybody safe?
Outside the plane, it was only -6.7° C, but the plane had landed in a busy part of the Hudson River.
Ferries, rescue boats and helicopters came close to the plane and started rescuing passengers. Captain
Sullenberger was back inside. One last time, he walked through the plane to make sure everyone was off.
In the end, all 155 people on board Flight 1549 survived. People called it a miracle. The miracle was that
they had the right captain at the right time.

1. Are the sentences true or false? (1 point each)

1) Flight 1549 was flying in an area with few people or houses.
2) Captain Sullenberger landed the airplane on a river.
3) Everyone survived the landing.

2. Choose the correct letter (a, b or c) - (1 point each)

4) What caused Flight 1549’s problem?
a) an engine fire
b) a flock of birds
c) low fuel

5) How many passengers and crew were on board?

a) 40
b) 150
c) 155

6) While the plane was going down, it _____________ .

a) was on fire
b) acted like a glider
c) lost a wing

7) Why couldn’t Captain Sullenberger turn the plane around?

a) He did not have enough fuel to go back to the airport.
b) The airport was too crowded with other planed waiting to land.
c) His plane was too close to the ground and didn’t have enough speed.

8) Which statement is not true about Captain Sullenberger?

a) He was sure about his ability to land the plane.
b) He was calm in the face of disaster.
c) He could not decide what to do.

9) How much time passed between hitting the birds and landing the plane?
a) 7 minutes
b) 24 minutes
c) 31 minutes

10) What did Sullenberger do after the plane was on the water?
a) He radioed for help.
b) He used the intercom to tell the passengers to get out of the plane.
c) He used his passenger list to check that everyone was safely outside.

11) What happened to the passengers after they left the plane?
a) They swam across the river to safety.
b) Emergency aircraft and boats rescued them.
c) They used the life rafts on the plane to get to land.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 41
How the Kiwi Got Its Name
It is one of the ugliest little fruits in the world. Many people don’t know how to eat it and have
never tried it. This fruit, however, is a multi-billion-dollar super food, a food that is very nutritious.
This fruit’s skin is brown and looks like the fur of a monkey. This explains one of the fruit’s
original names, which means “monkey peach” in Chinese. The Chinese first grew it in the Chang
Kiang Valley about 700 years ago. It became a favourite food of the rulers. They liked the bright green
colour on the inside of the fruit and its sweet taste.
When people from other parts of the world began travelling in China, they discovered this
unusual-looking fruit. In 1904, a woman from New Zealand, Isabel Fraser, travelled to China. There,
she ate a monkey peach. She liked its taste, so she took some seeds back with her to New Zealand.
She gave the seeds to Thomas Allison. Thomas and his brother, Alexander, owned an orchard.
Alexander Allison planted Fraser’s seeds and harvested the first fruit in 1910.
The climate of New Zealand was perfect for the monkey peach, and soon the fruit became popular
there. However, New Zealanders had trouble pronouncing the name in Chinese. They decided to call
it a “Chinese gooseberry” because the fruit is green, like a gooseberry.
By the 1950s, New Zealand had more Chinese gooseberries than they could eat. Fruit growers
wanted to expand their markets to other countries. However, they had a problem because some
countries had an import tax on berries. To avoid the tax, the growers decided to change the mane. The
fruit looked like a tiny melon, so they decided to call it mellonette (the French word for “little
melon”). This name seemed like a good idea until they learned that there was a high tax on melons.
What could they call it?
The fruit growers got together to discuss a new name. Someone suggested the name kiwi. The
furry kiwi bird is a symbol of New Zealand, and New Zealanders are sometimes called Kiwis. The
growers all agreed, and this small green Chinese fruit took the name of a symbol of New Zealand.
When the kiwi fruit first appeared in other countries, most people thought it was strange. They
didn’t know how to eat it, and they didn’t like the rough skin. Eventually, people learned to remove
the furry skin and eat the sweet inside part. They started to enjoy it.
Recently, food scientists have discovered some surprising information about the kiwi. One small
kiwi fruit has more vitamin C than any other fruit. It is also a great source of fibre and provides the
body with important minerals, such as calcium and potassium.
Today the kiwi is more popular than ever. It is a major crop in many countries, including Chile and
Italy. In New Zealand, it is the number one export. Farmers there even export this healthy and
delicious food to China, where it all began.

