Two mark Questions and answers

UNIT – I
1. What are human values?
Values decide the standard of behavior. Some universally accepted values are freedom justice
and equality. Other principles of values are love, care, honesty, integrity, self respect.

2. What are ethical values?

Trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring is ethicalvalues

3. Distinguish values from ethics and culture.

Values are mainly related to individuals and since they are related to justice, they remain the
some for every one. E.g. truth, honesty, empathy, self respect. Values do not change from
individual to individual. Ethics is common to a group of individuals; the group may be religious
or professional. Ethics is mostly based on some code or law and judgment of any action is based
on code of conduct or law. Ethics change from individual to individual Culture commonly refers
to conduct of a group. E.g system of worship, marriage. It may differ from society to society,
nation to nation or religion to religion.

4. What is integrity?
Integrity is the unity of character based on moral values. Consistency in attitudes, emotions and
conduct in relations to morally justified actions and values are also the part of integrity of
individual. It implies honesty, trustworthiness.

5. Define work ethics

By one’s work one cannot harm others. Any worker cannot escape accountability. Worker has
the moral responsibility to see that no other person’s right, private or freedom is impaired or
transgressed.

6. What is service learning?

Service learning tells that one has moral responsibility to increase the desirable effects and to
decrease the harmful effects. Any service should increase the desirable result.

7. Mention some civic virtues?

Good citizen demand civic virtue. It is the principle of not harming the surroundings .it also
includes living peacefully, respect for others, protecting the environment and being normally
and ethically good.

8. Write short notes on caring and sharing.

Caring is the essence of moral life. Caring involves feelings, relationship, contends with other
persons and protecting others and causing least damage to others. Sharing means sharing of
feelings, ideas thoughts, resources and profits. Sharing is always mutually beneficial. Sharing
morally acceptable feelings, resources and materials is a value.

9. Write notes on honesty.

Any human being should imbibe honesty-honesty in acts, honesty in speech and honesty in
beliefs. Honesty is the fundamental virtue in human relationship even though in may be difficult
to follow some times.
10. What is courage as a value?
Courage implies self respect and governs confrontations with danger and risk. It isnot excessive
rashes or cowardice, but it is the middle ground. Taking calculated risks and boldness in facing
crises are the hallmarks of courage as a human value. It defines the mental make up of an
individual in taking bold decisions even under adverse situations.

11. Define co-operation.

Co-operation means extending help to others, for a good cause. Co-operation may be through an
idea, a suggestion, an assistance or physical work which extends to others for common benefit.

12. Define empathy.

Empathy means putting self in a position of someone else and thinking as the later and
reasoning suitable action.

13. Define spirituality.

Spirituality raises a man above the materialistic world into a realm where he seeks peace and
real happiness.

14. Define Integrity?

Integrity is the bridge between responsibility in private and professional life.

15. Define Compromise?

In a negative sense it means to undetermined integrity by violating one’s fundamental moral
principles. In a positive sense, however, it means to settle differences bymutual concessions or to
reconcile conflicts through adjustments in attitude and conduct.

16. Give the two aspects of Honesty?

Truthfulness – meeting responsibilities concerning truth-telling.
Trustworthiness – Meeting responsibilities concerning trust.

17. Differentiate Self-respect and Self-esteem?

Self-respect: It is a moral concept; refers to the virtue properly valuing oneself.
Self-esteem: It is a psychological concept; means having a positive attitude toward Oneself,
even if the attitude is excessive or otherwise unwarranted.

18. What are Human values? Explain briefly.

Values are the rules by which we make decisions about right and wrong, should and shouldn't,
good and bad. “Emotional beliefs in principles regarded as particularly favorable or important for
the individual.”
Types of Values: (a) Right conduct, (b) Peace (c) Truth, (d) Love, (e) Nonviolence.
(a). Right conduct : (i) Self-Help Skills: Care of possessions, diet, hygiene, modesty, posture,
self-reliance, and tidy appearance.
(ii) Social Skills: Good behavior, good manners, good relationships, helpfulness, No wastage
and good environment.
(iii) Ethical Skills: Code of conduct, courage, dependability, duty, efficiency, ingenuity,
initiative, perseverance, punctuality, resourcefulness, respect for all.
(b). PEACE: Attention, calmness, concentration, contentment, dignity, discipline, equality,
equanimity, faithfulness, focus, gratitude, happiness, harmony, humility, inner silence,
optimism, patience, reflection, satisfaction, self-acceptance, self-confidence, self-control,
selfdiscipline,
self-esteem, self-respect, sense control, tolerance, and understanding
(c). TRUTH: Accuracy, curiosity, discernment, fairness, fearlessness, honesty, integrity (unity of
thought, word, and deed), intuition, justice, optimism, purity, quest for knowledge, reason, self
analysis, sincerity, sprit of enquiry, synthesis, trust, truthfulness, and determination.
(d). LOVE: Acceptance, affection, care, compassion, consideration, dedication, devotion,
empathy, Forbearance, forgiveness, friendship, generosity, gentleness, humanness,
interdependence, kindness, patience, patriotism, reverence, sacrifice, selflessness, service,
sharing, sympathy, thoughtfulness, tolerance and trust
e) Non-Violence:
(a) Psychological: Benevolence, compassion, concern for others, consideration, forbearance,
forgiveness, manners, happiness, loyalty, morality, and universal love
(b) Social: Appreciation of other cultures and religions, brotherhood, care of environment,
citizenship, equality, harmlessness, national awareness, perseverance, respect for property, and
social justice.
Evolution of Human Values
The human values evolve because of the following factors:
1. The impact of norms of the society on the fulfillment of the individual’s needs or desires.
2. Developed or modified by one’s own awareness, choice, and judgment in fulfilling the needs.
3. By the teachings and practice of Preceptors (Gurus) or Saviors or religious leaders.
4. Fostered or modified by social leaders, rulers of kingdom, and by law (government).

