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Out-group – the group that an individual is not Unilineal Descent – this allows an individual to be
part of. affiliated to the descent of one sex group only.
Reference group – an ideal group in which an Matrilineal Descent – trace kinship relations
individual can be shaped by the set of behavior through the female’s line.
and beliefs of group.
Patrilineal Descent – trace kinship relations
Primary group – direct sources of an individual’s through the male’s line.
social skills and knowledge. (e.g. family, friends, An expansion of unilineal groups creates a
peers, classmates and church) kinship group called the clan.
Secondary group – relationship and interactions Bilateral descent – allows an individual to trace
are limited to a particular role that an individual kinship ties on both sides of the family.
play within the group.
Kinship by Marriage 5. Ambilocal Residence – type of residence
pattern allows the couple to choose to live
Marriage – is defined as the “socially or ritually
either with the wife’s mother’s area or the
recognized union or legal contract between
husband’s father’s area.
spouses that establishes rights and obligations
6. Transnational Families – families whose
between them, between them and their
members reside separately across
children, between them and their in-laws”.
territories. (e.g. OFWs)
(Haviland et al., 2011)
Political Kinship
Types of families based on marriage:
Political Organization – is any entity that is
Patrifocal – focused on the father.
participating in a political process.
Matrifocal – focused on the mother.
Bands
Monogamous – consists of a single couple and
A band is the least complex form of political
their child or children. Also called as nuclear
organization, as it has neither a rigid form of
family.
governance nor a structured form of
Polygamous – consists of several parents and leadership.
their children. Foraging (hunting and gathering) is their
economic subsistence.
Polyandry – women is allowed to marry
Reciprocity is a primary form of exchange
several men.
among the individuals.
Polygyny – men is allowed to marry several
women. Tribes
Extended family – type of family has several A tribe is a political organization that consists
married couples and their children living in one of segmentary lineages. This type of kinship
household. relationship is marked by loyalty per family
cluster or segment.
Reconstituted Family – allowing divorce and
Most tribes are either holticultural (shifting
legal separations.
agriculture) or pastoral (tending animals).
Postmarital Residency Rules The leaders that are chosen in this type of
organization are individuals who are
1. Patrifocal Residence – the woman is
believed to possess special skills or aptitudes
expected to transfer to the residence of her
that relate to the economic activitiy.
husband’s father.
A tribute is a form of gift that may consists of
2. Matrifocal Residence – the man is expected
wealth, food, or other materials given to a
to the residence of his wife’s mother’s area.
central figure who in turn redistributes the
3. Neolocal Residence – an arrangement that
accumulated goods to the other member of
requires both spouses to leave their
society.
households and create their own at times
even in a different locality. Chiefdoms
4. Natalocal Residence – an arrangement that
Embodied its characteristics that include a
allows both spouses to remain with their
political leader with an advisory council, a
own households after marriage.
leader who exercises power that is based on
legitimacy, and the existence of social Charismatic authority – type of leadership that is
stratification. based on the personal attachment of the
Horticulture and pastoralism are the subordinates to the ruler whose characteristics,
economic subsistence. experiences, or even skills are believed to be
Existence of social stratification that extraordinary, or maybe even supernatural.
segregates into the elite and the commoner.
Institutional charisma – is a combination of
States and Nations charismatic and legal authority.
Foraging
Pastoral
Holticulture
Agriculture