Are the sentences true or false? (1 point each)

1) The kiwi fruit was from New Zealand originally.
2) The skin of the kiwi isn’t like the skin of other fruit.
3) Isabel Fraser planted the first kiwi seeds in New Zealand.
4) Growers changed the name of the fruit to “Chinese gooseberry” because of import taxes in
other countries.
5) A “kiwi” may be a person, a bird or a fruit.
6) The kiwi fruit was immediately successful in other countries.
7) The kiwi is nutritious because it has vitamins, minerals and fibre.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 42

The Origami Resolution

Since childhood, Dr. Robert Lang has practiced origami. It was the convergence of his intensely
creative mind and this ancient Japanese tradition that gave rise to his unique style of origami, which he
developed into a renewed art and ultimately a science of practical application.
His intricate paper insect creations were a departure from the standard boats and cranes that have
long been the tradition of origami. Over time his works grew more complex, featuring hundreds of folds
and multiple pieces of paper, such as a full-scale cuckoo clock. Between his efforts to earn a PhD in
applied physics, his job at NASA’s Jet Propulsion laboratory, his eighty technical papers, and his forty-six
patents in optoelectronics and lasers, he somehow found time to implement and evolve a number of
original origami designs.
The practicality of his scientific research began to influence his origami designs, until the line
between the two began to blur. He participated in a project at EASi Engineering to develop complicated
crease patterns for airbag folding designs. Lang also worked to design a mesh wire heart support to be
folded and implanted in congestive heart failure patients; once inside, it would expand, protecting the
heart. His most ambitious project to date, however, is shared with a team at the Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, with whom he has developed a space telescope – one that is forty times larger than
the Hubble and collapsible for space travel through a series of precise origami folds.

Circle the correct letter A, B, C, or D:

←
1. Lang’s style of origami originated from a combination of…
A. practical application and creative mind.
B. a creative mind and renewed art.
C. Japanese tradition and a creative mind.
D. Japanese tradition and practical science.

2. Lang’s paper insects were…

A. almost the same as traditional or standard origami.
B. very different from traditional origami.
C. based on traditional boats and cranes.
D. traditional origami creations.

3. Because of his work and projects in science, he:

A. probably didn’t have a lot of time to make origami.
B. had a lot of time to make origami.
C. could use special equipment for making origami.
D. earned a PhD based on origami.

