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03-07-2011
CoolPack tutorial
Contents
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
Description of CoolPack ..................................................................................................................................... 4
CoolPack contact ............................................................................................................................................... 7
Installation ......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Exercises ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
Overview of exercises in this tutorial ............................................................................................................ 9
Exercise 1: Fundamental concepts in CoolPack........................................................................................... 10
Exercise 2: Fundamental concepts in EESCoolTools.................................................................................... 11
Exercise 3: Fundamental concepts in Refrigeration Utilities....................................................................... 16
Exercise 4: Short EESCoolTools exercise...................................................................................................... 19
Exercise 4: - Suggested solution .............................................................................................................. 20
Exercise 5: Short Refrigeration Utilities exercise......................................................................................... 21
Exercise 5: Suggested solution ................................................................................................................ 22
Exercise 6: Creation of property plots and drawing refrigeration cycles .................................................... 23
Exercise 6: Suggested solution ................................................................................................................ 24
Exercise 7: One-stage cycle with dry expansion evaporator ....................................................................... 26
Exercise 7: Suggested solution ................................................................................................................ 27
Exercise 8: One-stage cycle with flooded evaporator ................................................................................. 28
Exercise 8: Suggested solution ................................................................................................................ 29
Exercise 9: Two one-stage cycles................................................................................................................. 30
Exercise 9: Suggested solution ................................................................................................................ 31
Exercise 10: Two-stage cycle with liquid injection ...................................................................................... 32
Exercise 10: Suggested solution .............................................................................................................. 33
Exercise 11: Liquid flow in pipes (pressure drop and heat transfer) ........................................................... 34
Exercise 11: Suggested solution .............................................................................................................. 35
Exercise 12: Gas flow in pipes (pressure drop and heat transfer)............................................................... 36
Exercise 12: Suggested solution .............................................................................................................. 37
Exercise 13: Air cooler - Cooling and dehumidification of moist air ........................................................... 38
Exercise 13: Suggested solution .............................................................................................................. 39
Exercise 14: Cooling demand for cold room................................................................................................ 40
Exercise 14: Suggested solution .............................................................................................................. 41
Exercise 15: Transient cooling of goods in a refrigerated room ................................................................. 42
Exercise 15: Suggested solution .............................................................................................................. 43
Concepts, shortcuts, and other hints .............................................................................................................. 44
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CoolPack tutorial
Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................... 44
Screen .......................................................................................................................................................... 44
EESCoolTools ............................................................................................................................................... 44
Overview of programs in CoolPack.................................................................................................................. 45
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CoolPack tutorial
Introduction
This tutorial gives a general introduction to CoolPack and contains a number of exercises demonstrating
how the programs in CoolPack should be used.
The exercises are organized in groups representing the various types of investigations for which CoolPack
can be used. The first exercises are introductory, focussing on how to use the various types of programs in
CoolPack and how to navigate between them. The following exercises are more detailed and aimed at
demonstrating the use of CoolPack for analyzing refrigeration systems.
Once you have become familiar with the programs in CoolPack, we hope that you will use CoolPack for
solving the refrigeration-oriented tasks related to your job/education. If you have any comments or
questions about CoolPack we encourage you to contact us – your comments and ideas will be very helpful
to us in making CoolPack an even better program.
Description of CoolPack
The development of CoolPack started in spring of 1998 as a part of a research project. The objective of this
project was to develop simulation models to be used for energy optimization of refrigeration systems. The
users of these models would be refrigeration technicians, engineers, students etc. in short all the persons
with influence on the present and future energy consumption of refrigeration systems.
The first idea was to make a general and comprehensive simulation program that would give the user all
the flexibility he/she could wish for in terms of handling many different system designs and investigation
purposes. Some of the characteristics of very general and flexible programs are that they require many user
inputs/selections and that their numerical robustness is rather low. Experience with this type of programs
has shown that this type of simulation programs is far from ideal for the main part of the users mentioned
above. Since most of these users have limited time for carrying out the investigation, general and
comprehensive programs will in many cases be very ineffective to use and they are therefore often
discarded by the users.
The idea behind the development of CoolPack is different from the idea described above. Instead of
creating a large, general and comprehensive simulation program we have chosen to create a collection of
small, easy to use, and numerically robust simulation programs.
The typical simulation program in CoolPack deals with only on type of refrigeration system and has a
specific investigation purpose. It therefore only requires the user inputs/selections necessary to describe
operating conditions etc. and not any inputs for describing the system design or for specifying the
input/output structure associated with the simulation purpose.
When developing the programs for CoolPack we have focused on making the underlying system models as
simple, relevant and numerically robust as possible. We have preserved some flexibility in that the user can
select refrigerant and also specify inputs (like pressure) in more than one way (saturation temperature or
pressure).