19. Explain Morals, Values and Ethics.

Morals - A lesson that can be derived from a story or experience.
Morals are the rules that govern which actions are right and which are wrong. Morals can be for
all of society or an individual’s beliefs. Sometimes a moral can be gleaned from a story or
experience.
The Ten Commandments are the basis for many of society’s morals:
1. Do not have any gods before me
2. Do not make for yourself a graven image
3. Do not take the name of the Lord your God in vain
4. Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy
5. Honor your father and mother
6. Do not kill
7. Do no commit adultery
8. Do not steal
9. Do not bear false witness against your neighbor
10. Do not covet your neighbor’s wife or possessions
Values: Values are the rules by which we make decisions about right and wrong, should and
shouldn't, good and bad. They also tell us which are more or less important, which is useful
when we have to trade off meeting one value over another.
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending and recommending
concepts of right and wrong conduct, often addressing disputes of moral diversity. Ethics
describes a generally accepted set of moral principles. Morals describes the goodness or badness
or right or wrong of actions. Values describe individual or personal standards of what is valuable
or important. Ethical values are Trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring is ethical
values. Ethics is the word that refers to morals, values, and beliefs of the individuals, family or
the society. The word has several meanings. Basically it is an activity and process of inquiry.
Secondly, it is different from non-moral problems, when dealing with issues and controversies.
Thirdly, ethics refers to a particular set of beliefs, attitudes, and habits of individuals or family or
groups concerned with morals. Fourth, it is used to mean ‘morally correct’. The study on ethics
helps to know the people’s beliefs, values, and morals, learn the good and bad of them, and
practice them to maximize their well-being and happiness. In ethics, the focus is to study and
apply the principles and practices, universally.

20. Explain the term Integrity.

Integrity: The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. Adherence to moral
and ethical principles: Soundness of moral character; Honesty. Integrity is defined as the unity
of thought, word and deed (honesty) and open mindedness. It includes the capacity to
communicate the factual information so that others can make well-informed decisions. It is
generally a personal choice to uphold oneself to consistently moral and ethical standards. In
ethics, integrity is regarded by many people as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of one's
actions.
Types: Personal integrity, Professional integrity, Artistic integrity, and Intellectual integrity.
Moral integrity is defined as a virtue, which reflects a consistency of one’s attitudes, emotions,
and conduct in relation to justified moral values.

21. Explain Work Ethics.

Work ethic: Work ethic is a value based on hard work and diligence.
Capitalists believe in the requirement of hard work and its ability to enhance character.
Work ethics is defined as a set of attitudes concerned with the value of work, which forms the
motivational orientation. The ‘work ethics’ is aimed at ensuring the economy (get job, create
wealth, earn salary), productivity (wealth, profit), safety (in workplace), health and hygiene
(working conditions), privacy (raise family), security (permanence against contractual, pension,
and retirement benefits), cultural and social development (leisure, hobby, and happiness),
welfare (social work), environment (anti-pollution activities), and offer opportunities for all,
according to their abilities, but without Discrimination.

22. Factors That Demonstrate a Strong Work Ethic:

Integrity,
Sense of Responsibility,
Emphasis on Quality,
Discipline, and
Sense of Teamwork.

23. Five Characteristics of a Good Work Ethic:

Reliability, Dedication, Productivity, Cooperation, and Character

24. Explain Service Learning.

Service Learning: The technical trade practices. Community engagement.
The service learning is a methodology falling under the category of experiential education.
It is one of the forms of experiential learning and community service opportunities.

25. Explain CIVIC VIRTUE.

Civic virtues are the moral duties and rights, as a citizen of the village or the country or an
integral part of the society and environment.
Civic virtues are divided into four categories:
1. Civic Knowledge
2. Self-Restraint
3. Self-Assertion
4. Self-Reliance

26. Explain Respect for others.

Respect is a positive feeling of admiration or deference for a person. Respect can be a specific
feeling of regard for the actual qualities of the one respected. It can also be conduct in accord
with a specific ethic of respect.
Treating people with respect makes your world a nicer place to live in, whether it's at home, at
school, or out in your community.
Don't insult people or make fun of them.

27. Explain Living Peacefully.

To live peacefully, one should start install peace within (self). Charity begins at home. Then one
can spread peace to family, organization where one works, and then to the world, including the
environment.
Only who are at peace can spread peace. You cannot gift an article which you do not possess.
The essence of oriental philosophy is that one should not fight for peace. It is oxymoron. War or
peace can be won only by peace, and not by wars !
One should adopt the following means to live peacefully, in the world

28. Explain Self- Confidence, Character and Spirituality.

Self- Confidence: Certainty in one’s own capabilities, values, and goals. These people are
usually positive thinking, flexible and willing to change. They respect others so much as they
respect themselves.
Character: To determine the ideals.
Spirituality: Spirituality is a way of living that emphasizes the constant awareness and
recognition of the spiritual dimension (mind and its development) of nature and people, with a
dynamic balance between the material development and the spiritual development.

29. Explain Stress Management.

Stress management refers to the wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at
controlling a person's levels of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of
improving every day functioning. Stress is a normal psychological and physical reaction to the
ever-increasing demands of life. Surveys show that many Americans experience challenges with
stress at some point during the year.
 UNIT - II
1. Define Ethics?
* Study of right or wrong.
* Good and evil.
* Obligations & rights.
* Justice.
* Social & Political deals.

2. Define Engineering Ethics?

* Study of the moral issues and decisions confronting individuals and organizations engaged in
engineering / profession.
* Study of related questions about the moral ideals, character, policies and relationships of
people and corporations involved in technological activity.
* Moral standards / values and system of morals.

3. What is the need to study Ethics?

* To responsibly confront moral issues raised by technological activity.
* To recognize and resolve moral dilemma.
* To achieve moral autonomy.
4. Differentiate Moral and Ethics?
MORAL:
• Refers only to personal behavior.
• Refers to any aspect of human action.
• Social conventions about right or wrong conduct.
ETHICS:
• Involves defining, analyzing, evaluating and resolving moral problems and developing moral
criteria to guide human behavior.
• Critical reflection on what one does and why one does it.
• Refers only to professional behavior.

