Three Phase Frequency Converter PDF

THREE PHASE FREQUENCY CONVERTER
Group Members
Qurat-Ul-Ain UW-BSc-13-EE-016
Hafiz Muhammad Ashraf UW-BSc-13-EE-030
Muhammad Jahanzaib UW-BSc-13-EE-078
Zahid Ghafoor UW-BSc-13-EE-090
Supervisor
Mr. Haris Masood
Department of Electrical Engineering

WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE
WAH CANTT – PAKISTAN
2017
THREE PHASE FREQUENCY CONVERTER

Three phase frequency converter 2
FINAL REPORT
NUMBER OF
PROJECT ID
MEMBERS
TITLE Three Phase Frequency Converter
Electrical
M. Haris Masood
SUPERVISOR NAME Department
MEMBER NAME REG. NO. EMAIL ADDRESS

Quratulain Jamil UW-BSc-13-EE-016 jamil0265@gmail.com
Hafiz Muhammad Ashraf UW-BSc-13-EE-030 xmasherz@gmail.com
Muhmammad Jahanzaib UW-BSc-13-EE-078 muhammadjahanzaib9@gmail.com
Zahid Ghafoor UW-BSc-13-EE-090 zahidghafoor0090078@gmail.com
CHECKLIST:
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I/We have enclosed the soft-copy of this document along-with the

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codes and scripts created by ourselves
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I/We confirm to state that this project is free from any type of
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plagiarism and misuse of copyrighted material

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ENGINEERING
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Note 1: This paper must be signed by your internal supervisor and external
supervisor.
Note 2: The hard copy of this report must be submitted to your supervisor and
electrical engineering department, Wah Engineering

DECLARATION
“No portion of the work referred to in the dissertation has been submitted in support of an
Application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university/institute or
other institution of learning”.
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Table of Contents
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................................... 5
ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................................................................................. 14
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................ 15
Chapter 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
Project Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 16
1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 16
1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND GOALS ........................................................................................... 17
1.2.1 RECTIFICATION ......................................................................................................................... 17

1.2.2 PULSE GENERATION THROUGH ARDUINO ......................................................................... 17
1.2.3 THREE PHASE INVERTER ........................................................................................................ 17
1.2.4 FLOW CHART .................................................................................................................................. 19
Chapter 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 20
Literature review ......................................................................................................................................... 20
2.1 ROTARY CONVERTERS ................................................................................................................... 20
2.2 DRAWBACKS OF ROTARY CONVERTERS .................................................................................. 21
2.3 COST ISSUE ........................................................................................................................................ 21
2.4 SIZE ISSUE .......................................................................................................................................... 21
2.5 INCONVENIENCE .............................................................................................................................. 21
2.6 PROPOSED SOLUTION ..................................................................................................................... 21
2.6.1 EFFICIENT.................................................................................................................................... 22
2.6.2 COST EFFECTIVE ....................................................................................................................... 22
2.6.3 PORTABLE ................................................................................................................................... 22
Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 23
Phase 1 Rectification................................................................................................................................... 23

3.1 RECTIFICATION ................................................................................................................................ 23
3.1.1 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE ............................................................................................................ 23

3.1.2 THREE PHASE RECTIFICATION .............................................................................................. 24
Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................................................... 26
Inverter Techniques .................................................................................................................................... 26
4.1 INVERTER ........................................................................................................................................... 26
4.2 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION CONTROL .................................................................................... 26
4.3 INVERTER TECHNIQUES ................................................................................................................. 26
4.3.1 SQUARE WAVE INVERTER ...................................................................................................... 27

4.3.2 MODIFIED SINE WAVE INVERTER ........................................................................................ 27
4.3.3 PURE SINE WAVE INVERTER .................................................................................................. 28
Chapter 5 ..................................................................................................................................................... 29
3-Phase Bridge Driver IC (IR2130) ............................................................................................................ 29
5.1 FEATURES .......................................................................................................................................... 29
5.1.1 DESCRIPTION.............................................................................................................................. 29
5.2 PIN CONFUGURATION ..................................................................................................................... 29
5.3 GATE DRIVE IC REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................. 30
5.4 BOOTSTRAP OPERATION ................................................................................................................ 30
5.5 CONNECTIONS .................................................................................................................................. 31
5.6 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RANGES ................................................................................................... 31
5.7 INPUT/OUTPUT DIAGRAM .............................................................................................................. 32
5.8 WORKING PRINCIPLE ...................................................................................................................... 33
Chapter 6 ..................................................................................................................................................... 34
Single phase inverter circuit........................................................................................................................ 34
6.1 SINGLE PHASE INVERTER .............................................................................................................. 34
6.2 WORKING ........................................................................................................................................... 34
6.3 DRAWBACKS ..................................................................................................................................... 35

Chapter 7 ..................................................................................................................................................... 36
Three Phase Frequency Converter .............................................................................................................. 36
7.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 36
7.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE ...................................................................................................................... 36
7.2.1 180 DEGREE CONDUCTION MODE ......................................................................................... 37

7.2.2 OUTPUTS...................................................................................................................................... 38
7.2.3 120 DEGREE PHASE CONDUCTION ........................................................................................ 39
7.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THREE PHASE INVERTER .................................................................... 40
Chapter 8 ..................................................................................................................................................... 42
Hardware Principles .................................................................................................................................... 42
8.1 RECTIFIER .......................................................................................................................................... 42
8.1.1 WORKING .................................................................................................................................... 42

8.2 INVERTER ........................................................................................................................................... 43
8.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF 6 PULSE INVERTER................................................................................ 43
8.3.1 COMPONENTS USED ................................................................................................................. 44

8.3.2 COMPONENT APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................. 45
8.4 IGBT (FGA25NI20ANTD) .................................................................................................................. 45
8.5 FEATURES OF IGBT (FGA25NI20ANTD) ....................................................................................... 47
8.6 MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE RATINGS .................................................................................................. 47
8.7 APPLICATION .................................................................................................................................... 48
8.7 OPTOCOUPLERS ................................................................................................................................ 48
8.7.1 FEATURES ................................................................................................................................... 48

8.7.2 PIN CONFIGURATION ............................................................................................................... 49
8.8 APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 49
Chapter 9 ..................................................................................................................................................... 50
Arduino and its specifications. .................................................................................................................... 50
9.1 ARDUINO ATmega2560 ..................................................................................................................... 50

9.2 FEATURES OF ARDUINO ATMEGA2560 ....................................................................................... 50
9.3 ADVANTAGE ..................................................................................................................................... 51
9.4 ATMEGA2560 ..................................................................................................................................... 51
9.4.1 FEATURES ................................................................................................................................... 51

9.4.2 PIN CONFIGURATION ............................................................................................................... 52
9.4.3 USB TO SERIAL CONTROLLER ............................................................................................... 53
9.5 CODE PROGRAMMING AND SIMULATION ................................................................................. 53
9.6 APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 53
Chapter 10 ................................................................................................................................................... 55
(VFD) Variable frequency Drive ................................................................................................................ 55
10.1 VFD .................................................................................................................................................... 55
10.2 WORKING ......................................................................................................................................... 55
10.3 PARTS AND FUNCTION ................................................................................................................. 56
10.4 DESIGN .............................................................................................................................................. 58
10.4.1 EXAMPLE................................................................................................................................... 58
10.5 BENEFITS OF VFD ........................................................................................................................... 59
10.5.1 ENERGY SAVINGS ................................................................................................................... 59