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To make it easier to get an overview of the programs in CoolPack we have chosen to divide the programs
into three main groups (Refrigeration Utilities, EESCoolTools and Dynamic). Figure 2.1 gives an overview of
the content in these groups.
CoolPack
Refrigeration
EESCoolTools Dynamic
Utilities
Refrigerant property Cycle analysis Cooling down of an
plots and cycles object/room.
System dimensioning (One-stage system)
Refrigerant calculator
System simulation
Secondary fluid
calculator Operation analysis
The group Refrigeration Utilities consist of 3 refrigerant oriented programs, primarily used for calculating
the properties of primary and secondary refrigerants, creating property plots for primary refrigerants (like
p-h, T-s and h-s diagrams) and for calculating the pressure drop for flow of secondary refrigerants in pipes.
Furthermore, it is possible to create property plots for humid air (psychrometric charts).
The programs in Refrigeration Utilities group have been released previously as independent programs.
The first versions of the programs were released in 1996 and they have since then been expanded
significantly with new refrigerants, more property plots etc. Apart from the built in property functions
the current version can also use the very accurate property functions used in the RefProp program. If you
have RefProp ver. 6.01 you will now be able to create high quality property plots based on RefProp data
for refrigerants. Se the on-line help in the programs.
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CoolPack tutorial
The group EESCoolTools contains a large collection of programs for both refrigeration systems and
components. We have chosen to divide this group into four subgroups as shown on Figure 2.2. The groups
also represent the four phases of designing a refrigeration system.
The programs in these four groups have almost the same type of user interface, making it easier to
combine their use and also use them for comparisons.
The name EESCoolTools consists of the three words EES, Cool and Tools:
"EES" refers to the name of the program we have implemented our simulation models in
(Engineering Equation Solver - EES). EES is developed by S.A. Klein and F.L. Alvarado, and is sold by F-
Chart Software in Wisconsin, USA. You can get more information about EES and F-Chart Software on
the Internet at www.fchart.com
"Cool" refers to the fact, that the simulation models are related to the area of refrigeration.
"Tools" refers to that the programs are thought to be tools enabling you to make faster and more
consistent (energy) design and analysis.
Use of dimensioning
Dimensioning criteria for dimensioning
(D-Tools) of components
Calculation of operating
System Simulation conditions with selected
(S-Tools) components
The group named Dynamic contains the dynamic programs in CoolPack. So far only a single program is
available. With this program it is possible to simulate the cooling down of an object/room under various
conditions and with on/off-capacity control of the compressor.
The dynamic element is modeled and solved using a DAE solver application called WinDALI. WinDALI is
based on the DALI-program developed in 1985, at what at that time was called the Refrigeration
Laboratory at the Technical University of Denmark (now a part of Department of Energy Engineering). The
present version of WinDALI is freeware an is well documented. If you are interested in making your own
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dynamic simulation models, you are welcome to have a copy of WinDALI – all you have to do is to contact
us.
The individual programs in CoolPack are described further in Chapter 6 of this tutorial.
CoolPack contact
CoolPack was developed as part of a research project called SysSim (an abbreviation for “Systematic
Modeling and Simulation of Refrigeration Systems”). This project was financed by the Danish Energy
Agency. The project administrator was Arne Jakobsen.
CoolPack is freeware and you are welcome to pass on you copy of the program to colleagues and friends.
We encourage all who use CoolPack to register so that we can inform them about new versions and
CoolPack-related arrangements.
The development of CoolPack is performed by Team CoolPack consisting of the following members:
Name
Arne Jakobsen
Bjarne Dindler Rasmussen
Morten Juel Skovrup
Simon Engedal Andersen
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CoolPack tutorial
Installation
CoolPack will run under the following operating systems:
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows NT4.0
Windows 2000 Professional
Windows XP
Windows 7
Your screen setting should be at least 16 bit color – if you choose 256 colors some of the background colors
will appear “grumsy”.
If you downloaded CoolPack from the Internet you should have CoolPack in a single file called
COOLPACK:EXE. This file is a self-extracting file containing the installation files. When you run this file its
content will be expanded into a temporary folder (default is C:\TEMP). From this temporary folder start the
file SETUP.EXE and the installation program will guide you through the installation procedure.
If you received CoolPack on CD-rom the installation should start automatically when the CD is inserted into
the CD-drive. If this doesn’t happen you should start the file SETUP.EXE on the CD-rom. The installation
program will guide you through the installation procedure.
If no icons appear in the CoolPack toolbars you should update your version of Windows 95.
If you received CoolPack on CD-rom you will find a folder called Win_Upd on this CD-rom. In this folder you
will find a file 401COMUPD.EXE which contain the update files necessary. Run this file from CD-rom – the
program will guide you through the update procedure. You will have to restart you PC before you can use
CoolPack.