4. Lang’s origami has been used for…

A. design in airplanes.
B. design in wire fences.
C. clothing creases.
D. mesh enclosures.

5. His telescope design...

A. is sponsored by the NASA jet propulsion lab.
B. can be folded up so that it is easy to travel with.
C. is almost as big as the Hubble telescope.
D. was his most expensive project.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 43
Lonely Planet Armenia
Armenian cuisine is a national treasure, a delicate mix of lightly spiced meats, fresh salads, lots of
chewy light lavash bread and home-made specialities dating back centuries. It combines elements of the
cuisines of all its historic neighbours—Arabic, Russian, Greek and Persian—but remains distinctive.
Scientists believe that the first wheat was grown on the southern flanks of historic Armenia, south of Lake
Van, while the Romans dubbed the apricot prunus armeniaca, or Armenian prune.
Broadly speaking, western Armenian cuisine is more similar to Lebanese and Turkish cooking,
while eastern Armenian has more Russian and Georgian influences. Besides khoravats, staples include
dolmas (rice wrapped in vine leaves), soups, vegetable stews and lavash fresh from the oven. Armenians
aren’t afraid to throw in garlic and salt by the handful to boost the flavour. Hors d’oeurves include cold
salads, salty cheese and dips such as jajik (yogurt with cucumbers and fennel). Tan abour is yogurt soup
sprinkled with parsley and fennel, much admired for its curative qualities. Pastries appear everywhere,
such as Georgian khachapuri (cheese pies) and bourek (flaky pastry with salty cheese and spinach).
Cured meats include sujukh or yeghchick (dark, cured spicy sausage) and basturma (finely cured ham).
Desserts included honey-drenched baklava and sweetly crunchy kedayif (dessert pastry), though thick
chocolate cakes and tortes are popular in the region too.
The most popular drink is soorch (Armenian coffee), also claimed by Georgians, Greeks, and
Arabs; a potent, finely ground cup of lusciously rich coffee, with thick sediment at the bottom. It goes
well with honeyed pastries such as baklava. Tea is also popular, as are local soft drinks like Hay Cola.
There is an interesting array of mineral and table waters, ranging from salty, volcanic Jermuk to lighter
Noy and Dilijan waters. Fruit juices are cheap and delicious.
There are hundreds of fine meat-free dishes in the Armenian cookbook, but at restaurants the
options might only be salad, grilled vegetables, bread and cheese. Tomatoes, rice, aubergines, courgettes
and a profusion of herbs and spices have created a wealth of vegetarian dishes. Western Armenian cuisine
has hummus, tabouleh and other dishes associated with Lebanese cuisine, and there are lots of home-
made ratatouilles made from beans, carrots and onions with olive oil. Kartofel (pilaf rice) is a buttery mix
of dried raisins, apricots and other spices.

Circle the correct letter A, B, C, or D:

1. What does “dubbed” in the first paragraph most nearly mean?

A. having altered the dialogue of a movie or song into another language
B. having given a name to something
C. having mistakenly thought something
D. having refused to eat something

2. Which two words from the text are near synonyms?

A. “staples” and “potent”
B. “dolmas” and “pastries”
C. “an array” and “a profusion”
D. “soft drinks” and “desserts”

3. Armenian cuisine seems:

A. diverse and natural
B. unwholesome and boring
C. limited and bland
D. spicy and repetitive

4. According to the text, all of the following dishes are also found in other cultures EXCEPT:
A. khachapuri
B. hummus
C. soorch
D. kedayif
5. Based on the cuisine, what can you deduce about Armenia’s history?
A. Armenia has probably been isolated from other cultures for hundreds of years.
B. There were probably many religions in Armenia that forbade the eating of meat.
C. They used to have a king who was allergic to herbs and spices.
D. Armenia has had many cultural exchanges with other countries.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 44
Can Sports Bring World Peace?
Sports have long been idealized as a way to heal wounds, mend fences, and rise above differences
among cultures and nations. As we look ahead to the Olympics in a few weeks and the World Cup after
that, are we fools to think that sports can not only transcend politics but pave a path to peace?
Nobody sells the sports-as-diplomacy theme better than the Olympics, which aims “to build a
peaceful and better world thanks to sport.” Most everything about the Games echoes these ideals: the
interlocking Olympic rings that symbolize the coming together of the five continents, the determinedly
harmonious atmosphere at Olympic village, and the very existence of the IOC’s Olympic Truce
Foundation and its stated goal of finding “peaceful and diplomatic solutions to the conflicts around the
world.”
But despite the many feel-good stories, high-profile sporting events have served equally well, it
seems, as a means by which to sow dissension: think of the Munich massacre, or the 1996 Olympic Park
bombing. And in 1916, the unifying power of sports proved no match for the hostilities of World War I:
the Berlin Olympics, long planned for that year, had to be cancelled.
← We want so badly to believe that all we really need to achieve world peace is a ball. We
crave feel-good solutions that will promote world harmony. We tell ourselves that the Olympics can make
everybody love each other; that basketball and soccer can bring peace to Israel, conciliation to Ireland,
and understanding to South Africa; that sports’ power to heal is stronger than hatred’s power to destroy. If
sports are really going to save the world, we need those kids who are now shooting baskets and goals in
Israel and Ireland and South Africa to become not athletes but political leaders. And they’d better grow up
fast.
Circle the correct letter A, B, C, or D:
1. According to the author, sports have long been touted as…
A. a way to bring peace between different cultures and nations.
B. the difference between peaceful and warring nations.
C. a way to highlight political injustices in the world.
D. a way to sow dissension.