10.5.2 CONTROL PERFORMANCES .................................................................................................. 59
10.5.3 INCREASED RELIABILITY ..................................................................................................... 59
10.5.4 SOFT STARTING ....................................................................................................................... 59
10.5.5 INCREASES MACHINE LIFE ................................................................................................... 59
10.6 APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 60
Chapter 11 ................................................................................................................................................... 61
Results and Discussions .............................................................................................................................. 61
11.1 METHOD FOR RESULT CALCULATION ..................................................................................... 61
11.2 OUTPUT WAVEFORMS .................................................................................................................. 61
11.2.1. CASE 1 (50 Hz) .......................................................................................................................... 61

11.2.2 CASE 2 (100 Hz) ......................................................................................................................... 63
11.2.3 CASE 3 (150 Hz) ......................................................................................................................... 65
11.2.4 CASE 4(200 Hz) .......................................................................................................................... 67
11.2.5 CASE 5(250 Hz) .......................................................................................................................... 69
11.2.6 CASE 6(300 Hz) .......................................................................................................................... 70
11.2.7 CASE 7(350 Hz) .......................................................................................................................... 72
11.2.8 CASE 8 (400 Hz) ......................................................................................................................... 74
TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................................................................. 76
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 78
FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................... 78
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................................. 79
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 85

List of figures
Figure 1.1: Rotary Converter ...................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 1.2 Block Diagram........................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 1.2.4: Flow Chart ............................................................................................................................. 16
Figure 3.1: Simple Rectifier Circuit ............................................................................................................ 20
Figure 3.1.1: Diode Bridge Rectifier .......................................................................................................... 21
Figure 4.3.1: Waveform of Square Wave Inverter ...................................................................................... 24
Figure 4.3.3: Pure sine wave inverter waveform ........................................................................................ 25
Figure 5.5: Lead Connection of IR2130 ..................................................................................................... 27
Figure 5.7: Input/Output timing diagram ................................................................................................... 29
Figure 6.1: Single Phase Bridge Inverter .................................................................................................... 31
Figure 7.2: Three phase inverter circuit ...................................................................................................... 34
Figure 7.2.2:Phase Voltages ....................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 7.2.3: LineVoltages ......................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 8.1: Three phase rectifier circuit ...................................................................................................... 38
Figure 8.2: 6 pulse circuitry ........................................................................................................................ 39
Figure 8.5: Symbol of IGBT (FGA25N120ANTD) ................................................................................... 43
Figure 9.1: Arduino ATmega 2560 ............................................................................................................. 46
Figure 9.4.2: Pin configuration ................................................................................................................... 49
Figure 10.2: General Diagram of VFD ....................................................................................................... 52
Figure 11.2.1 (a): Line voltages .................................................................................................................. 58
Figure 11.2.1 (b) :Phase voltages ................................................................................................................ 58
Figure 11.2.1 (c): Measured parameters ..................................................................................................... 59


List of tables
Table 1 : Absolute Maximum ranges of IC IR2130 ................................................................................... 28
Table 2 : Switch states of three phase inverter............................................................................................ 33
Table 3 : Absolute ratings of IGBT ............................................................................................................ 43
Table 4: Configuration table ....................................................................................................................... 48

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
All grace to Almighty Allah who is the most beneficent and the most merciful, and who has
given his men the instinct and power to think and create.
Behind every work’s success there is an effort of a number of wonderful people who have
always given their valuable advice or lent a helping hand. I sincerely appreciate the support
and guidance of all those people who have been helping in making this project a success.
We would like to thank department of Electrical Engineering of our prestigious college for
allowing us to commence this project to success.
We are extremely grateful to our supervisor sir Haris Masood whose help, critical advice
and guidance helped us in all the time of research and doing this project successfully. We
are deeply indebted to his whole hearted supervision and dedication in accomplishment of
this project,
Lastly, I place a deep sense of gratitude to my family members and my friends who have
been constant source of inspiration during the preparation and completion of this project
work.

ABSTRACT
The radar operates at a frequency of 400Hz but the frequency coming from main is 50Hz. So the
project is devised to carter this problem.
Secondly, the power supply units that are used to convert three- phase AC voltage from 50Hz to
400Hz are too big in size and are difficult to be carried to far-off places. The project is designed
to carter this drawback and is made compact yet cost effective.
The project includes an AC to DC (converter) circuit and then DC to AC (inverter) circuit by
switching DC voltage using MOSFETs or IGBT, to achieve 400Hz.
The work cycle begins as the 3 phase AC is converted to DC using rectifier circuit and then
capacitor is used to smooth the voltage. This DC voltage is then converted into 400Hz by using a
3 phase inverter circuit. The output of 3 different phases is then supplied to the radar.

Chapter 1
Project Introduction
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides a basic description of the project along with a brief description of radars,
their working principles and their uses, more specifically the power supply units of the radars
which provide the required ratings of 3 phase AC input to the radars.
For a radar operation it requires an input of 3 phase AC voltage of 200 Volts 400 Hz rating. The
desired rating of the frequency is obtained by power supply units that are attached to the radars.
These power supply units work on rotatory converter principles to convert the frequency of the
AC voltage coming from main grid (220 V 50 Hz).It consists of large generators and
transformers which generates the voltage and frequency and then step down it to the desired
level
The main drawback of these power supply units is their size. These units are too big in size due
to which they cannot be carried to far-off places as shown in figure 1.1, especially war zones,
deserts and abandoned areas. Hence the desire for a portable frequency converter emerges.
Figure 1.1: Rotary converter

1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND GOALS
The main aim of the project is to design a frequency converter for 3 phase AC voltage .That
consist of the following features
1. It converts 50Hz to 400Hz.

2. Takes single phase 220V as input and gives an output of 3 phase 220V.
3. The power rating is 2KVA
4. It should be easy to carry to far-off places.
So that it can be used as an alternative to the main power supply units attached to radars, that are
large and difficult in use, thus making it easier for them to be carried to different areas easily in
the hour of need.
1.2.1 RECTIFICATION
In the first phase of the project the incoming single phase AC voltage (220V 50Hz) from
the grid is rectified using a simple bridge rectifier which is based on
simple rectification techniques [4]. The AC 220V is converted into 310V DC.
1.2.2 PULSE GENERATION THROUGH ARDUINO

Second phase of the project includes arduino, pulses are generated through arduino and is fed to
the driver IC which controls the switching of IGBT’s.
1.2.3 THREE PHASE INVERTER

Third phase involves design of a 3 phase inverter that converts single phase into three phase.
This is done cascading three legs or 6 MOSFETs/IGBTs in series to obtain the following 3 phase
output. The frequency of this output is set by changing the frequency of the MOSFETS/IGBTs.
For this purpose arduino is used which controls the input to the driver IC hence controlling the
switching of the MOSFETs/IGBTs [4].

Figure 1.2: Block diagram
Block diagram illustrates that:
 Firstly single phase AC supply of 220V is supplied as input to a rectifier.

 Secondly rectifier converts an input of single phase 220V 50Hz AC into 310V DC.
 Next this DC voltage is fed to a MOSFET/IGBT driver circuit that steps up frequency up
using arduino or microcontroller, and desired frequency is achieved [10].
 This DC voltage is fed to an inverter that converts the DC voltages in AC voltages of
required frequency and ratings.
 And lastly, AC voltage is achieved having desired frequency.