5. What is the method used to solve an Ethical problem?

Recognizing a problem or its need.
Gathering information and defining the problem to be solved or goal to be achieved.
Generating alternative solutions or methods to achieve the goal.
Evaluate benefits and costs of alternate solutions.
Decision making & optimization.
Implementing the best solution.

6. What are the Senses of Engineering Ethics?

o An activity and area of inquiry.
o Ethical problems, issues and controversies.
o Particular set of beliefs, attitudes and habits.
o Morally correct.

7. Differentiate Micro-ethics and Macro-ethics?

Micro-ethics : Deals about some typical and everyday problems which play an important role
in the field of engineering and in the profession of an engineer. Macro-ethics : Deals with all
the societal problems which are unknown and suddenly burst out on a regional or national level.

8. What are the three types of Inquiry?

Normative Inquiry – Based on values.
Conceptual Inquiry – Based on meaning.
Factual Inquiry – Based in facts.

9. What are the sorts of complexity and murkiness that may be involved in moral
situations?
♣ Vagueness
♣ Conflicting Reasons
♣ Disagreement

10. What are the steps in confronting Moral Dilemmas?

Identify the relevant moral factors and reasons.
Gather all available facts that are pertinent to the moral factors involved.
Rank the moral considerations in order of importance as they apply to the situation.
Consider alternative courses of actions as ways of resolving dilemma, tracing the full
implications of each.
Get suggestions and alternative perspectives on the dilemma.
By weighing all the relevant moral factors and reasons in lightof the facts, produce a reasoned
judgment.

11. Define Moral Autonomy?

Self-determining
Independent
Personal Involvement
Exercised based on the moral concern for other people and recognition of good moral reasons

12. Give the importance of Lawrence Kohlberg’s and Carol Gilligan’s theory?
Kohlberg gives greater emphasis to recognizing rights and abstract universal rules. Gilligan
stresses the importance of maintaining personal relationships based on mutual caring.

13. Give the need for Authority?

Authority provides the framework in which learning can take place.

14. Define Integrity?

Integrity is the bridge between responsibility in private and professional life.

15. Briefly explain the 3 main levels of Moral developments, developed by Laurence-
Kohlberg.
Moral Autonomy is based on the psychology of moral developments. The first psychological
theory was developed by Jean Piaget. On the basis of Piaget’s theory, Laurence- Kohlberg
developed three main levels of moral development. Which is based on the kinds of reasoning and
motivation adopted by individuals with regard to moral questions.
1. The Preconventional level
It is nothing but self-centered attitude. In this level, right conduct is very essentialfor an
individual which directly benefits him.
According to this level, individuals are motivated by their willingness to avoid punishment, or
by their desire to safety their own needs or by the influence of the power exerted by them. This
level is related to the moral development of children abd some adults who never want to grow
beyond a certain limit.
2. The conventional level.
The level deals with the respect for conventional rules and authority. As per this level the rules
and norms of one’s family or group or society has been accepted as the final standard of
morality. These conventions are regarded as correct, because they represent with authority.
When individuals are under this level, they always want to please/satisfy others and also to meet
the expectations of the society and not their self-interest. Loyalty and close identification with
others have been given much importance, No adult tries to go beyond this level.
3. The post conventional level.
This level is said to be attained when an individual recognizes the right and the wrong on the
basis of a set of principles which are not based on self-interest or social conventions. These
individuals are called ‘autonomous”, because they only think by themselves and also they do not
agree that customs are always correct.

16. How did Gilligan recast Kohlberg levels of moral developments?

Caorl Gilligan was one of the students of Kohlberg. She criticizes Kohlberg’s theory on the
basis of approached made by both male and female towards morality. On the basis of her studies
and researches, she criticizes Kohlberg’s theory which is only based on bale bias and his studies
are typically male preoccupation with general rules and rights.
She also suggests that men are always more interested in resolving moral problem by applying
some most important moral rules. But women always want to keep up the personal relationship
with all those involved in a situation and they always give attention only on the circumstances
responsible for that critical situation and not on general moral rules.
She also states the Kohlberg theory is only an ethics of rules and rights. But her theory is known
as ethics of care.i.e. Context oriented emphasis required to maintain the personal relationship.

17. What are the general types of Inquiries involved in engineering inspection? Give
details.
Inquiry means an investigation. Like general ethics, engineering ethics also involves
investigation into values, meaning and facts.
These inquiries in the field of engineering ethics are of three types, they are
1. Normative inquiries
2. Conceptual inquiries
3. Factual or Descriptive inquiries
4. Enumerate the steps to resolve problems of disagreement in solving moral problems in
Engineering companies.
Engineering ethics is not only teaching moral behavior in knowing about immoral and moral in a
set of beliefs, but also increasing the ability of engineers and other professional to face boldly the
moral problems arising from technological advancements, changes and other related activities.
STEPS IN FACING MORAL DILLEMMAS:
All the above said three problems pave the way for the need of several steps in resolving the
moral dilemmas. All the steps are interrelated and they can also be used jointly.
1) Identifying the relevant moral factors and reasons: i.e., finding solutions for
i) The conflictingresponsibilities.ii) The competing rights and iii) The clashing ideals involved.
2) Collecting and gathering all the available facts which are relevant to the moral factors while
resolving.
3) Ranking the moral considerations or principles on the basis of importance as applicable to the
situation.
4) Considering alternative courses of action for resolving the problems and tracing the full
implications of each i.e., conducting factual inquiries.
5) Having talked with the colleagues, friends about that problem getting their suggestions and
alternative ideas on resolving that dilemma
6) Arriving at a careful and reasonable judgment or solution by taking into consideration all
important moral factors and reasons on the basis of the facts or truths. But it seems to be
difficult.