If you downloaded CoolPack from the Internet you can find the update files necessary on the following
address www.et.dtu.dk/coolpack
On PC’s with Windows 95 or 98 the number of EESCoolTool programs that can be active at the same time is
limited. The maximum number of active EESCoolTool programs depends on the available resources –
typically only three EESCoolTools can be active on the same time. If you try to have more than three active
EESCoolTools you might risk ending up in a situation where you get an error message like “The program has
performed an illegal operation and will be shut down”. If this happens you should close some of the active
(but not used) programs and try opening the requested program again.
For Windows NT4.0 and Windows 2000 Professional this limitation doesn’t exist.
The installation program will generate a shortcut to CoolPack so that you can start CoolPack via the START-
button.
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CoolPack tutorial
Exercises
Exercises 1, 2 and 3 introduce the various types of programs and demonstrate how to navigate in and
between programs in CoolPack. Exercises 4 and 5 give a more detailed demonstration of the use of the
models introduced in exercises 2 and 3.
Exercises numbered 6 and higher can be selected according to interest and preferences. These exercises
are organized so that you will first find a description of the problem/exercise and on the following page you
will find a suggested solution to the problem.
For some of the exercises you might not get the exact same results as stated in the solution. The problem
might be "open"; meaning that you have to assume or evaluate temperatures and/or temperature
differences as a part of the exercise. In these cases, you will probably not make the exact same
assumptions as we have, and therefore the results you get might differ slightly from the suggested solution.
For exercise 9 you will need the separate appendix with printouts from catalogues.
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CoolPack tutorial
The programs in CoolPack are divided into three main groups: Refrigeration Utilities, EESCoolTools, and
Dynamic. The main group EESCoolTools has been divided further into four subgroups: Cycle analysis,
Design, Evaluation, and Auxiliary.
These six program groups each have a tab on the toolbar in the upper part of the screen, to the right of a
group of buttons that control the appearance of this screen. By clicking on a tab the icons for the programs
in this group will be shown on the toolbar. A program in a group is started by clicking (single click) on the
program icon.
Figure 5.1 shows the icons for the three programs in the group Refrigeration Utilities. If you point the
mouse on one of these icons (don’t click), you will see a small pop-up text with the title of the program.
When a program is started this main part of CoolPack will still be active, but it will be placed in the
background. You will always be able to return to this window by clicking on its icon in the Windows
Taskbar. You can several programs in CoolPack active at the same time. You can swap between active
programs by pressing the ALT-key (holding it down) and also press the Tab-key.
When starting your second EESCoolTool you will receive a message saying that EES is already running and
you will then be asked if you wish to open another copy. This message is just a precaution that should help
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CoolPack tutorial
Windows 95 and 98 users in preventing the opening of too many EESCoolTools. If the PC runs low on
resources like RAM opening many EESCoolTools may lead to the system becoming unstable.
Start the first program in the group named "CoolTools: Cycle analysis" – the icon looks like this .
All CoolTools start up in the main diagram window (in this case a stylistic log(p),h-diagram). This is shown
on figure 5.2. In the upper left part of the screen you will see a column of function buttons – these can be
used to start a calculation, save and load inputs to/from a file, or to access the on-line help-function. The
help-function contains a description of the program and may also contain further diagrams.
In addition to the main diagram window a number of sub-diagram windows may exist. You can access sub-
diagram windows by using the gray buttons in the left side of the screen.
Function buttons
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CoolPack tutorial
Select the “Volume flow [m3/h] :” option and type in a value of 15 in the input box to the right
Similarly to specifying the cycle capacity, other phenomena (like compressor performance, compressor
heat loss and suction line superheat) can be specified in multiple ways. In all cases the specification variable
is chosen from a drop-down list and the actual input value is entered in the input field to the right of the
drop-down list. Please note that in most cases changing the input variable will require the input value to be
changed also.
Try changing some of the other inputs and calculate again (try any combination of inputs you like…).
If you end up in a situation where you have specified one or more inputs to which no solution can be found,
you can always close the model and reload it with default inputs. Either click on the small gray window
close button (the one with the X) in the title bar of the main window or click on the “File”-menu. You will
then see a list of commands – in the lower part you will se the names of other programs and the current
program. Click on the name of the current program and the program will be reloaded with default inputs.
When you feel that you have become familiar with the use of this model you can return to the main
diagram window. You can do this by either clicking on the small “Home” button in the lower left corner of
the window or by pressing the “Ctrl” and “D” keys on the keyboard.
In most of the CoolTools more than one subdiagram window exist. You can open the other subdiagram
windows by clicking on the gray buttons in the left side on the main diagram window.
Press the button "State Points" to enter one of the other subdiagram windows.