1.2.4 FLOW CHART
Flow chart shows how each process has taken place from the start to the end of the project and
how desirable frequency is attained by following the steps. Figure 1.2.4 shows the flow chart.
Figure 1.2.4: Flow chart

Chapter 2
Literature review
2.1 ROTARY CONVERTERS

Rotary converters are electrical devices which act as a mechanical rectifier, inverter or frequency
converter at a time. Rotary converters are used to convert AC current into DC current. Also used
to convert DC voltages into DC voltages and are also used to convert frequency from one level
to another level [3].So it can be called as a rectifier, an inverter and also as a frequency
converter.
They were commonly used to provide DC power for commercial, industrial and railway
electrification from an AC power source. Frequency converters are a wide application of rotary
converters and are still being used for this purpose.
The figure 2.1 shows a typical frequency converter that is used for converting frequency to
desired level.
Figure 2.1: Rotary inverter
It consists of large generators and transformers which generates the voltage and frequency and
then step down it to the desired level. Rotatory converter principle is to convert the frequency of
the AC voltage coming from main grid (220 V 50 Hz) to DC voltage of desired frequency level.

2.2 DRAWBACKS OF ROTARY CONVERTERS
The main drawback of rotary converters is their size. These units are too big in size due to which
they cannot be carried to far-off places as shown in figure 2.2, especially war zones, deserts and
abandoned areas. Hence the desire for a portable frequency converter arises.
Also another drawback of the rotary converters is that they were made obsolete by mercury arc
rectifiers and later on by semiconductor rectifiers, which both had their own complications [3].
2.3 COST ISSUE

The power supply units used for the radars right now are imported from foreign countries so it is
highly expensive. The repairing cost of the machinery is also high. And the spare parts are not
available and have to be imported if any fault occurs.
2.4 SIZE ISSUE
Rotary converters are used for operating the radars or any other device working on 400Hz. And
the main drawback of this machinery was that they worked on outdated techniques. Rotary
converters are very large in size and needed to be imported from foreign countries, which is a
difficult task and expensive.
2.5 INCONVENIENCE
The power units used for operating radars are too big in size and inconvenient. They cannot be
easily carried to far-off places in time of need. This issue was common when the radars where
needed in areas other than the army units, and the power units because of their large size were
inconvenient to be carried from one place to another.
2.6 PROPOSED SOLUTION

By understanding the nature of problem, we have devised it to be
 Efficient.
 Cost effective.
 Portable.

2.6.1 EFFICIENT
The solution for the above discussed problems are, that the operating machinery in the
project is efficient and designed according to the latest and advanced technology and
fabricated under latest techniques.
2.6.2 COST EFFECTIVE

Also that the project is cost effective that is it doesn’t require and machinery to be
imported from the foreign countries and all machinery is designed within country and
has less manufacturing cost and so is cost effective.
2.6.3 PORTABLE
Lastly the project is convenient and portable and can be easily carried to far of places,
in the time of need. For this the project is made compact and can be easily carried to
far-off places.

Chapter 3
Phase 1 Rectification
3.1 RECTIFICATION
Rectification is a process in which alternating current is converted into direct current
(unidirectional) [5]. The rectification process is a simple process in which AC is converted into
pulsating DC using diodes. The figure 3.1 shows the circuit diagram of a simple rectifier circuit
and the output waveform is also shown.
Figure 3.1: Simple rectifier circuit
In the positive cycle, the diode is forward biased i.e. positive voltage occurs across its
positive end that allows the current to pass through it. And in negative cycle, current is
not allowed to pass as it is reverse biased.
3.1.1 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

Wheatstone bridge is a method used for full wave rectification. It construction consists
of four diodes that convert AC into pulsating DC. In positive cycle, the diodes D1 and
D2 are forward biased and thus completing the circuit by allowing current flow [1]. For
the negative cycle the other two alternate diodes D3 and D4 are forward biased and
allows the current to flow, and thus completing the circuit.

Figure 3.1.1 shows a diode bridge rectifier.
Figure 3.1.1: Diode Bridge Rectifier
3.1.2 THREE PHASE RECTIFICATION

In our project three phase rectification is used, as we are working on three phase frequency
converter.
This circuit in figure 3.1.2 (a) below is a result of cascading the simple diode rectification circuit
for the three different phases.

Figure 3.1.2 (a): Three-phase rectifier circuit
Three-phase diode rectification converts a three-phase AC voltage input into a DC voltage as the
output. It is called three phase rectification as it converts Three phase input into three phase
output [4].
The waveforms at output of three phase rectification are shown in figure 3.1.2 (b):
Figure 3.1.2 (b): Output of three-phase rectifier

The output waveform across is shown in the green color. Due to three phase input, the ripples in
the output waveform are almost negligible resulting in a TUF (Transient Usage Factor) higher
than the simple diode or Wheatstone bridge rectifier.
An input voltage of 220 V is given to the three phase rectifier circuit. The output voltage after
the rectification process is 310 V three phase.

Chapter 4
Inverter Techniques
4.1 INVERTER
Process of converting the DC voltage in AC is known as inversion and the circuit used for this
purpose is known as Inverter. This conversion is important as it is easy to step up and step down
the AC voltage and is used for transmission of current. Also that the loss of AC voltage is
comparatively less as compared to that of DC. AC power is more conventional than high voltage
DC systems.
There are many techniques, for conversion of DC to AC. The inverters mostly operate on pulse
width modulation technique and few other techniques, which describes that inverter is a non-
linear efficient system.
4.2 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION CONTROL

In this method a fixed DC input voltage is given to an inverter and the output is a
controlled AC voltage. This is done by adjusting the frequency of switching of the
inverter components.
The advantages of PWM control are:
1. No additional components are required with this method.

2. The lower order harmonics can be easily eliminated or minimized in this method
along with output voltage control [16].
3. Since higher order harmonics can be filtered easily, the filtering requirements for
this method are highly minimized [5].
4.3 INVERTER TECHNIQUES

In this section different inverter techniques are discussed that are frequently used. The commonly
used inverter techniques are:
1. Square Wave Inverter.
2. Modified Sine Wave Inverter.
3. Pure Sine Wave Inverter.

4.3.1 SQUARE WAVE INVERTER
Square wave inverter is the simplest method for DC to AC conversion. This method is used for
single phase DC to AC conversion. In this technique the output voltage is switched from low to
high without the intermediate value of 0V. For keeping the output power equal to input, the
amplitude of the output square wave is kept equal to the rms value of the sine wave.
The figure 4.3.1 shows the output waveform of a square wave inverter [4].
Figure 4.3.1: Waveform of square wave inverter
4.3.2 MODIFIED SINE WAVE INVERTER

The modified and upgraded form of square wave inverter is a modified sine wave inverter. This
technique is used for three phase conversion of DC to AC. . In this technique the output is still a
square wave approximation of the sine. But unlike square wave inverter it has three levels that is
high, low and zero level. The harmonics in this case are still high [1]. Basically harmonics are
the integral multiples of the fundamental frequency that occur due to sine wave approximation.
The main issue that occurs due to harmonics is increase in current flow. For simple devices, this
is the easiest and the most cost effective solution. For this we use 2 topologies 180 degree and
120 degree topology.

