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Introduction
During the late 1900s, a group of drilling crew used various muddy slurry of
water and clay as drilling mud, while drilling an oil well in Spindle Tops Texas. To
this date, drilling fluids are still the same as drilling mud, but its composition has
changed from a mixture of water and clay to bentonite clay. Engineers have
formulated compounds and mixtures with both local and foreign materials to meet
specific needs of drilling operation under various drilling conditions. Drilling mud is
The role of drilling fluid in lubricating the drill sting tends to be overlooked,
but current trends in drilling make the function increasingly important. Friction in
high-angle hole can result in serious problems in torque and drag. Both torque and
drag are assumed to be caused entirely by sliding friction forces that result from
contact of the drill string with the wellbore. Factors affecting sliding wellbore friction
are normal contact force and coefficient of friction between the contact surfaces.
phase (water, oil, or other synthetic oil) and a solid phase consisting of clay mixed
with addition of certain chemical substances (additives) which can bring great
benefits to the drilling operations like it is used to control the pH level of the drilling
mud in which also affects its viscosity in response to changing conditions in the
1
and it is used to indicate acidity or alkalinity of the drilling mud. The pH is presented
concentration in the fluid. A pH of 7.0 is neutral, a pH lower than 7.0 is in the acidic
range, and a pH higher than 7.0 is in the alkaline range. Drilling additives were
developed to be mixed with water having a pH level from 8.5 to 10 in order for the
The cost of searching for hydrocarbon reserves becomes more expensive when
drilling occurs offshore, in deep water, and in hostile environments. These drilling
performance requires the evaluation of all key drilling parameters and their
associated cost. Simply stated, the effectiveness of a fluid is judged by its influence
drilling costs but may cause 100% of drilling problems. Drilling fluids play
sophisticated roles in the drilling process: stabilizing the wellbore without damaging
the formation, keeping formation fluids at bay, clearing cuttings from the bit face,
and lubricating the bit and drillsting, to name a few. High-angle wells, high
temperatures and long, horizontal sections through pay zones make even more
some of the most effective drilling fluids and additives. At the same time, as part
2
of the industry’s drive for improved cost-effectiveness, drilling fluid performance
solution to keep the fluid in good condition. Properties that must be monitored
will result in equilibrium. The hydrogen ion represents the acidic portion and the
hydroxyl ion the alkaline or basic portion of the solution. Freshwater normally has
would increase (OH–) concentration and pH, whereas an acid would increase (H+)
concentration and reduce the pH. The maximum concentration of hydroxyl ions
would result in a pH of 0.
Rates are much slower in alkaline fluids than in acidic fluids. Little reduction in
3
Green Mussel Shell or the Philippine Green Mussel Shell is one of the local
materials which could improve the pH of a drilling fluid or drilling mud. They grow
three layers, the inner layer, mid-layer, and outer layer, is made up of aragonite,
calcite, and chitin, respectively. Green mussels are one of the most cultured
shellfish in the Philippines, with 5,890.77 metric tons produced in 2016. No wonder
The Drilling fluid or mud circulates the entire drilling system, which is mainly
made up of steel. If the drilling fluid would be acidic, it might cause corrosion to the
entire system which could result to loss of profit or even loss of workers. Continual
monitoring is required to gather information and data delivered by the drilling fluid.
Data about the formation and wellbore is carried out by the drilling fluid together
This study is concerned with enhancing the pH of drilling mud using green
mussel shell as local additives for the substitution of imported chemicals such as
value is very essential in the drilling operation as most of the equipment used are
the drilling mud is acidic (pH less than 7.0), corrosion of the drilling equipment
acidic formation, the drill pipe, drill collars and drill bit will corrode as a result of the
acidity of the subsurface, hence the need of enhancing or improving the pH of the
4
drilling mud has to be properly taken care of using certain pH enhancers or
modifiers.