The values of temperature, enthalpy, pressure and density at all state points are given in a table. The state
point numbering can be seen either from the log(p),h-diagram in the main diagram window or from the
pipe diagram found in the Help.
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It is not necessary to return to the main diagram window to move from one subdiagram window to
another. Use the gray buttons in the lower left part of the screen.
In the Auxiliary subdiagram window you can find information about the necessary dimensions of the main
pipes in the system, you can calculate the compressor displacement required for the capacity you have
specified (using a volumetric efficiency for the compressor) and you can calculate the possible heating of a
flow of water in a desuperheater. Note the current results and try changing some of the inputs in this
window – recalculate and evaluate the new results.
The main diagram window and all subdiagram windows can be printed. In the menu "File" choose "Print".
Default print setting is to print only the main diagram window. If you want to print any of the subdiagram
windows then you must deselect the item "Diagram" and re-select “Diagram” again. Then a menu appears
from which you can choose to print one or more of the diagram windows in the program.
You can also copy the active (current) diagram to a word processor using the "Edit” menu, or by using the
built in Windows possibility to make screen dumps using the Print Screen key (PrtScn). In a word processor
you can insert the screen dump by pressing Ctrl + V.
From within a program there are shortcuts to other CoolTools related to the active CoolTool. Open the
“File” menu and look at the list of Tool-names in the bottom part of the menu. Clicking one of these names
will close the active tool and bring up this new tool directly. If you don’t want to start a new CoolTool but
want another type of tool (or close CoolPack) choose “Exit” from the “File” menu or use the standard
windows buttons in the upper right corner.
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Overview of buttons:
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The main program in this group can be used to draw high quality property plots for a large number of
refrigerants. Further, you can plot refrigeration cycles on these diagrams and have the program calculate
enthalpy differences between state points, COP, etc. This program has so many features, especially when it
comes to formatting of property plots, so that it is not practical to list them all in this introductory exercise.
Please refer to the built in help in the program for more information about its features and for help in
general.
If you move the mouse pointer across the various buttons in the upper toolbar, then short descriptions will
appear.
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A log(p),h-diagram of R290 is now being draw using default values for formatting of the plot (number of
curves for constant temperature, entropy, quality and specific volume and default values for line colors
etc.) Notice, that as you move the mouse pointer around in the plot area the "thermodynamic” coordinates
like pressure, temperature etc. of the mouse pointer position are displayed in the lover left corner. If you
click the mouse button while the pointer is inside the plot area, the "thermodynamic” coordinates will be
copied to a local clipboard. Use the “Options” menu, “Show log…” command to view the coordinates.
For refrigerant mixtures like the R400-series, calculating the refrigerant properties in the two-phase region
takes more time than the calculations for a pure substance. Therefore, when you select a refrigerant
mixture, like R404A, you will be prompted for selecting/deselecting lines of constant quality, entropy and
temperature for the two-phase region. Deselecting the lines for constant entropy and quality speed up the
calculation (and plotting) process significantly.
Having drawn a log(p),h-diagram, you can specify a refrigeration cycle and have the state points plotted on
the diagram.
In the right part of the screen the values for the specific performance are shown.
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In this window more information about the cycle is given and it is a possible to specify the cycle capacity
(either as cooling capacity, mass flow or power consumption, etc.) One and only one of these variables
should be given. The values of the other variables are calculated automatically.
Input a value for the cooling capacity (Qe) and click the “Update” button.
Click the “OK” button to draw the cycle (state points) on the diagram.
You can always inspect the specifications of the cycles you draw by choosing the “Show cycle info..” item
from the “Options” menu. For comparison multiple cycles can be drawn in the same diagram. A list of
useful shortcuts in Refrigeration Utilities is given below.
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Make the following changes: The heat ingress in the suction line is 1000 W, the mass flow rate is 0.4 kg/s,
the heat loss from the compressor is 1.0 kW and the thermal efficiency of the internal heat exchanger is
0.4.
2. What is the pressure ratio (compressor outlet/inlet) and what is the new value of the COP?
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CoolPack tutorial
2. Enter the new information. COP will then become 2.439. The pressure ratio is found in the subdiagram
window ”State points” and should be 7.863.
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Superheat = 8.0 K
Condensing temperature = 30 °C
Subcooling =2K
3. Does the cycle look OK? Check the discharge gas temperature…is it within acceptable limits?
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1) Choose the “File” menu and select the “New” item and then the “Log(p),h – diagram” option or click
on the button. Select R717 and click the “OK” button.
2) To draw the cycle, choose “Options” and the “Input cycle” item, or click on the button. Type in the
data specified and when done click the “Draw cycle” button.