18. What is the need for Moral Autonomy in the field of Engineering Ethics?
Definition:
Autonomy means self-governing or self-determining i.e., acting independently. Moral autonomy
means the right or the wrong conduct which is independent on ethical issues.
It deals with the improvement of an individual’s moral thoughts which make him to adapt good
habits. Moral autonomy is concerned with the independent attitude of a person related to ethical
issues. It helps to improve the self-determination among the individuals.
Need for moral autonomy in the field of engineering ethics:
Moral autonomy is a skill and habit of thinking ethical problems in rational manners. These
ethical issues are to be found out on the basis of moral problems. The general responsiveness of
moral values are derived only form the training that we have received as a child with response to
the right of others and ourselves.
These moral concerns can be initiated or imparted among the engineers, mainly by engineers of
various subjects and also by the way of their friends, or by social events occurring around them
or by books and movies. So the main aim of all the courses of applied ethics is only to improve
their abilities in order to face the moral issues critically. This can be achieved by improving the
practical skills which are helping in producing effective independent or self-determination
thoughts among the individuals about the moral problems.
19. Sate the Important or Uses of Ethical Theories.
Ethical theories have three important uses:
(a) Understanding moral dilemma.
(b) Justify professional obligations and ideals.
(c) Relating ordinary and professional morality.
 Unit – III
1. What are the conditions required to define a valid consent?
The consent was given voluntarily.
The consent was based on the information that rational person would want, together with any
other information requested, presented to them in understandable form.
The consenter was competent to process the information and make rational decisions.

2. What are the two main elements which are included to understand informed consent?
Informed Consent is understood as including two main elements:
i. Knowledge [Subjects should be given not only the information they request, but all the
information needed to make a reasonable decision].
ii. Voluntariness [Subjects must enter into the experiment without being subjected to force,
fraud, or deception].

3. What are the general features of morally responsible engineers?

a. Conscientiousness.
b. Comprehensive perspective.
c. Autonomy.
d. Accountability.

4. What is the purpose of various types of standards?

a. Accuracy in measurement, interchangeability, ease of handling.
b. Prevention of injury, death and loss of income or property.
c. Fair value of price.
d. Competence in carrying out tasks.
e. Sound design, ease of communications.
f. Freedom from interference.

5. Define Code?
Code is a set of standards and laws.

6. Enumerate the roles of codes?

 Inspiration and Guidance
 Support
 Deterrence and Discipline
 Education and Mutual Understanding
 Contributing to the Profession’s Public Image
 Protecting the Status Quo
 Promoting Business Interests

7. Give the limitations of codes?

 Codes are restricted to general and vague wording.
 Codes can’t give a solution or method for solving the internal conflicts.
 Codes cannot serve as the final moral authority for professional conduct.
 Codes can be reproduced in a very rapid manner.
8. What are the problems with the law in engineering?
a. Minimal compliance
b. Many laws are without enforceable sanctions.

9. What is the need to view engineering projects as experiments?

i. Any project is carried out in partial ignorance.
ii. The final outcomes of engineering projects, like those of experiments, are generally uncertain.
iii. Effective engineering relies upon knowledge gained about products before and after they
leave the factory – knowledge needed for improving current products and creating better ones.

10. Differentiate scientific experiments and engineering projects?

Scientific experiments are conducted to gain new knowledge, while “engineering projects are
experiments that are not necessarily designed to produce very much knowledge”.

11. What are the uncertainties occur in the model designs?

a. Model used for the design calculations.
b. Exact characteristics of the materials purchased.
c. Constancies of materials used for processing and fabrication.
d. Nature of the pressure, the finished product will encounter.

12. Engineering is experimentation-Discuss.

Experimentation plays an important role in the design process. Preliminary tests are conducted
from the time when it is decided to make a product in the following order.
1. Engineering concept. 2. Rough design. 3. Detailed design. 4. Production stage tests 5.
Finished product

13. Engineers are responsible experiments-what are the four general features of such
morally responsible engineers?
Engineers are the main technical persons. They are not the sole experimenters. Their
responsibility is shared with the management, public and others.
The four general features of morally responsible engineers are:
1. Conscientiousness. 2. Relevant information. 3. Moral autonomy. 4. Accountability

14. Briefly describe the limitation of codes

Most codes are limited in many ways. Codes provide only a very general guidance for engineers
to exercise their moral responsibilities, as social experimenters. They cannot expect codes to
solve their moral problems in all cases.

15. Briefly list down the code of ethic for corporate members as per institution of
engineers, India.
A balanced outlook on laws
In 1969, at Santa Barbara Offshore in California, there spilled about 12 lakhs litres of crude oil.
This made the spectacular beach, a black one, for a stretch of about 50km. This also damaged
wildlife and the tourist trade was affected. This disaster prompted new laws and strict controls to
prevent such occurrences in the future.
In drafting safety regulation for offshore drilling experienced petroleum engineers, geologist and
well drillers are to be involved. Some safeguards are also required by law. Following the Santa
Barbara incident, then Secretary of Petroleum department ordered an inspection of thousands of
offshore oil wells. The inspection showed that hundreds of wells lacked mandatory safety
chokes. The Secretary ordered prosecutions.
A regulated society
In order to live, work and play together in harmony as a society we have to balance individual
needs and desires, against collective needs and desires. Ethical conduct provides such a balance.
Engineers should play an active role in establishing rules of engineering as well as in enforcing
them.
Industrial Standards Among many areas, industry is one which welcomes greater accuracy and
quality in respect of standards.
Standards decrease production cost. Standards not only help the manufacturers but also benefit
the clients and the public. They help the industries to be more competitive but reduces
importance on name brands and give the smaller manufacturer a chance to compete. International
standards are becoming a necessity in world trade.
Laws serve as a protector of the ethical engineer, some laws are being slowly modified from the
precedence of court verdicts. Sometimes engineer will try to settle cases out of the court, though
this helps an engineer. It will not establish a legal precedence.

UNIT-4
1. What is meant by risk? State the causes of risks (NOV 2011)
A risk is the potential that some thing unwanted and harmful may occur. These days the new
risks are the less obvious effects of technology are now making way to public consciousness.
The mathematical form is R = P * C
Causes of risks are job overconfidence, technological complacency, lack of safe exists

2. What is safety? What does relative safety express? (NOV 2011)

A thing is safe if its risks are justified to be acceptable. Thus, a thing is safe if the perceived risk
of the person, who judges is less and it is unsafe if the perceived risk are high.
Relative safety indicates the safety the product with respect to similar things.