4.3.3 PURE SINE WAVE INVERTER
In this method of modulation, several pulses per half cycle are used and the pulse width is a
sinusoidal function of the angular position of the pulse in a cycle. A triangular wave of high
frequency Vc used as carrier wave, which is compared with a sinusoidal reference wave Vr
of the desired frequency [6]. The switching instants and commutation of the modulated pulse
are determined by the intersection of Vc and Vr waves [16].
The carrier wave Vc and reference wave Vr is given to a comparator. The comparator gives a
high output if the magnitude is the sinusoidal wave is higher, otherwise the output of the
comparator is low [6]. The comparator output is processed in a trigger pulse generator in such
a way that the output voltage wave has a pulse width in agreement with the comparator pulse
width.
The figure 4.3.3 shows waveform of pure sine wave inverter
Figure 4.3.3: Pure sine wave inverter waveform

Chapter 5
3-Phase Bridge Driver IC (IR2130)
5.1 FEATURES
 Bootstrap operation that is designed particularly for floating outputs,
 Fully operational to voltages above 600V
 Tolerant to negative transient voltage.
 Gate-drive supply ranges from 10 to 20V.
 For all channels there exists an Under-voltage lockout.
 All six drivers are shut down in case of over-current.
 Half-bridge drivers are independent.
 For all channels there occurs a matched propagation delay
 2.5V logic compatible
 Outputs are out of phase with the inputs.
 Cross-conduction prevention logic
 LEAD-FREE driver IC’s are also available [17].
5.1.1 DESCRIPTION
The IR2130 is a high voltage, high speed power MOSFET and IGBT driver with
independent high and low side referenced output channels. Proprietary HVIC and
latch immune CMOS technologies enable ruggedized monolithic construction. Logic
inputs are compatible with standard CMOS or LSTTL outputs, down to 3.3V logic.
The output drivers feature a high pulse current buffer stage designed for minimum
driver cross-conduction [18]. Propagation delays are matched to simplify use in high
frequency applications. The floating channel can be used to drive an N-channel power
MOSFET or IGBT in the high side configuration which operates up to 600 volts.
5.2 PIN CONFUGURATION

Pin configuration shows that an IR2130 consists of 28 leads. Each pin has its own independent
functions. Figure 5.2 shows the lead connection of the driver IC [13].

Figure 5.2: Lead connection of IR2130
5.3 GATE DRIVE IC REQUIREMENTS

Gate drive IC’s normally used in motor drives, UPS and converters have a driving signal with
following requirements:
 It must have an amplitude of 10-15V.
 For rapid charge and discharge of the gate capacitance, the driver IC must have low
source resistance [7].
 Floating outputs are required so that high side switches can be driven.
5.4 BOOTSTRAP OPERATION

For supplying power for floating outputs of the driver IC, three bootstrap capacitors are required.
The value of these bootstrap capacitors, are the function of gate charge requirements of the
power switch. And also depends upon the maximum time power switch is on. Bootstrap
capacitors are also called the Decoupling Capacitors.

5.5 CONNECTIONS
The typical connections of the driver IC IR2130 are shown in the figure 5.3
Figure 5.5: Connection diagram of IC 1R2130
5.6 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RANGES

Absolute Maximum Ratings describe the maximum limits sustained beyond which damage to the
device may occur as shown in figure 5.6 [17].
The absolute current and voltages ranges for both maximum and minimum are in figure 5.6

Figure 5.6: Absolute maximum ranges of IC IR2130
5.7 INPUT/OUTPUT DIAGRAM

The input and output timing diagram of IR2130 is shown in figure 5.5
Figure 5.7: Input/ Output timing diagram

5.8 WORKING PRINCIPLE
IR2130 is a high voltage power MOSFET and IGBT driver IC. The reference design is a full-
function unit operating out of 220VAC input. The output drivers offer minimum driver cross-
conduction by using high pulse current buffer specially designed for this function. To simplify
the use at higher frequencies, propagation delays are matched. To drive the MOSFETs or IGBTs
of N-channel, floating channels are used in the high side configuration which operates up to a
voltage of 600V [4]. The IC IR2130 helps in fast and efficient switching. Since the IGBT is
concerned with rapid turning on and turning off, so the IR2130 helps in driving and allowing the
switching function of IGBT to occur smoothly.

Chapter 6
Single phase inverter circuit
6.1 SINGLE PHASE INVERTER

A single phase voltage source inverter is shown in figure 6.1 (a). It consists of four choppers.
The switches consist of IGBT’s or MOSFET’s. Switch Q1 AND Q2 are turned on
simultaneously, the input voltage Vs appears on load. And if switches Q3 and Q4 are turned on
simultaneously, the voltage across the load is reversed. It is termed as –Vs [4].
Figure 6.1: Single phase bridge inverter
6.2 WORKING
A single phase inverter or a single leg square wave inverter works on most simple principle of
inversion. The HO pin of the driver IC IR2130 is set high which in turn switches the upper
MOSFET/IGBT on connecting the circuit with the load and the current starts flowing in the
downwards direction. The direction voltage difference is also shown in figure 6.1. After half
time period T, the HO pin is set low and the LO is set high. This switches the other
MOSFET/IGBT on [5]. Now the direction of current flow and potential difference is opposite to
the previous circuit connections. Hence a square wave of time period T is shown as output on the
load.

6.3 DRAWBACKS
The circuit has many advantages with this one main drawback that the single phase inverter
or the single leg square wave inverter can only be used for driving a single load. Moreover,
the load connected with single phase inverter can only be resistive load. And so the inverter
circuit is unable to drive a single phase motor [4]. Also it is impossible for the inverter
circuit to drive any other inductive load for that matter.

Chapter 7
Three Phase Frequency Converter
7.1 INTRODUCTION
A three phase inverter is a device that converts a single phase DC voltage into a three phase
AC voltage. The circuit topology for a three phase inverter is cascading three legs of single
phase inverters in series with the phase difference of 120 degrees between them [12].
A three phase output can be obtained by a configuration of six transistors and six diodes.
Two type of control signals can be applied to transistors 180 degree conduction and 120
degree condition [4].
7.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

There are six MOSFETs/IGBTs used in the circuit as switches. The three phase output is
obtained by controlling the switching pattern of these switches. As shown in figure 7.2. The
basic catch in this circuit is that the switches are driven in such a way that the switches of
same column are not turned on at the same time [1]. The output signals of single phase
inverters must have a phase shift of 120 degrees between each other so as to obtain a three
phase AC signal when combined.
To achieve the above mentioned goal, there are two types of conduction modes in a three
phase 6 leg inverter circuit.
1. 180 degree conduction

2. 120 degree conduction
In both the cases all the MOSFETs are turned on after the interval of 60 degrees but there on
interval is different

Figure 7.2: Three-phase inverter circuit
7.2.1 180 DEGREE CONDUCTION MODE

Each transistor conducts for 180 degree. Three transistors in the circuit remain on at any
instant of time. The switches cannot be switched on concurrently in any leg of the inverter
circuit. This can cause short circuit across the dc link of the voltage supply in the circuit. In
this mode of operation three out of six switches are conducting at one time. Each switch
(MOSFET/IGBT) is operated with an angle delay of 60 degree [4]. Using this method of
conduction we can easily obtain a pure sine wave from the output by using simple filters, this
is the reason why this mode of operation is called “A Quasi-Square Wave Mode. The table in
figure 7.2.1 shows the states of the switches being operated
Figure 7.2.1: Switch states of three phase inverter

The MOSFETs are kept on for a time of 180 degree and they are turned on after 60 degrees.
So the output we get are:
1. Phase voltage.
2. Line to line voltage.
7.2.2 OUTPUTS
The output of 180 degree conduction mode operating switches are shown in figure 7.2.2
Figure 7.2.2 (a): Phase voltage

: Figure 7.2.2 (b): Line voltage
7.2.3 120 DEGREE PHASE CONDUCTION

In this case each MOSFET is turned on after 60 degree but it is kept on for 120 degrees. The
output is as follows [4].
1. Phase voltage
2. Line to line voltage
The output of 120 degree conduction mode operating switches are shown in figure 7.2.3 (a)
and (b).