3) The cycle is not realistic – the discharge gas temperature is above 200 C (place the mouse pointer on
the state point and look at the coordinates in the lower left corner). R717 (ammonia) is not a suitable
refrigerant for a one-stage compression from –35 C to 30 C. Try drawing a log(p),h-diagram for
R404A instead and then draw a new cycle with the same specifications. In this case the discharge gas
temperature becomes only app. 65 C. Try other refrigerants….which one will give the highest COP?
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A) Program preferences
Add name, company, address, and phone number to program preferences
B) Log(p),h-diagrams
1 Draw a Log(p),h-diagram for R290 (propane)
2 Draw a one-stage refrigeration cycle with the following specifications:
Evaporating temperature = -20 C
Superheat =8K
Pressure drop in evaporator =1K
Pressure drop in suction line =1K
Pressure drop in discharge line = 2 K
Isentropic efficiency = 0.7
Heat loss from compressor = 15 % of power consumption
Condensing temperature = 35 C
Subcooling =2K
Pressure drop in condenser = 0.1 bar
Pressure drop in liquid line = 0.01 bar
3 Calculate the necessary displacement rate of the compressor if the refrigerating capacity is 100 kW
(assume a volumetric efficiency of 0.85)
4 Copy the calculated results to a word processor (e.g. WordPad).
5 Delete the numbers on the isochores in the two-phase region
6 Add numbers to the state points in the refrigeration cycle
7 Copy the Log(p),h-diagram to a Word processor
8 Copy the refrigeration cycle to a Log(p),h-diagram for R22
9 Save the diagrams as plots
10 Save the diagrams as image
C) Mollier-diagrams (moist air)
1 Draw a Mollier diagram (I,x-diagram) for moist air at a pressure of 2 bar
2 Note the coordinates (I, x) for the following two state points (T,) = (25 C, 70 %) and (T,) = (5 C,
100 %)
3 Draw a line between the two state points
4 Print the diagram
D) Refrigerant calculator
1 Find the specific volume, specific enthalpy, and specific entropy of R407C on the dew-point curve at
a temperature of –10 C.
2 If the specific entropy is 1900 J/(kgK) and the pressure is 4 bar and the refrigerant is R134a what is
the specific enthalpy? (See the online help for solution method).
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A) Program preferences
1. Choose File – Preferences and type in the information about name, company, etc. Remember to
select which parts of the this information that should be included on the diagrams.
B) Log(p),h-diagram
1. Choose File – New –Log(p),h-diagram or click on the button. Choose R290 (propane) and
click on the OK-button.
2. Choose Options – Input cycle or click on the button and type in the cycle specifications. Click
on the Draw Cycle button.
3. Choose Options – Show cycle info, type in 100 for the refrigeration capacity QE [kW] and a
volumetric efficiency of 0.85. The compressor displacement rate necessary is calculated.
4. Click on the Copy button and choose OK to include the coordinates of the state points. Click on
OK to close this dialog. Start your word processor and choose paste (set the font to Courier
New).
5. Go back to the Refrigeration Utilities program. The isochores (and all other iso-lines) can be
formatted in two different ways:
i. Choose one curve of the curve types you want to format by holding the Ctrl-key down
and clicking on this curve. Choose the menu Format – Selected curve type to format all
curves of the same type as the selected. If you choose the menu Format – Curve only
the selected curve will be formatted.
ii. Choose the menu Format – Two-phase area – Isochores
6. Choose Draw – Text and click on the diagram where you want the text to be placed. Repeat for
all the other state point. The text can be moved by:
i. Selecting the text by holding the Shift-key down and clicking on the text
ii. Hold the Ctrl-key and the Shift-key down and drag the text with the mouse
7. Choose Edit – Copy to clipboard, go to the word processor and choose paste
8. Choose Options – Edit Cycle, click on the refrigeration cycle and click on the OK-button. Click on
the Copy Cycle button and close the dialog by clicking on the Cancel button. Draw the new
Log(p),h-diagram for R22, click on the button and choose Paste Cycle. The data for the
refrigeration cycle has now been copied to the new Log(p),h-diagram. Click on Draw Cycle to
view the cycle.
9. Choose the menu File – Save plot
10. Choose the menu File – Save Image
C) Moist air diagram
1. Choose File – New – I,x-diagram or click on the button. Type in 2 for the Total pressure and
click on OK.
2. Locate the two state point by pointing with the mouse and read the coordinates in the lower
right corner. When a point has be located click on it – this will save the coordinates in a log-file.
The coordinates of the “clicked” points can be read/copied by choosing Options – Show log.
This feature is also available in the other types of diagrams.
3. There are two ways of doing this:
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i. Choose the menu Edit – Draw polyline, click on the two points and right-click to
terminate the command.
ii. Choose Options - - Input curve data and type in the data for T and .
4. Print the diagram by clicking on the button.
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1. Which of the following three refrigerants (R134a, R404A, R717) should be chosen if the criterion is
maximum COP?