This research therefore aims to study the suitability of green mussel shell
waste and biodegradable hence using green mussel shells will reduce cost and
The main thrust of the study is to evaluate the Philippine green mussel shell
1. Prepare the raw materials, Philippine Green Mussel Shells which are
pH enhancer into:
3.1 Size
3.2 Amount
5
4. Conduct testing of the sample to establish the following parameters:
4.1 Temperature
4.3 Time
5. Evaluate the results of the laboratory testing of treating the mud with green
additive
With the purpose of improving the pH of mud with use of Green Mussel
Shells, the researchers consider that this would be advantageous to the following:
pH of mud will be a great help in the economy. This will help improve the waste
6
For the environment, this research will help lessen the amount of green
mussel shell waste because accumulation of green mussel shells will be done in
this study.
advancement.
providing understanding about the process of using green mussel shell waste as
7
Scope and Delimitations of the Study
The study will be focusing on the evaluation of Philippine green mussel shell
different methods of increasing the pH of mud. Specifically, this study will cover
the preparation of Philippine Green Mussel Shells, which is of good quality. The
Green Mussel Shell will be collected from Ocean Fresh Tahong Chips
conducting a laboratory testing on the green mussel shell that will be produced
researchers will crush the samples using a mill. Moreover, the researchers will
determine its pH properties using a pH meter. Finally, the researchers will conduct
a laboratory testing on the substance that will be produced regarding the pH of the
water-based drilling fluid with green mussel shells as a pH enhancer additive using
However, the study will not cover the testing of drilling fluid in the actual
8
Conceptual Framework
from the conceive, design, implement and operate stages of the study.
The conceive stag shows the knowledge requirements which will serve as
the foundations of the study for the evaluation of Philippine green mussel shell as
include green mussel shell, pH meter, green mussel shell mill, and a container.
The study will require knowledge on drilling which will include the principle
of drilling that includes the drilling fluid and wellbore maintenance or wellbore
stability. It also requires familiarity about the drilling fluid additives and green
mussel shell. And also, the drilling fluid properties such as pH of mud and its effect
on drilling equipment.
The study will prepare green mussel shell, conduct preliminary testing for
green mussel shell by means of calcium carbonate and its pH. The study will crush
green mussel shell by means of green mussel shell mill. Then, final testing will be
9
Lastly, green mussel shell, evaluation of Philippine green mussel shell as
10
Input Process Output
1. Prepare the raw materials, Philippine Green
Mussel Shells which are samples that are
free from impurities only.
Knowledge on: 2. Conduct crushing of the sample into its
powdered form to determine its actual
Drilling potentiality as drilling fluid additive when
added to:
Drilling Fluids a. Grinding into 325 mesh size
3. Simulate Utilization of water-based drilling
o Drilling fluid major fluid
functions a. Alkalinity of the water-based
drilling fluid
Remove Cuttings b. Acidity of the water-based drilling
from the Well fluid Evaluation of Green
c. Calcium carbonate content of the
Cool, Lubricate, and water-based drilling fluid Mussel Shell as a pH
4. Conduct a laboratory testing in terms of
Support the Bit and a. Increase in the alkalinity of mud
Enhancer for a Water-
Drilling Assembly b. Increase in the acidity of mud Based Drilling Mud
c. Increase in calcium carbonate
Supports Well Bore content of mud
d. Effect of the green mussel shell in
Wall the pH of mud
Prevents entry of 5. Actual gathering of data to establish the
following parameters:
formation fluid into a. pH of mud
the Wellbore b. pH of water-based drilling fluid
with Sodium carbonate (NaOH)
o Composition or c. pH of water-based drilling fluid
with Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
Additives of 6. Evaluate the results of the laboratory testing
Drilling Fluid of treating the mud with green mussel shells,
Standard for success rate of the process:
o Properties of a. Yield a pH result which is similar
Experiment Manual
Drilling fluid or greater than the pH of water-
based drilling mud with Sodium
pH carbonate (NaOH) as an additive
Green Mussel Shell b. Yield a pH result which is similar
or greater than the pH of water-
Waste based drilling mud with Potassium
hydroxide (KOH) as an additive
7. Provide an experiment manual for the
evaluation of waste green mussel shell as a
pH enhancer on a water-based drilling mud.