Figure 7.2.3 (a): Phase voltage
Figure 7.2.3 (b): Line voltage
7.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THREE PHASE INVERTER

The circuit diagram as showed in figure 7.3 is a 3D view of three phase 6 pulse inverter circuit.

Figure 7.3: 3D view of three phase 6 pulse inverter circuit

Chapter 8
Hardware Principles
8.1 RECTIFIER
As the goal in the rectification mode is to convert the three phase AC voltage signal coming from
the main power grid into DC voltage. The rectification technique chosen to achieve this goal
from the different rectification techniques is the three phase rectification technique [14]. The
circuit diagram of a three phase rectifier, drawn and simulated in ISIS is shown in the figure 8.1
Figure 8.1: Three-phase rectifier circuit
8.1.1 WORKING
The main supply of three phase AC (220V 50Hz) is connected to the input of the rectifier circuit.
It converts this three phase AC voltage of 220 V rating into a DC voltage of magnitude 310 volts.
The output waveform observed by the oscilloscope is given in the figure below
Figure 8.1.1: Output waveform of three phase rectification

8.2 INVERTER
The purpose of inverter in our project is to convert the DC 220 volts into a three phase AC
voltage signal with the frequency of 400 Hz. The inverter topology used in the project is three
phase square wave inverter or 6 pulse inverter circuit as shown in figure 8.2
Figure 8.2: 6 pulse inverter circuitry
8.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF 6 PULSE INVERTER

Figure 8.3 shows the circuit diagram of a three phase 6 pulse inverter circuit. There are six
MOSFETs/IGBTs used in the circuit as switches. The three phase output is obtained by
controlling the switching pattern of these switches [4]. The basic catch in this circuit is that the
switches are driven in such a way that the switches of same column are not turned on at the same
time.

Figure 8.3: 6 Pulse Inverter circuit
8.3.1 COMPONENTS USED

The three phase inverter contains following main components
1. MOSFETs/IGBTs as switches.
2. IR2130 Driver IC.
3. Arduino.
4. Optocoupler (6N137)
IGBTs have been the preferred device under these conditions:
1. Duty cycle is small.

2. Frequency is low up to 20kHz.
3. Load variations are narrow.
4. Voltage applications are high up to 1000V.

5. At high junction temperature, the operation is allowed (>100°C).
6. The output power is always less than 5KW [17].
Typical IGBT applications include:
1. Motor control: Frequency <20kHz, short circuit/in-rush limit protection.

2. Uninterruptible power supply (UPS): Constant load, typically low frequency.
3. Welding: High average current, low frequency (<50kHz), ZVS circuitry.
4. Low-power lighting: Low frequency (<100kHz) [17].
8.3.2 COMPONENT APPLICATIONS

Circuit consists of components performing functions given as follows:
o The IGBTs are controlled by the driver IC IR2130 which is connected to the Arduino.
o The Driver IC IR2130 is used to drive the IGBT’s and control their operation in the
circuit [1].
o The 180 degree mode of conduction is used.
o The Arduino is used to for producing desired frequency of 400Hz.
o The Arduino consists of a code that is created to obtain desired frequency of 400 Hz.
o Optocouplers (6N137) are used to isolate the circuitry of three phase 6 pulse inverter and
driver circuit (IR2130) [4].
o 12V battery is used to supply dc voltages to the optocoupler and driver IC 1R2130.
8.4 IGBT (FGA25NI20ANTD)

IGBT are fast switching devices. They have both the characteristics of BJT’s and MOSFET’s.
The IGBT’s like MOSFET’s have relatively high input impedance. And like BJT’s have low on-
state losses, in case of conduction.
The symbol and circuit of IGBT is shown in figure 3.4(a).The three terminals are emitter,
collector and gate. Like gate drain and source in case of MOSFET’s [18].

Figure 8.4 (a): Symbol and circuit of IGBT
The typical transfer characteristics and input characteristics of IGBT are given below in figure
8.4(b).
Figure 8.4 (b): Transfer characteristics and input characteristics of IGBT

8.5 FEATURES OF IGBT (FGA25NI20ANTD)
The IGBT used in the project is (FGA25NI20ANTD). The reason to use this IGBT among many
IGBT’s is:
 NPT IGBT deals with superior conduction properties.

 It has better switching performance.
 It has high avalanche ruggedness and has stress-free parallel operation.
 The IGBT is appropriate for the resonant applications.
 It offers soft switching applications [18].
The figure 3.5 shows the symbol of the IGBT used
Figure 8.5: Symbol of the IGBT (FGA25NI20ANTD)
8.6 MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE RATINGS

Absolute Maximum Ratings describe the maximum limits sustained beyond which damage to the
device may occur as shown in figure 8.6
Figure 8.6: Absolute ratings of IGBT

8.7 APPLICATION
 The IGBT is best for the resonant or soft switching applications such as induction
heating, microwave oven.
 It has applications in AC variable frequency drives.
 It can be used for fast switching in three phase inverter circuits.
 It has wide applications in both DC and AC motor drives [4].
8.7 OPTOCOUPLERS
The name indicates that this device is used to couple isolated circuits. It is made of light sensing
components. It is used to interconnect two isolated circuits by optical interfacing, using light.
The optocoupler used in the project is 6N137 as shown in figure and is used to couple the
isolated circuits of 6 pulse inverter and arduino [4].
Figure 8.7: Optocoupler
8.7.1 FEATURES
 It has very high speed.
 The working voltages are double up to -480V.
 It has logic gate output.
 Output is strobable because of very high speed photo detector.
 It has an open collector.
 Temperature ranges between -40°C to +85.

8.7.2 PIN CONFIGURATION
The figure 8.7.2 shows the pin configuration of optocoupler 6N137. It consists of total of 6 pins.
One ground, one source and 4 more pins performing specific functions.
Figure 8.7.2: Pin Configuration
8.8 APPLICATIONS
 It has wide applications in line receiving and line transmission process.

 It has applications in data multiplexing.
 It is used in power supply switching applications.
 It has wide applications in replacement of pulse transformer.
 It has applications in eliminating ground loop problems.
 It helps in peripheral interfacing in computers [5].