Now you consider using a suction gas heat exchanger. Using catalog data you can estimate the thermal
efficiency of the suction gas heat exchanger to be app. 0.3.
2. Which of the three refrigerants will now give the highest COP?
You choose to continue your investigations using R134a and keeping the suction gas heat exchanger.
3. How high will COP become if TC (the condensing temperature) is lowered by 5.0 K?
So far the heat ingress in the suction line has been disregarded - but reasonable assumption is that a 5 K
heat up in the suction line occurs (use TC = 35.0 C).
Now you insulate the suction line so the heat ingress in this pipe can be disregarded.
5. What will COP become, when there are pressure losses in the suction line and the discharge line
corresponding to 1.0 K in both lines?
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CoolPack tutorial
Enter the relevant values in the cycle-specification subdiagram window. Since no suction gas heat
exchanger is used you must omit this component for the model. You can do this by specifying a thermal
efficiency of 0 (zero) or by selecting “No SGHX”.
1. Perform the calculations selecting one of the three refrigerants – note the COP calculated. Repeat this
for the other two refrigerants. R717 will have the highest COP of 3.831.
2. Type in a thermal efficiency of 0.3 for the suction gas heat exchanger. Now R134a will have the highest
COP of 3.794.
3. Type in a condensing temperature of 30.0 C. COP then becomes 4.444.
4. Type in the non-useful superheat specified. COP will drop to 3.703.
5. Type in the pressure losses and adjust the non-useful superheat back to 0.0 K. COP then become 3.596.
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You would like to use this compressor in a one-stage system with a flooded evaporator.
1. What can you expect in terms of COP and refrigerating capacity from this system? Assume no pressure
drops in the suction and discharge lines. Assume further that the heat loss from this compressor is
10.0% of the power consumption.
2. If the circulation number for the refrigerant in the evaporator is 1.1 what will the mass flow in the
evaporator?
When thanking your friend for the birthday present he mentions that the heat loss from the compressor is
probably a bit optimistic. Instead of using the 10 % heat loss stated on the card, you should use a value for
the discharge gas temperature of 120 °C.
3. What is the heat loss of the compressor in terms of % of the power consumption and in kW if the
temperature of the discharge gas is 120 C?
The results don’t seem right so you contact your friend again to discuss your results. He admits that the
isentropic efficiency stated on the card is wrong, but he is very sure that the power consumption was 22.0
kW at the conditions mentioned on the card.
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1. COP becomes 3.075 and the refrigerating capacity becomes 86.2 kW.
2. Enter the circulation number instead of the evaporator outlet quality and calculate. The circulating
mass flow of refrigerant becomes 0.074 kg/s.
3. Enter the temperature of the discharge gas instead of the heat loss factor fQ. The heat loss becomes
28.9 % or 8.11 kW.
4. Enter the power consumption instead of the isentropic efficiency. The new isentropic efficiency
becomes 0.7. This change also makes the heat loss of the compressor more realistic.
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2. Try to maximize the COP by just changing the refrigerant in the two cycles.
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1. If superheat of 7.0 K is used then simulation without subcooler gives a COP of 2.311 and with subcooler
2.425 (i.e. an improvement of about 5%)
2. With R600a in low temperature and R290 in medium temperature, the COP becomes 2.646.
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The system is made of two old separate on-stage compressors where the suction gas to the high pressure
compressor is cooled by the injecting liquid in the suction line.
There is no special subcooling heat exchanger and there is no load at the intermediate pressure. Also there
is no suction gas heat exchanger.
The idea is to change the two separate compressors with a new and efficient two-stage compressor and at
the same time install a subcooling heat exchanger. But what will the improvement in COP be?
The cooling capacity is 155 kW at an evaporation temperature of–38 C. The dimensioning condensing
temperature can be estimated to 20 C. The intermediate pressure is estimated to about ca. –15 C.
The isentropic efficiency of the old compressors is 0.6 for both the high and the low pressure compressor.
The superheat is 5.0 K, the subcooling 1 K and the liquid injection is done so that the total superheat for the
high stage compressor is 15 K.
There is no pressure drop in pipe lines and you can use default values for heat loss (10%) and non-useful
superheat.
The old compressors are change to one new two-stage compressor. The volume ratio on the new
compressor is 3, and the isentropic efficiency is 0.7 for both high and low pressure part of the
compressor.
A subcooling heat exchanger is installed. The efficiency is 0.5.
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1. COP is 1.877. The total power consumption is 82.6 kW split between 32.7 kW to the low pressure
compressor and 49.9 kW for the high pressure compressor. Note that to keep the total superheat in the
suction line for the high pressure compressor at 15 K approx. 0.0184 kg/s of liquid has to be injected.