3. What is the idea behind acceptability?

A risk is acceptable when those affected are generally no longer apprehensive (worried) about it.
Apprehensiveness depends to a large extent on how the risk is perceived. This is influenced by
the factors as whether the risk is assumed voluntarily, the effects of the knowledge on how the
harm is done or job related pressure.

4. What can the engineer do to ensure safety?

Relying on experience was mentioned as most important. However, it is well known that
experience gained by one engineer is often not passed on to others. Especially the bad news is
not at all passed. Another way of gaining experience is through tests. Under certain situation, it
would be a valuable source of information.
5. What are the difficulties of accessing the personal risks?
There are so many difficulties in assessing personal risks particularly in case of involuntary risks.
It is very difficult to assess the involuntary personal risks, which are specified in the Examples
like Living near a refinery and locating a Nuclear Plant.
6. What are the various analyses that are available for testing the products?

The various analyses that is available for testing the products are
 Scenario Analysis
 Failure Modes and effects Analysis
 Fault Tree Analysis
 Event Tree Analysis

7. What does Minimal Compliance mean?

The fact that proof of negligence is not essential to impose liability is a frightening prospect
of most manufacturers. The significance of the strict liability doctrine, as far as engineers are
concerned, is that although in many cases it is impossible to test every product, the engineer
must weigh the chances of a defect causing serious injury against the cost of eliminating or
minimizing the defects in the products. Adhering to accepted practices and observing standards
is not sufficient, such behavior is called as minimal compliance.

8. How can you improve the product safety?

Safety is not a written work on the design of a product. The following examples will clearly
explain that the safety is not based on the possible but unpredictable features. Introduction of
magnetic door catch system on refrigerators. It prevents death by suffocation of children
accidentally trapped in them. This magnetic door catch now permits the door to be opened from
inside easily. It is also cheaper than the older types of spring locks.
The dead-man handles for the drivers in trains to control over the speed of the train.

9. Name the techniques are available for reducing risk

A number of techniques are available for reducing risk. Some of them are Application of
inherent safety concepts in design. For example in the case of liquefied gas, storage system the
present trend is to replace pressurized storages with cryogenic storage at
atmospheric pressure.
Use of diversity and redundancy principles in instrumented protection schemes. Regular
inspection and testing of safety systems to ensure reliability.
Training of operating personal and regular audits to ensure workability of the systems and
procedures.
Development of a well considered emergency plan together with regular drills to ensure
preparedness.

10. What are the activities to be performed by the engineers to safeguard the public from
risk?
Therefore, the engineer has to do the following activities to safeguard the public from the risks.
Provide the background material to support or to provide the faulty positions and actively
take part in the debate.
Act as the model of a science court.
Measure the risks and benefits on a ordinal (relative) scale rather than cardinal (absolute)
Scale.
Ensure the parties affected by the project concerned are polled.
11. What are the types of risks?
The risks are classified as
 Under Estimation of Risks
 Over Estimation of Risks
 No Estimation of Risks

12. State some IEEE codes of ethics related to the Responsibility and Safety.
The IEEE code of ethics says three points namely,
 To accept responsibility in making decision consistent with safety, health, and welfare to
the public and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public or the
environment.
 To improve the understanding of technology, its appropriate application and potential
sequence.
 To maintain and improve the understanding of technology and its appropriate
applications.

13. What are the safety criteria for safe design to be followed by the engineers?

The safety criteria for safe design that has to be followed by the engineers are
 The minimum requirements are that the design must satisfy all the applicable laws. For
this the legal standards should be made to known everyone. The engineers should make
attempt so that the consumers do not perform misuse of the products. Therefore, the
design must be done in such a manner that the misuse is avoided.
 Once the product is manufactured, the finished devices should be rigorously tested.
 The main thing is that the engineers must take as much time as possible for designing so
that he can minimize future risk of injury.

14. What is the risk identification procedure?

Linda Fisher formed an agency called Environment Protection Agency (EPA). In that agency the
risk identification procedure as follows.
 Work place inspection
 Management / Worker discussion
 Independent audits

15. List some factors which is based on the acceptability of risk.

Some of the factors, which is based for risk are
 Voluntarism and Control 
 Effect of Information on Risk Assessment
 Job-Related Risks 
 Magnitude and Proximity
16.Draw the plot between cost and risk.

17. What is Scenario Analysis?

It is a general and common approach. In this analysis, when testing the safety of a product, a
person has to start from a given point and then to study all the different consequences developed
gradually from it.
18. What are Failure Models and Effect Analysis?
In this method, a person has to systematically examine the failure models of each part of the
product without giving attention on the causes or relationships among the elements of complex
systems.
19. What is Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)?
It is a pertinent technique in analyzing the primary causes of occurrences of an undesirable
situation. It is a just opposite of the above-mentioned method. In this testing, a person has to
propose the system failure and then finds out the events back to analyze the possible causes at
component level. These methods are more useful in emergency situations.
20. What is Event Tree Analysis (ETA)? It has been found to be very useful in identifying a
potentially hazardous situation in the plan. This
analysis is the reverse of the fault tree analysis. It is mathematically oriented version of
scenario analysis.
21. What is Risk Benefit Analysis? (NOV 2012)
RBA is a method that helps the engineer to analyze the risk in a project and to determine
whether a project should be implemented or not. It is very much closer to the Cost Benefit
Analysis (the quantity of benefits by incurring certain expenditures). In RBA, the risk and
benefits of a product are allotted to money amounts and the most beneficial ratio between risk
and benefits is calculated.
22. Define Safe exit.
“A thing is safe if its risks are judged to be acceptable”. The sense of a degree of safety that
satisfies all individuals as groups under all conditions is neither attainable nor affordable.
23. Give any two examples of improved safety. ( NOV 2012)
Safety is not a written work on the design of a product. The following examples will clearly
explain that the safety is not based on the possible but unpredictable features.
Introduction of magnetic door catch system on refrigerators. It prevents death by suffocation
of children accidentally trapped in them. This magnetic door catch now permits the door
to be opened from inside easily. It is also cheaper than the older types of spring locks.
The dead-man handles for the drivers in trains to control over the speed of the train.
24. Define: Safety. (MAY 2013)
A thing is safe if its risks are justified to be acceptable. Thus, a thing is safe if the perceived
risk of the person, who judges is less and it is unsafe if the perceived risk are high.
25. What shall be the approach of government Regulator towards risk mitigation? (MAY
2013)
A number of techniques are available for reducing risk. Some of them are Application of
inherent safety concepts in design. For example in the case of liquefied gas, storage system the
present trend is to replace pressurized storages with cryogenic storage at atmospheric pressure.
Use of diversity and redundancy principles in instrumented protection schemes. Regular
inspection and testing of safety systems to ensure reliability.
Training of operating personal and regular audits to ensure workability of the systems and
procedures.