2. In this article the term ‘sports-as-diplomacy’ is best defined as…

A. the Olympic Truce Foundation’s mission statement.
B. the way in which the world views the conflicts in Israel, Ireland, and South Africa.
C. a belief that creating solutions to world conflicts can be aided by sports.
D. a reference to the failure of sports to resolve conflicts such as World War I.

3. The Munich massacre and the 1996 Olympic Park bombing are evidence used by the author to
show that…
A. sports do bring peace even in times of conflict.
B. poor security at major sporting events slows the peace process.
C. organizations like the Olympics and the World Cup are mostly effective at bringing peace.
D. large sporting events can create more reasons for hostility among rival nations.

4. The author believes that sports…

A. can be an avenue for peace if the competitions are held at the right place and the right time.
B. cannot solve the world’s problems without the help of good politics.
C. can bring peace to Israel, Ireland, and South Africa.
D. will only bring peace if large events like the Olympics and the World Cup are not involved
in political debates.

5. In conclusion, the author suggests that…

A. the path to world peace is through younger generations becoming involved in politics.
B. the Olympics and the World Cup exclude countries currently in turmoil.
C. sports are a feel-good solution that can be utilized by politicians more effectively.
D. people are not wrong for believing sports can promote world peace.
 READING. 11 FORM
Text 45
A Pound Тоо Dear
Small boats loaded with wares sped to the great liner as she was entering the harbour. Before she
had anchored, the men from the boats had climbed on board and the decks were soon covered with
colourful rugs from Persia, silks from India, copper coffee pots, and beautiful hand-made silverware. It
was difficult not to be tempted. Many of the tourists on board had begun bargaining with the tradesmen,
but I decided not to buy anything until I had disembarked.
I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond
ring. I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of
the diamonds. Some of them were as big as marbles. The man went to great lengths to prove that the
diamonds were real. As we were walking past a shop, he held a diamond firmly against the window and
made a deep impression in the glass. It took me over half an hour to get rid of him.
The next man to approach me was selling expensive pens and watches. I examined one of the pens
closely. It certainly looked genuine. At the base of the gold cap, the words 'made in the U.S.A.' had been
neatly inscribed. The man said that the pen was worth £10, but as a special favour, he would let me have
it for £8. I shook my head and held up a finger indicating that I was willing to pay a pound. Gesticulating
wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer outrageous, but he eventually reduced the price to £3.
Shrugging my shoulders, I began to walk away when, a moment later, he ran after me and thrust the pen
into my hands. Though he kept throwing up his arms in despair, he readily accepted the pound I gave him.
I felt especially pleased with my wonderful bargain - until I got back to the ship. No matter how hard I
tried, it was impossible to fill this beautiful pen with ink and to this day it has never written a single word!

Circle the correct letter A, B, C, or D:

1. The author was on a …
A. commercial fishing boat.
B. cruise ship.
C. ferry.
D. tradesmen’s ship.

2. The author got off the boat to …

A. look for a copper coffee pot.
B. look for a pen.
C. look for a diamond ring.
D. look for souvenirs.

3. The diamond seller …

A. scratched the glass of a shop.
B. showed him fake diamonds.
C. didn’t leave for over an hour.
D. was selling long strings of diamonds.

4. The author started bargaining for the pen at …

A. 10 pounds.
B. 8 pounds.
C. 3 pounds.
D. 1 pound.

5. The title of this story is ‘A Pound Too Dear’ because …

A. the author only had one pound to spend.
B. it shows the importance of the pound.
C. even one pound was too much for the pen.
D. the pen was very important to the author.