The discharge temperature is at about 133 C. The pressure ratio for the two compressors can be found
in the sub-window ”State Points”. Here you can also see that the optimal intermediate pressure would
have been –12.6 C in this case.
For question 2 you should change the tool to “DX evaporators, liquid injection in suction line, two-stage
compressor”.
Carefully enter the same values as before! The result will be that COP increase to 2.288, which correspond
to an increase of about 22 %.
The total power consumption has dropped to 67.8 kW split between 36.1 kW for low pressure and 31.7 kW
for high pressure.
Note that to keep the total superheat in the suction line for the high pressure compressor at 15 K approx.
0.0213 kg/s of liquid has to be injected, which is slightly more than before! The reason is that the
intermediate pressure is at –6.9 C, which means that the low pressure part of the two-stage compressor is
working at a higher pressure ratio than the old compressor – so more liquid is needed to keep the
superheat low (sketch the two situations in a log(p)-h diagram). The discharge temperature can now be
kept at approx. 93 C.
The subcooler transfers 8.1 kW (look in main window – Q4-7) and the liquid to the evaporator(s) is
subcooled further by 13 K so that the liquid temperature T7 reaches approx. 6 C.
So from an energy point of view, the suggested modification is a very good idea.
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CoolPack tutorial
Exercise 11: Liquid flow in pipes (pressure drop and heat transfer)
A pipe with R404A as pure liquid is to be led through a room with the temperature 35 C. The relative
humidity of the air in the room is 80 %. The pressure of the refrigerant corresponds to a saturation
temperature of 25 C and the liquid is subcooled 1 K. The mass flow rate is 0.35 kg/s and the length of the
pipe is 15 m.
1. Find an acceptable pipe diameter and insulation thickness, making it possible to have a subcooling of
0.8 K in the pipe exit.
The liquid passes through a suction gas heat exchanger and is cooled to 15 C. Thereafter the refrigerant
pipe is led through the same room for a distance of 10 m.
2. Is the pipe still well enough insulated? Does water vapor condense on its surface?
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CoolPack tutorial
1. Try different pipe diameters until you obtain a suitable velocity of the refrigerant and thereby
reasonable pressures drop. A copper pipe with the diameter of 1 1/8” is adequate. Then try adjusting
the insulation thickness in order to maintain a suitable subcooling. 10 mm of Armaflex will ensure a
subcooling of 0.83 K in the outlet.
2. Enter the new values. The surface temperature of the pipe drops below the dew point temperature of
the air - water vapour will condense on the insulation surface. An insulation thickness of 20 mm will
increase the surface temperature sufficiently (above the dew point temperature) to avoid the
condensing of water vapour.
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CoolPack tutorial
Exercise 12: Gas flow in pipes (pressure drop and heat transfer)
A pipe with R404A as gas flows through a room with a temperature of 25 °C and a relative humidity of 40 %.
The pressure of the gas in the pipe inlet is –35 °C and the gas is superheated 5 K. The dimensioning mean
velocity is 11 m/s and the pipe is 10 meter long.
A non-isolated pipe runs through the same room. The gas has a pressure of 35 °C and a temperature of 50
°C. The volume flow is 30 m3/h and the pipe is a 1 1/8” cobber tube which is 10 meters long.
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CoolPack tutorial
1. Try different pipe dimensions until the volume flow is above 40 m3/h. A pipe of 1 5/8’’ can be used.
2. Try different insulation thickness. 10 mm Armaflex will ensure a surface temperature of 13.3 °C and the
dew-point temperature is about 10.5 °C.
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CoolPack tutorial
The flow of humid air is 10000 m3/h and in the dimensioning condition the temperature is 23 °C, the
relative humidity is 65 % and the pressure is 101.325 kPa (normal atmospheric pressure). The air flow is
cooled by an air cooler with a surface temperature of 6°C and the supply temperature is 10 °C
1. What is the total cooling demand for cooling and dehumidifying the air flow? What is the sensible heat
ratio (SHR) and how much water is removed from the air (in kg/h).
2. You learn that, because of pressure drop in the channels that leads the air flow to the cooler, the
pressure is no longer 101.325 kPa. Actually it can be as low as 95 kPa. Does the low pressure change
anything in the process?
3. It turns out that the ordered refrigeration plant cannot deliver the required dimensioning capacity. At a
surface temperature of 6 °C the system can maximum deliver 60 kW. What will the supply temperature
be in this case?
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CoolPack tutorial
Question 1:
Q0 = 77.73 kW
SHR = 55.5 %
mwater = 50.46 kg/h
Question 2:
By changing the pressure to 95 kPa, the cooling demand changes to 76.05 kW (unchanged volume flow)
and SHR changes to 53.9 %.