UNIT V
GLOBAL ISSUES
1. What is meant by moral leadership?
Whenever the goals of a leader become permissible and also morally valuable, it isknown
as moral leadership.
Moral leadership also means that employing morally acceptable ways to motivatethe
groups to move towards morally desirable ways. The ways are depending on
thesituations.
W.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COMVIDYARTHIPLUS.COM V+ TEAM
2. What are the questions that arise while considering the voluntary service in the fieldof
Engineering?
The following questions arise:
should engineering profession encourage rendering voluntary services withoutfees or
at moderate fees?
Do the engineering professional societies really need this?

3. What is code of ethics?

Code of ethics is a frame work for arriving at good ethical choices.
The code of ethics establishes a frame work for ethical judgment for anyprofession.
A code of ethics does not develop new moral principles.

4. What are the common features involved in the code of ethics for Engineers?
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in theperformance
of their professional duties.
Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence.
Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithfulagents or
trustees.
Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts in the solicitation of professional employment.

5.What is the need for Honesty?

Honesty is necessary to avoid deceiving and to be frank in giving all the relevant facts.It
is also necessary to be truthful in interpreting the facts. Honesty in technical data isessential to
be honest in engineer’s role and for the values guiding his studies.
6. What is meant by Competence?
Competence means being well trained and having proper experience in the relevantfield
and also having the required additional skills planning and policy making.

7. What does Diligence mean?

Diligence means carrying out the given job carefully and in a prompt way.

8. Define Loyalty?
Loyalty refers to serving the interests of the clients. It includes avoiding conflicts
ofinterests maintaining confidentiality and expressing concern for the interest of the clients.

9. What is the basic ethical and moral responsibility of a manager-engineer?

Ethical responsibility:
The basic ethical responsibilities of managers are to produce a good product orvaluable service,
only after taking into consideration maintaining respect for humanbeings, which includes
customers, employees and the general public.
Moral responsibility:
As managers, engineer’s moral responsibility is to produce safe and useful productsthat are
also profitable.

10.What are the different ways to create an ethical climate?

WW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COMVIDYARTHIPLUS.COM V+ TEAM
The following are the ways to create an ethical climate:
Ethical values must be accepted and appreciated by the managers and employees with its full
complicated features.
The sincere use of ethical language has to be recognized as a justifiable part of the company.
The management has to create a strong confidence among the employees that the
management is more serious about ethics by establishing moral tone in words, in
Policies and also by personal example.
The management has to establish some procedures for resolving conflicts.

11. What are the important forms of conflicts that may arise for an engineering Project
manager?
The important forms of conflicts that may arise for an engineering project managerare,
Conflicts based on schedules.
Conflicts which arises in evolving the importance of projects and the department.
Conflicts based on availability of personal for a project.
Conflicts over technical matters.
Conflicts which arises due to administrative procedure.
Conflicts of personality.
Conflicts over cost or expenditure.

12. What are the principles for conflict resolution?

The following are the principles for conflict resolution:
People must be separated from the problem
Focus must be only on interest and not on positions
Various options must be generated
An evolution criteria should be established

13. Who are referred as consulting engineers?

Consulting engineers are those involved in private practice. For the services rendered by
them, they will be paid some fees. They won’t be compensated by salaries from employers.
They are the sole employer of their practice. So they have greater freedom to take decisions on
the tasks undertaken by them.

14. What are the rules framed by NSPE in case of professional advertisements?
The rules framed by NSPE (National Society of Professional Engineers) in case
Of professional advertisements are as follows:
The use of statements containing a material misrepresentation of fact or omitting A material
fact necessary to keep the statement from being misleading.
Statements intended or likely to create an unjustified expectation.
Statements containing prediction of future success.
Statements containing an opinion as to the quality of the engineer’s services.
Statements intended or likely to attract clients by the use of slogans, jingles or Sensational
language format.

15. What do you mean by appropriate technology?YARTHIPLUS.COM.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM V+ TEAM

Appropriate technology means identification, transformation and implementation of
The most suitable technology for a new set of conditions.

16. What are the ill effects of acid rain?

Bacteria’s that are essential for life systems to be active are killed.
High acidity results in reduced growth and killing of fishes.
Vanishing of greenery and destruction of forests.
Germination of seeds is affected affecting the growth of trees.

17. What do you mean by technology transfer?

Technology transfer is a process of changing the technology to a new setting And
implementing it. Technology includes hardware such as machines and installations as well as
techniques such as technical, organizational and managerial skills and procedures.

18. What are the ethical issues or questions that arise in environmental protection?
Often the questions that arise in the ethical issues are,
Who is affecting?
Who are affected?
Does the environment gets disturbed?
When do the disturbances takes place and how does it happen?

19. Quote some examples of pollution that spoiled the environment?

Some examples of pollution that affected the environment are Bhopal gas
tragedy, Chernobyl nuclear plant explosion, Artificial rains, Meuse valley disaster at
Belgium,Oleum gas leak in Delhi, HPCL disaster in Vizag, Donova (USA)steel and
chemicalplantdisaster, Tehri Dam in U. P. state, etc.

20. What is computer ethics?

Computers contribute to a variety of moral problems. In order to evaluate and act
appropriately with such problems, a new field of applied ethics termed as computer ethics’ has
been developed.

21. Give any ten commandments of computer ethics?

i. Don’t use a computer to harm other people.
ii. Don’t interfere with other people’s computer works.
iii. Don’t snoop around in other people’s computer files.
iv. Don’t use a computer to steal.
v. Don’t use a computer to bear false witness.