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Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined operationally and conceptually for better
Mussel. It is any bivalve mollusk, especially an edible marine bivalve of the family
they are most common in cool seas. Freshwater mussels, also known as naiads,
include about 1,000 known species inhabiting streams, lakes, and ponds over most
Additives. These are the chemical compounds that improve the lubricant
performance of base oil. The manufacturer of many different oils can utilize the
same base stock for each formulation and can choose different additives for each
2018)
Drilling Fluid. Any of a number of liquid and gaseous fluids and mixtures of fluids
and solids used in operations to drill boreholes into the earth. Classification of
drilling fluids has been attempted in many ways, often producing more confusion
than insight. One classification scheme, given here, is based only on mud
composition by singling out the component that clearly defines the function and
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Water-based Drilling Fluid. It is a type of drilling mud consisting mainly of water,
which has additives to modify it and make it more effective. (Collins English
Dictionary, 2018)
with a high concentration of hydrogen ions have a low pH and solutions with low
Corrosion. It is the deterioration and loss of a material and its critical properties
is the unit measure that describes the degree of acidity or alkalinity. It is measured
(CorrosionPedia, 2018)
Press, 2018)
13
CHAPTER II
This chapter presents related articles and information involved in the study,
which has been the basis of its analysis. The chapter includes the conceptual
Conceptual Literature
1. Drilling
There are hundreds of things involved in drilling just one oil well. Drilling a
borehole typically takes one to two months, although this depends on the geology
of the drill site. The drill bit, drill collars and a drill pipe make up the drill string used
to drill the well. The drill string is a hollow assembly which is lowered into the
ground and allows the circulation of the drilling fluid to the drill bit.
classification of fluid system lists nine distinct categories of drilling fluids, including
pneumatic fluid systems. Drilling fluid is used to raise the cuttings made by the bit
and lift then to the surface for disposal. But equally important, it also provides a
formation are the pressure that needs to be maintained to avoid drilling problems
such as stuck pipe, hole cleaning and excessive torque and drag. Hydrostatic
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geostatic pressure is the pressure of the weight of overburden, or overlying rock,
on formation and formation pressure is the pressure found within the pore spaces
formation by exceeding the fracture pressure or allowing pressures to drop too low
After maintaining these pressures and achieving the pre-depth that has to
drilled, casing and cementing would follow. The well designer must design casing
to withstand a variety of forces, such as collapse, burst and tensile failure, as well
as chemically aggressive brines. Each wellbore has four main casing components:
conductor, surface, intermediate and production casings (API Energy, 2009, p. 11).
The first casing inserted is the conductor casing. The conductor casing has the
largest diameter of four casings and once driven into place, it serves as structural
piling (API Energy, 2009, p. 4). Next, the surface casing hole is drilled, the surface
casing is inserted, and cemented in place. The main purpose of this casing is to
isolate the wellbore and protect underground aquifers (API Energy, 2009, p. 11).
After the surface casing has been cemented in position, intermediate drilling takes
place. Intermediate drilling extends the wellbore towards the point where
directional drilling begins. Following the cementing of intermediate casing, the final
hole is drilled for the placement of the production casing. This casing runs the
entire depth of the wellbore “to provide the zonal isolation between the producing
zone and all other subsurface formations. It also contains the down hole production
equipment (API Energy, 2009, p. 12).” Production casing is typically five to six
inches in diameter.
15
After placing each casing, the cementing follows. Cementing is the process
of mixing slurry of cement and water and pumping it down through casing to critical
points in the annulus around the casing or in the open hole below the casing ring.