Question 3:
In this tool, the cooling capacity is only an output, so the 60 kW cannot directly be entered. Instead you
have to try different values of the supply (outlet) temperature until the cooling demand is 60 kW. A
temperature of about 13.1 °C will give the correct result.
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CoolPack tutorial
The temperature in the room should be -27 °C, and the dimensioning ambient temperature is 23 °C.
The walls have a k-value of 0.3 W/(m2-K).
The floor has a k-value of 0.4 W/(m2-K).
The ceiling has a k-value of 0.25 W/(m2-K).
The dimensions of the room (L x W x H) is (60 m x 10 m x 6 m)
To account for sun on walls and roof, the ambient temperature can be raised (by an appropriate
temperature of your choice)
The air is exchanged only by door openings corresponding to 1.5 times per day.
The internal load is 2 persons. The lightening is approx. 20 W/m2. To avoid freezing the ground, floor
heating of approx. 20 W/m2 is installed. The evaporator fans use 5 kW and other equipment use 2 kW.
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CoolPack tutorial
Walls: 30°C
Floor: 10°C
Ceiling: 40°C
The relative humidity of the room will be close to 100%, lights and floor heating can be added to a total
value of heat per square meter and as the room runs 24 hours, there is no need for compensating the
dimensioning load for the defrost (the room will catch up if t a defrost should occur at the dimensioning
load).
If the air exchange changes to 400 m3/h, the demand changes to about 76 kW.
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CoolPack tutorial
You can assume that it is the capacity of the beers that govern the dynamics of the room temperature.
The UA-values of the heat exchangers has to be dimensioned so that the corresponding temperature
differences are approx. 10 K.
What will the total compressor energy consumption (in kWh) be for cooling down the 100 boxes of beer,
and what will the average COP be?
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CoolPack tutorial
As an introduction try to get familiar with variables specified in the tabs: Initial, Control, Load, Evaporator,
Compressor and Condenser
Select NH3 from the list of refrigerants with is accessible once the "Initial" tab is activated. Type in an initial
temperature of 25 C in this tab also.
The mass and the heat capacity of the object to be cooled can be specified in the tab "Load". The mass of
100 boxes of beer corresponds to approx. 1100 kg of water having a cp of 4.2 kJ/(kgK).
As it is possible to operate with different surrounding temperatures for the condenser and the load (room),
these have to be specified individually. Both should be 25 C and constant. The latter is achieved by setting
the amplitude to 0 (zero) for the 24-hours sine wave shaped reference curve.
In the tab called “Control” choose the maximum temperature to be 6 C and the minimum temperature to
be 4 C.
The superheat can be assumed to be 5.0 K, while the subcooling could be 2.0 K.
Click "Start" to activate the simulation. Select which variables to show in the plot window. Try varying the
displacement of the compressor and the respective UA-values such that TLOAD has reached 5 C after approx.
8 hours.
It can be very instructive to recognize that a larger evaporator leads to a smaller compressor and vice versa.
In the tab called "Output" integrated values for energy consumption and COP are available. Before you
note these make sure that the end time of your simulation is approx. 8 hours ("initial" tab). In this case the
energy consumption of the compressor will be approx. 6.8 kWh and the average COP will be approx. 5.1.
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CoolPack tutorial
Concepts
In some contexts two different COP's are defined: COP and COP*.
In both cases the actual power consumption of the compressor is used. The difference arises from the
definition of the "useful cooling". For COP it is the cooling-effect transferred in the evaporator which is
used, whereas for COP* a cooling-effect based on the change of enthalpy from the compressor inlet to the
condenser outlet is used. In the latter case a heat up in the suction line will increase the calculated COP.
COP* can be interpreted as a calculation seen from the compressors point of view, as it can't distinguish
between a heat input in the evaporator and a heat input in the suction line.
Screen
A resolution of 800 x 600 pixels or better is recommended. All EESCoolTools are designed for a screen
resolution of 800 x 600.
EESCoolTools
The main diagram window is activated by pressing Ctrl+D. This is also used when returning from a
subdiagram window.
Pressing F2 activates calculations. Before this is done all output variables will be greyed out or won’t have
any values. This is represented by asterisks (****) or (????).
The numerical solver seeks to reduce the maximum residual below a certain limit (default 10-6).
If you already have obtained a solution with one set of input values, it might be advantageous to update
the values of start guesses before you change some of the input values. Pressing "Ctrl+G" does this.
When printing diagram windows there is a possibility to select the individual diagrams. This is done in the
following way. In the print menu you first deselect the diagrams and the select them again (). Then a
menu pops up, where you can choose the specific diagrams you want to print.
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CoolPack tutorial
One-Stage Cycle analysis: Two systems, cooling of liquid in low temperature system
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CoolPack tutorial
Compressor
Programs in Dynamic
Description Icon
General model for the cooling of a room with goods (ON/OFF-control of compressor)
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