22. What is hacking?

When computers are the main objects of an unethical act, it will create some
ethical issues. This kind of act is called hacking.

23. What is autonomous computer?

The autonomy of computers means the ability of computer to make decisions without the
interference of human beings. This autonomous function of computers creates a lot of
implication.PLUS.COM
WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM V+ TEAM
24. What are the three versions of Relativism?
i. Ethical Relativism
ii. Descriptive Relativism
iii. Moral Relativism

25. What are the moral dimensions of an Engineer-manager?

a. Information rights and obligation
b. Property rights
c. Accountability and control
d. System quality
e. Quality of life

26. Give any ten International rights suggested by Donaldson?

i. The right to freedom of physical movement.
ii. The right to ownership of property.
iii. The right to freedom from torture.
iv. The right to a fair trial.
v. The right to nondiscriminatory treatment.
vi. The right to physical security.
vii. The right to freedom of speech and association.
viii. The right to minimal education.
ix. The right to political participation.
x. The right to subsistence.
27. What are the reasons for the disaster at Bhopal?
1. The tanks used to store Methyl Iso-cyanate were overloaded to a tune of 75%.
2. The emergency plant was also filled with a large amount of chemicals.
3. The entire refrigeration unit had been shutdown as a measure to reduce the cost
And this led to increase of temperatures to a higher level.
4. One of the disappointed workers unscrewed a pressure gauge on a tank and inserted
A hosepipe into it, knowing that it would cause damage, but not to this extent.
5. Scrubber has also been shut down.
6. Flare tower was also not in an operating condition.
7. Unfortunately there were no emergency drills or evacuation plants available.

28. Give some of the Environmental issues of concern to engineers?

a. Releasing harmful substance into air and water.
b. Using toxic substance in food processing.
c. Disturbing land and water balances.

29. What are the issues in Computer ethics?

Power Relationship
Job Elimination
Customer Relations
Biased Software
Stock Trading
Unrealistic ExpectationsARTHIPLUS.COM
WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM V+ TEAM
Political Power
Military Weapons
Property
Embezzlement
Data and Software
Privacy
Cyber crimes
Computer Virus
Techno stress
Cyber Scams and Frauds
Internet Defamation
Software Piracy
Cyber Squatting
Inappropriate Access
Data Bank Errors
Hackers
Legal Responses
Professional Issues
Computer Failures
Computer Implementation
Health conditions
30. What are the problems of Defense industry?
a) Problem of waste and huge cost in implementing and maintaining a weapons system.
b) Problem of Technology creep.
c) Problems in maintaining secrecy.
d) Every country allocates large amount of its resources to defense sector [India spent ¼
ofits resource for defense]

31. What are ways to promote an Ethical climate?

a. Ethical values in their full complexity are widely acknowledged and appreciated
by managers and employees alike.
b. The sincere use of ethical language has to be recognized as a legitimate part of corporate
dialogue.
c. The top level management must establish a moral tone in words, in policies, by personal
example etc.
d. The management has to establish some procedures for resolving conflicts.

32. What are the important forms of Conflicts?

Conflicts based on schedules
Conflicts which arises in evolving the importance of projects and the department.
Conflicts based on the availability of personal for a project.
Conflicts over technical matters.
Conflicts arise due to administrative procedure.
Conflicts of personality.
Conflicts over cost or expenditure or money.
WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM
33. What are the Principles of Conflicts of interest?
Separate people from the problem.
Focus on interest and not on positions.
Generate a variety of possibilities before deciding what to do.
Insist that the result be based on some objective standard.

36. What are the normative models to be used to avoid conflicts?

Hired Guns
Value-neutral Analysts
Value-guided Advocates

35. What are the characteristics of an engineer as expert advisers in public planning and
policymaking?
 Honesty
 Competence
 Diligence
 Loyalty
36. How can Deceptive advertising be done?
 By outright lies.
 By half-truths.
  Through exaggeration.
 By making false innuendos, suggestions or implications.
 Through obfuscation created by ambiguity, vagueness or incoherence.
 Through subliminal manipulation of the unconscious.

37. Give the usage of the code of conduct?

The code of conduct will help the engineers to have a set of standards of behavior. They
act as guidelines for their behavior. It helps to create workplaces where employees are
encouraged to make ethical implications.

38. What are professional issues of using computers?

a. Computers failures
b. Computer implementation
c. Health conditions

39. What are the requirements of Patents?

a) Problem of invention
b) Current report of the problems to address
c) Solution or procedure to the problem
d) Extent of novelty or inventive
e) Application or uses
f) Details of the inventor
g) Resources of funds

40. What are the types of Patents?

a. Utility patentsUS.COM V+ TEAM
b. Design patents
c. Plant patents

41. What is the need for Protection to IPR?

a) Prevent plagiarism.
b) Prevent others using it.
c) Prevent using it for financial gain.
d) Fulfill as an obligation to funding agency.
e) Support income generation strategy.

42. What is the Importance of IPR?

a. Give the inventors exclusive rights of dealing.
b. Permit avoiding pf competitors and raise entry barriers.
c. Permit entry to a technical market.
d. Generate steady income by issuing license.

43. What is a Trade secret?

A trade secret is a secret formula, pattern, or device that is used in a business and provides
a commercial advantage.
44. Define Whistle Blowing?
Whistle-blowing is alerting relevant persons to some moral or legal corruption,
Where “relevant persons” are those in a position to act in response, if only by registering
protest. i.e.the employee disclosure of an employer’s illegal or illegitimate practices to persons
Or organizations that may be able to take corrective actions. The conditions to be met for
whistleblowing are
a. Need
b. Proximity
c. Capability
d. Last resort

45. What are the main features of Whistle Blowing?

a. Act of disclosure
b. Topic
c. Agent
d. Recipient

46. Differentiate External Whistle Blowing and Internal Whistle Blowing?

External Whistle Blowing – Information is passed outside the organization. Internal
Whistle Blowing – Information is conveyed to someone within the organization.