Chapter 9
Arduino and its specifications.
9.1 ARDUINO ATmega2560

The microcontroller board is based on ATmega2560. The arduino ATmega2560 has 54 input and
output pins, out of which 14 can be used as PWM. 16 pins are analog input pins. It has four
hardware serial ports. It has everything that needs to support the microcontroller. It only needs a
PC with a USB cable, and also can be powered by an AC to DC adapter. A battery can also be
needed to get it started [16]. Figure 9.1 shows an arduino ATmega 2560.
Figure 9.1: Arduio ATmega2560
9.2 FEATURES OF ARDUINO ATMEGA2560
 It compromises microcontroller ATmega2560

 Operating Voltages are 5V.
 Recommended input Voltage are between 7-12V.
 Input Voltage limits between 6-20V.
 It consists of 54 pins.

 It has 16 analog pins.
 DC Current per I/O Pin is 40 mA
 DC Current is 50 mA for 3.3V Pin.
 Flash Memory is 256 KB out of which 8 KB is used by the boot loader
 16 MHz is the clock speed [16].
9.3 ADVANTAGE
It comprises of everything required to support the microcontroller. Power it or connect it to a
computer with a USB cable with a AC-to-DC adapter or with the help of a battery to start it. You
can tamper with the arduino. ATmega2560 without worrying of doing something erroneous,
worst case scenario the chip can be replaced cheaply and be started over again.
9.4 ATMEGA2560
The microcontroller is made using Atmel’s high density and non-volatile memory equipment.
The Atmel ATmega2560 is a potent microcontroller that is highly flexible and cost effective. It
has solution to many installed control applications. It does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver
chip that makes the Mega2560 differs from all preceding boards. It features the Atmega8U2
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. [14].
It is the main controller. The code, that we write for the Arduino is executed by the controller
ATmega2560 and is connected directly to the I/O pins. The USB to serial controller loads the
code into the ATmega2560 so that it can be programmed directly via the ICSP pins.
9.4.1 FEATURES
The features include pin count, flash, general purpose input and output lines. Also includes 8-bit
and 16-bit counters. The figure 9.3.1 shows various features of microcontroller ATmega2560,
that makes it a better and preferred microcontroller [16].

Figure 9.3.1: Configuration Summary
9.4.2 PIN CONFIGURATION

The pin configuration of the arduino ATmega2560 is shown in figure 9.4.2. It consists of 54
pins, each performing different functions. It has 14 pins that can be used as PWM. 16 pins are
analog input pins. It has four hardware serial ports. And has four power pins.

Figure 9.4.2: Pin configuration
9.4.3 USB TO SERIAL CONTROLLER

The USB controller device is employed with the ATMEGA8U2-MU. It is used to load the
programmed code into the ATmega2560.
9.5 CODE PROGRAMMING AND SIMULATION

The code is programmed on software specially designed for the type of arduino being used, and
then the code is simulated to run and is loaded in the ATmega2560 through boot loader.
9.6 APPLICATIONS
Arduino has been the preferred device under these conditions:
 It is not very expensive to use.

 It has an open source hardware feature which makes it easy for the users to change the
features, by using the available one as the reference source.
 The Arduino software is well-suited with all the different types of operating systems like
Windows, and Macintosh etc [16].
 It also comes with open source software feature which enables experienced software
developers to use the Arduino code to merge with the existing programming language
libraries and can be extended and modified.
 It is easy to be used by beginners.
 Arduino can develop projects that can easily stand alone. For example projects that
consist of direct connectionS with the software that is loaded in the PC.
 It can be easily connected with the CPU of the computer, by using serial communication
with help of USB, as it has the provision of built in power and reset circuitry.
So this is the reason why arduino is preferred over the microcontrollers in the project.

Chapter 10
(VFD) Variable frequency Drive
10.1 VFD
A variable-frequency drive (VFD) also called an adjustable frequency drive. VFD has
applications in small industries for e.g. pumps and in large industries of mines and mills. VFD is
a power electronics device that is a better compensation to all devices being used in the past. It is
cost effective and has improved technology and performance in the field of electronics, and
control systems [15].
10.2 WORKING
The VFD is a power electronics device consisting of three distinctive sub-parts:
 A rectifier circuit.
 A DC link.
 An inverter circuit.
The figure shows a variable frequency drive general diagram that includes a rectifier part, a
smoothing part and an inverter part.
All these parts sum up to make a VFD. The rectifier, DC link and inverter all have their functions
that make this power electronics device to work efficiently. All these parts can be distinctively
shown in the general diagram of VFD [15].

Figure 10.2: General diagram of VFD:
10.3 PARTS AND FUNCTION

Variable frequency drive has the following function.
a) Converter
Converter is used to change the AC power supply to the DC power.
b) Smoothing circuit
it smoothens the pulsations in the DC power.
c) Inverter
Inverter is used to change the DC power to the AC power with varying frequency.
d) Control circuit
Control Circuit is used to primarily regulate the inverter part [15].
The converter consists of six diodes that allow unidirectional current Diodes are used for this
purpose. These diodes allow the current to flow or stop current flow depending on the voltage
direction. Converter circuit is shown in figure 10.3 (a).

Figure 10.3 (a): Converter circuit
A smoothing out capacity is actually used for the load. The smoothing circuit creates the DC
voltage E2 with little pulsation from the rectified DC voltage E1 using a smoothing capacitor
[15]. So capacitors are used to smooth out the DC voltages resulted from rectification as shown
in figure 10.3 (b).
Figure 10.3 (b): Smoothing capacitors

An inverter is a device that is used to create the AC from the DC power supply. Inverter consists
of four switches, S1 to S4, that are connected to the DC power supply, S1 and S4 and also S2
and S4 are respectively paired and the pairs are alternatively turned ON and OFF so to obtain AC
voltages. The AC flows as shown in figure 10.3 (c).

Figure 10.3 (c): Inverter circuit
The control unit controls the whole operation of the variable frequency drive; it monitors and
controls the rectifier, the intermediate circuit i.e. the smoothing circuit and the inverter to deliver
the correct output in response to an external control signal.
10.4 DESIGN
To make a VFD an additional keypad and a LCD has been used. There is a switch button
when it is turned on the circuit stops working. The required frequency is entered via
keypad and is displayed on the LCD. The value of frequency is then fed to the controller which
changes the switching frequency of transistor according to our
desired frequency. For the controller we set the frequency of 400Hz as reference and all of the
other frequencies were first compared with the values of 400Hz
then we got the desired switching time for the transistor, Resulting in our required
output frequency [15].
10.4.1 EXAMPLE
Let, the time for 400Hz was 2303 milliseconds. So we multiplied 2303 with 400 and then divided
it with the required frequency entered via keypad e.g. the time for 50Hz is 19708 milliseconds for
Arduino controller. So we divided the product of 400 and 2303 with 50 it result it approx. 19708
millisecond. Hence through this way we achieved our task and made the VFD.

10.5 BENEFITS OF VFD
There are many benefits of VFD. Two important functions are mentioned as:
 Energy savings.
 Control performances
 Increased reliability.
 Soft starting.
10.5.1 ENERGY SAVINGS

When operated at variable speed with help of VFD, can be used to save energy and is very
reliable when comes to constant-speed motor load applications that are delivered direct from AC
power line. This type of energy saving and cost saving is linked with pumps and centrifugal
machines. Such energy cost savings are especially prominent in variable-torque centrifugal fan
and pump applications. And on these applications the torque and power P vary with square and
cubes of speed. This innovation gives reduction in the power and causes energy savings as
compared to constant-speed operation that gives fairly less reduction in power.
10.5.2 CONTROL PERFORMANCES

VFD’s have brought quality improvements in the field of industrial and commercial
developments like acceleration, speed, temperature and pressure flow. A motor can also be made
to run in order to minimize electrical and mechanical stresses, and this is achieved by VFDs.
10.5.3 INCREASED RELIABILITY

Traditional mechanical approaches are less reliable than speed motor-drive systems such as using
valves, gears, turbines to control speed and flow. They are really reliable as have no moving
parts like that of mechanical control system.
10.5.4 SOFT STARTING

VFD’s are used for starting large motors, and so the disadvantages linked to heavy starting
currents is reduced. This decreases the chances of damage caused due to insulation and winding.
It also offers prolonged motor life.
10.5.5 INCREASES MACHINE LIFE

Due to optimum voltage and frequency control it offers better protection and increases the
machine life. And so less maintenance is required.

10.6 APPLICATIONS
 VFD has applications in industrial complex that deals with the induction motors that
work on the variable load. These motors have power ratings ranging between a few kilo
and megawatts.
 VFD has applications in railway or traction systems as heavy load machines are used in
railways.
 It has applications in the pumps, lifts and escalators.
 It also has applications in the refrigerators, air conditioners and economizers [15].

Chapter 11
Results and Discussions
11.1 METHOD FOR RESULT CALCULATION

The project’s main goal is to convert conventional frequency of 50 Hz into desirable frequency
of 400 Hz, as many machines and devices operate on this frequency. For calculation of results a
digital oscilloscope is used. The digital oscilloscope shows the desired waveforms of line to line
and line to neutral voltages of a three-phase 6 pulse inverter circuit. Frequency and other
parameters like time period, rise time, fall time and RMS voltages are also determined.
11.2 OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

Digital Oscilloscope is used to observe the waveforms of 6 pulse three-phase inverter circuit.
The line voltages and phase voltages are observed using the oscilloscope [4]. The waveforms are
observed in 180 degree conduction mode, and these waveforms are observed as line to line
voltages and line to phase voltages. The voltage waveforms show how the frequency converter
obtains desired frequency using 6 pulse inverter circuit. Also the frequency can be calculated
using formula. The waveforms are observed at different frequencies that are fed to the arduino
through keypad and displayed on the LCD. Frequencies like 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350
and 400Hz are observed.
11.2.1. CASE 1 (50 Hz)

The desired frequency is fed to the arduino through the keypad feature and the oscilloscope
displays the required frequency that is converted with help of 6 pulse driver circuitry and VFD
together. In case 1, the desired frequency is50 Hz and the oscilloscope shows the required line
voltage waveform and measures parameters for e.g. 49.26 Hz.
Formula can be used to calculate the time period of the desired frequency by general formula:
T=1/f
Input=50Hz
Full time=1/50= 0.02sec.
Conversion in micro second: 0.02*1000*1000= 20,000 µs.
Output= 49.26Hz
Full time=1/49.26=0.0203

Now the difference between input full time and output full time is due to the delay added by the
arduino. Figure 11.2.1 (a) and (b) show the line voltages and phase voltages respectively, while
(c) shows the measured parameters, with help of a digital oscilloscope.
Figure 11.2.1 (a): Line voltages
Figure 11.2.1 (b): Phase voltages

Figure 11.2.1 (c): Measured Parameters
11.2.2 CASE 2 (100 Hz)

T=1/f T=1/100= 0.01sec
Conversion in micro second: 0.01*106 = 10,000µs.
Output=97.1477 Hz
Full time=1/97.1477=0.01029µs
arduino.. Figure 11.2.2 (a) and (b) show the line voltages and phase voltages respectively, while

Figure 11.2.2 (b): Phase Voltages

11.2.3 CASE 3 (150 Hz)

together.
In case 1, the desired frequency is50 Hz and the oscilloscope shows the required line voltage
waveform and measures parameters for e.g. 97.1477 Hz.
T=1/f T=1/150= 6.6×10-3 µs.
Conversion in micro second: 6.6×10-3 *106 = 6666µs.
Output=143.95 Hz
Full time=1/143.95=6946µs.

Figure 11.2.3 (b) Phase Voltages

11.2.4 CASE 4(200 Hz)
T=1/f T=1/200= 0.005µs.
Conversion in micro second: 0.005 *106 = 5000µs.
Output=189.65Hz
Full time=1/189.65=5272µs.


11.2.5 CASE 5(250 Hz)
T=1/f
T=1/250= 4×10-3 µs.
Conversion in micro second: 4×10-3 *106 = 4000µs.
Output=234.44 Hz
Full time=1/234.44=4265µs.

11.2.6 CASE 6(300 Hz)

together.
T=1/f
T=1/300= 3.333×10-3 µs.
Output=278.07 Hz
Full time=1/278.07 = 3596µs.


11.2.7 CASE 7(350 Hz)

together.
T=1/f
T=1/350= 2.857×10-3 µs.
Output=320.28 Hz
Full time=1/320.28=3122µs.


11.2.8 CASE 8 (400 Hz)
together.
T=1/f T=1/400= 2.5×10-3 µs.
Output=362.32 Hz
Full time=1/362.32=2759µs.


TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
Ratings
Sr no Component Description Voltages Current
Name (V) (A)
Resistor Type Carbon Film

1 Power, are pull up or pull 500V 10A
Resistor (1K) down resistor with
microcontrollers.
Resistor Type Carbon Film,
2 Resistor (16K) used for current limiting. 600V 5-6A
General purpose, used for
3 Capacitor (470µF) filtering or smoothing 35V 650mA
voltages.
4 Capacitor (1000µF) filtering or smoothing. 10V 1000mA
Bootstrap capacitors, for
8 Capacitor (47µF) maintaining voltages. 16V 77mA
General purpose rectifiers,
9 Diode (IN4001) high surge current capability. 50V 30A
General purpose rectifiers,
10 Diode (IN4007) high surge current capability. 1000V 30A

3-Phase bridge driver IC,
11 IC IR2130 used to drive IGBT’s. 600V 420mA
IGBT used for fast switching

12 FGA25N120ANTD in three-phase circuits. 1200V 150A
Opto-couplers, used for
13 6N137 isolation. 5V 5mA
Voltage regulator, regulates
14 IC 7805 voltages up to 5V 35V 1.5A
15 Arduino ATmega Arduino used for switching
2560 operation for IGBT’s 6-20V 20-50mA
16 16x2 LCD To display the desired
frequency 5V 5mA
17 Membrane 3×4 matrix Used to enter desired
keypad frequency 24V DC 20mA

CONCLUSION
This project was chosen to solve the problem of rotary converters, are used to convert frequency
for radars, induction motors and in aircrafts. The main goal of the project was to design and
fabricate a frequency converter that could convert frequency from 50 Hz to 400 Hz and is
feasible, cost effective and most importantly concise and compact so that it can be easily carried
to places of need. As the rotary converters are of very large size the repair, maintenance and
transport of it was a major issue. The frequency converter in the project was designed to achieve
frequency of 400 Hz AC three-phase. As for the milestones achieved at the end of the project,
not only all the goals set in the start were achieved successfully but some additional tasks were
also performed and tested successfully. The tasks were the design and fabrication of a VFD
along with an LCD and keypad were added. As for the learning process, a lot was learnt during
the course of the project. The project helped have a clearer concept of some major phenomenon
in the field of electronics. It also helped in building a more practical approach and the problems
relating to implementations of different circuit elements and topologies like transistor switching,
DC-DC converters, gate drivers, Microcontrollers and high power MOSFETs, and frequency
drives. Lastly, the project helped us in developing skills on working on our own and in
establishing technical skills in field of engineering and technology.
FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
The Project has a tendency to be upgraded in near future by integrating it with any Renewable
energy resources i.e. Solar, Wind etc. Moreover, portability of project can also be improved and
more work can also be done to make it a more marketable and standalone product in foreseeable
future.