47. Differentiate Open Whistle Blowing and Anonymous Whistle Blowing?

Open Whistle Blowing – Individuals openly reveal their identity as they convey
theinformation.
Anonymous Whistle Blowing – Involves concealing one’s identity.

48. When Whistle Blowing is morally permitted and morally obligated?

Whistle blowing is morally permitted whenM V+ TEAM
i. If the harm that will be done by the product to the public is serious
andconsiderable.
ii. If they make their concerns known to their superiors.
iii. If getting no satisfaction from their immediate supervisors, they exhaust the channels
available within the corporation, including going to the board of directors.
Whistle is morally obligated when
i. He or she must have documented evidence that would convince a reasonable, impartial
observer that his [or her] view of the situation is correct and the company policy wrong.
ii. There must be strong evidence that making the information public will in fact prevent the
threatened serious harm.

49. What are the two general ways to apply ethical theories to justify the basic right
ofprofessional conscience?
i. Proceed piecemeal by reiterating the justifications given for the specific professional duties.
ii. Justify the right of professional conscience, which involves grounding it more directly in the
ethical theories.
50. Define Employee Rights?
Employee rights are rights, moral or legal, that involve the status of being an employee.
They include some professional rights that apply to the employer-employee relationship.

51. Define Sexual Harassment?

Sexual Harassment means continuous annoying and attacks on men or women on
The basis of sexual considerations. It also covers the harassment by female superiors on the
male employees and sexual harassment of employees by superiors of the same sex.
It includes physical and psychological attacks, coercion, misuse of authority and a variety
of undesirable and indecent actions.

52. Define Discrimination?

Discrimination means morally unjustified treatment of people on arbitrary or irrelevant
grounds.

53. What are the general procedures for implementing the right to due process?
i. Written explanations should be established that is available to all employees who believe
their rights have been violated.
ii. An appeals procedure should be established that is available to all employees
who believe their rights have been violated.

54. Differentiate Human Rights and Professional Rights?

Human Rights – Possessed by virtue of being people or moral agents.
Professional Rights – Possessed by virtue of being professional having special moral
responsibilities.

55. Differentiate Weak Preferential Treatment and Strong Preferential Treatment?V+ TEAM
Weak preferential treatment involves giving an advantage to members of traditionally
discriminated-against groups over equally qualified applicants who are members of other
groups. Strong preferential treatment involves giving preference to minority applicants or
women over better qualified applicants from other groups.

PART B(16 marks)

UNIT-1
1. Explain some important human values.
2. Write a detailed note on work ethics.
3. Explain integrity and honesty in ethics.
4. Explain the importance of self confidence in ethics.
5. List important time wasters. How can one manage time properly?
6. Explain caring, sharing and living peacefully.
7. Explain commitment and empathy.
8. Explain civic virtue and respect for others and also explain importance of cooperation.
9. Explain character and spirituality and their importance in ethics.
10. Explain the role of Yoga and meditation in the field of professional excellence and stress
management.
 UNIT-2

1. Discuss in detail about the concept of

(a). Explain the scope of Engineering Ethics. Highlight the importance of Ethics.
(b). Explain in details about the senses of Engineering Ethics.
2. Discuss in detail about the concept of
(a).Discuss in detail the various types of Moral issues
(b). Specify the various types of Ethical inquiries available.
3. Discuss in detail about the concept of
a).Moral Dilemmas.
b).Moral Autonomy.

4. Discuss in details about

a) Gilligans Theory (8 Marks)
b) Kohlbergs Theory (8 Marks)
5. Explain about
a) Consensus and Controversy (8 Marks)
b) Heinzs Theory (8 Marks)
6. Explain in detail about Professional and Professionalism.
7. Explain in details the professionalism ideals and virtues.
8. Discuss in details the various theories about right action.
9. Explain in detail the traits of Self Interest, Customs and Religions.
10. Explain in details the various ethical theories and their uses.

UNIT-3
1. How can engineer become a responsible experimenter? Highlight the code of ethics for
Engineers.
2. What is the important code of ethics? Give brief account on ‘4’canons of codes of ethics
quoted by international standard or association.
3. Discuss on the roles played by the codes of ethics set by professional societies.
4. Compare and contrast engineering experiments with standard experiments.
5.Explain with help of examples of that engineers would learn not only from their earlier design
and operating results, but also from those of those of engineers of other engineers.
6. Explain in detail about engineers as responsible experimenters.
7. Explain detail about balanced outlook on law.
8. Explain detail about industrial standards.
9. Explain detail about engineering as experimentation.
10. State the various problems of law in Engineering.

UNIT-4
1. (a).What are the main elements of IPR. Give examples of Discrimination. (8 marks)
(b).State the necessity of Risk Benefit Analysis. (8 marks)
2. (a).Write short notes on Occupational crime. (8 marks)
(b).Distinguish between employee rights and professional rights. (8 marks)
3. Discuss the significance of Intellectual Property rights. Also explain the legislation
covering IPR in India.
4. Define Risk Benefit analysis. Why it is conducted?.What is the limitation of RBA?
5. (a).Define the term Risk and Safety. How we an engineer assess the safety? (8 marks)
(b).What are the factors that affect risk acceptability? What is the use of knowledge of risk
acceptance to engineer? (8 marks)
6. Discuss the features, guideline and procedures of whistle blowing
7. Discuss Event Tree analysis with some practical example of risk analysis.
8. Explain the concept of liability with suitable example.
9. Explain the concept of Confidentiality in detail.
10. What are the types of conflicts of interests and the different ways to avoid conflicts of
interests?

UNIT-5
1. Explain in detail the various advantages and disadvantages of MNCs.
2. Discuss in details about Environmental Ethics.
3. Explain and enumerate the significance of the concept of Computer Ethics.
4. Describe in details about the Global issue of Weapons development.
5. Justify with suitable examples Engineers as Managers.
6. Justify Engineers as Expert witness and Advisors with suitable examples.
7. Explain in details about Moral Leadership.
8. Discuss in details about Code of Conduct.
9. Describe in details about Corporate Responsibility.
10. Explain in details about the Management of conflicts and the Principles of conflict
Resolution.