APPENDIX
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33);
const int DEAD_TIME = 1;
int count1 = 0;
const int DRIVER_PIN1 = 5;
boolean on_off=0;
boolean got_data=0;
String data="";
#include <Keypad.h>
const byte ROWS = 4;

const byte COLS = 3;
char keys[ROWS][COLS] = {
{'1','2','3'},
{'4','5','6'},
{'7','8','9'},
{'*','0','#'}
};
byte rowPins[ROWS] = {35,37, 39, 41};
byte colPins[COLS] = {43, 45, 47};

Keypad keypad = Keypad( makeKeymap(keys), rowPins, colPins, ROWS, COLS );
boolean ok=0;
void setup() {
count1 = 0;
pinMode(DRIVER_PIN1, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(DRIVER_PIN1, LOW);
delay(100);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.print("VFD ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("System");
delay(2000);
on_off=1;
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Enter Frequency!");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
ok=0;

String datav="";
do
{
char key = keypad.getKey();
if (key){
if(key=='#')
{
datav="";
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Enter Frequency!");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
}else if(key=='*')
{
ok=1;
}else
{
datav+=key;
}
lcd.print(key);
}
}while(ok==0);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Freq-->");
int uu=datav.toInt();
lcd.print(uu);lcd.print(" Hz");
float nf=(float)1/uu;

nf=nf*1000*1000;
float nf1=nf/6;
unsigned int nb=nf1;
STEP_TIME=nb;
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
int yyyy=nf;
lcd.print(yyyy);lcd.print("<=>");
lcd.print("(");lcd.print(STEP_TIME,1);lcd.print(")<=>");
}
void all_off()
{
}
void loop() {
if(on_off)
{
delayMicroseconds(STEP_TIME);
switch(count1) {
case 0:
delayMicroseconds(DEAD_TIME);

digitalWrite(DRIVER_PIN1, HIGH);
break;
case 1:
break;
case 2:
break;
case 3:
break;
case 4:
break;
case 5:
break;

}
count1 = (count1 + 1) % 6;
}else
{
all_off();
}

REFERENCES
1. Robert W. Erickson and Dragan Maksimovic. Fundamentals of Power Electronics.

Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2nd edition, 2001.
2. Undeland Mohan and Robbins. Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design.
Wiley Sons, 3rd edition, 2003.
3. Rotary converters: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_converter
4. Muhammad H. Rashid. Power Electronics Handbook.
5. Butterworth-Heinemann, 3rd edition, 2011.
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PROGRAMMABLEGATE ARRAY BASED RF-THI PULSE WIDTHMODULATION
CONTROL FOR THREE PHASE INVERTER USING MATLAB MODELSIM
COSIMULATION", American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2012.
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IR2130 six output.
8. IGBT driver", IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference IEMDC 99
Proceedings (Cat No 99EX272) IEMDC-99,1999.
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Drives with MATLAB/Simulink Models Abu-Rub/High Performance Control of AC
Drives with MATLAB/Simulink Models, 2012.
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arduino-work-What-does-each-component-do-How-does-it-all-come-together.
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switch three-phase inverter-fed induction motor drive", 2014 POWER AND ENERGY
SYSTEMS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, 2014.

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05/2010
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THREE PHASE FREQUENCY CONVERTER

Hafiz Muhammad Ashraf UW-BSc-13-EE-030

Muhammad Jahanzaib UW-BSc-13-EE-078

Zahid Ghafoor UW-BSc-13-EE-090

Department of Electrical Engineering

THREE PHASE FREQUENCY CONVERTER

TITLE Three Phase Frequency Converter

MEMBER NAME REG. NO. EMAIL ADDRESS

Hafiz Muhammad Ashraf UW-BSc-13-EE-030 xmasherz@gmail.com

Muhmammad Jahanzaib UW-BSc-13-EE-078 muhammadjahanzaib9@gmail.com

Zahid Ghafoor UW-BSc-13-EE-090 zahidghafoor0090078@gmail.com

Number of pages attached with this form

I/We have enclosed the soft-copy of this document along-with the

My/Our supervisor has attested the attached document YES / NO

Three phase frequency converter 3

Three phase frequency converter 4

Application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university/institute or

other institution of learning”.

Three phase frequency converter 5

Project Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 16

1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 16

1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND GOALS ........................................................................................... 17

1.2.1 RECTIFICATION ......................................................................................................................... 17

Literature review ......................................................................................................................................... 20

2.1 ROTARY CONVERTERS ................................................................................................................... 20

2.2 DRAWBACKS OF ROTARY CONVERTERS .................................................................................. 21

2.3 COST ISSUE ........................................................................................................................................ 21

2.4 SIZE ISSUE .......................................................................................................................................... 21

2.5 INCONVENIENCE .............................................................................................................................. 21

2.6 PROPOSED SOLUTION ..................................................................................................................... 21

Three phase frequency converter 6

3.1.1 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE ............................................................................................................ 23

Inverter Techniques .................................................................................................................................... 26

4.1 INVERTER ........................................................................................................................................... 26

4.2 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION CONTROL .................................................................................... 26

4.3 INVERTER TECHNIQUES ................................................................................................................. 26

4.3.1 SQUARE WAVE INVERTER ...................................................................................................... 27

3-Phase Bridge Driver IC (IR2130) ............................................................................................................ 29

5.1 FEATURES .......................................................................................................................................... 29

5.3 GATE DRIVE IC REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................. 30

5.4 BOOTSTRAP OPERATION ................................................................................................................ 30

5.5 CONNECTIONS .................................................................................................................................. 31

5.6 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RANGES ................................................................................................... 31

5.7 INPUT/OUTPUT DIAGRAM .............................................................................................................. 32

5.8 WORKING PRINCIPLE ...................................................................................................................... 33

Single phase inverter circuit........................................................................................................................ 34

6.1 SINGLE PHASE INVERTER .............................................................................................................. 34

6.2 WORKING ........................................................................................................................................... 34

6.3 DRAWBACKS ..................................................................................................................................... 35

Three phase frequency converter 7

Three Phase Frequency Converter .............................................................................................................. 36

7.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 36

7.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE ...................................................................................................................... 36

7.2.1 180 DEGREE CONDUCTION MODE ......................................................................................... 37

Hardware Principles .................................................................................................................................... 42

8.1 RECTIFIER .......................................................................................................................................... 42

8.1.1 WORKING .................................................................................................................................... 42

8.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF 6 PULSE INVERTER................................................................................ 43

8.3.1 COMPONENTS USED ................................................................................................................. 44

8.5 FEATURES OF IGBT (FGA25NI20ANTD) ....................................................................................... 47

8.6 MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE RATINGS .................................................................................................. 47

8.7 APPLICATION .................................................................................................................................... 48

8.7 OPTOCOUPLERS ................................................................................................................................ 48