2. Drilling Fluid
Drilling fluid or Drilling mud aids in the drilling of wellbores into the surface
of the earth. It is often used during drilling oil and natural gas wells and on
exploration drilling rigs, drilling fluids are also used for much simpler wellbores,
such as water wells. A type of Liquid drilling fluid is called a drilling mud. Drilling
fluid or Drilling mud has three types, namely; non-aqueous mud, also called as oil-
based mud, water-based mud (it could either be dispersed or non-dispersed), and
providing hydrostatic pressure to prevent formation fluids from entering into the
well bore, keeping the drill bit cool and clean during drilling, carrying out drill
cuttings, and suspending the drill cuttings while drilling is paused and when the
drilling assembly is brought in and out of the hole. The drilling fluid used for a
Drilling fluid carries the rock excavated by the drill bit up to the surface. Its
ability to do so depends on cutting size, shape, and density, and speed of fluid
16
travelling up the well (annular velocity). These considerations are analogous to the
settle to the stream bed, while small sand grains in a fast-moving stream are
carried along with the water. The mud viscosity is another important property, as
cuttings will settle to the bottom of the well if the viscosity is too low.
2.1.2 Cool, Lubricate, and Support the Bit and Drilling Assembly
One of the primary functions of the drilling fluid is to cool and lubricate the
bit. In addition, it also lubricates the drill stem on the well bore wall. In both cases,
it reduces down hole friction. This friction is created by a combination of drill stem
strength and rotation speed. It friction is great, the bit bearing over heat and fail,
Drilling fluid lines the wellbore sides. This walling reduces fluid loss to the
thickness. Low porosity formation indicates thin wall cake. Wall cake thickness is
carefully monitored and controlled. If too thick, wall cake decreases wellbore
diameter, restricts circulation and increases torque and drag. In addition, it can
17
Hydrostatic pressure created by the weight of the fluid column presses
against the wellbore wall. The amount of pressure is determined by the fluid
density and well depth. This pressure prevents formation fluids entering the
Fluid leaving the bit under pressure removes the cuttings from the wellbore,
depending on such variables as pump pressure, drill stem and hole diameters. If
50% or more of the available HHP output is delivered to the bit, it is said to have a
Oil-based drilling fluids are used to drill: water soluble formation; deep, hot
formations. They are more expensive to make and maintain, but they do not affect
Only about 1% of all drilling fluids are air, air-mist or gas-based. The primary
achieved. In addition, compressors are used requiring less space and equipment.
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2.2.3 Water-based Drilling Fluids
The most commonly used drilling fluids which are 98% are water-based
Table 1
Soda
High
Low
cmc
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2.3 Composition or Additives of Drilling Fluid
or hematite. Various thickeners are used to influence the viscosity of the fluid,
annic acidderivates such as Quebracho) are frequently used. Red mud was the
name for a Quebracho-based mixture, named after the color of the red tannic acid
salts; it was commonly used in the 1940s to 1950s, and then was made obsolete
additives include lubricants, shale inhibitors, and fluid loss additives (to control loss
added to increase the overall density of the drilling fluid so that sufficient bottom
3. Potassium hydroxide
base that is marketed in several forms including pellets, flakes, and powders. It is
20
hydroxide is also a precursor to other potassium compounds. In food products,
This ingredient has been considered as generally safe as a direct human food
ingredient by the FDA, based upon the observance of several good manufacturing
electroplating, lithography, and paint and varnish removers. Liquid drain cleaners
is widely used in the wet mount preparation of various clinical specimens for
microscopic visualization of fungi and fungal elements in skin, hair, nails, and even
vaginal secretions. Recently, it has been studied for efficacy and tolerability in the
treatment of warts. It was determined that topical KOH solution was found to be a
21
4. Sodium hydroxide
lumps, sticks, chips, or pellets, that upon solution in water generates heat: used
Table 2
22
5. Green Mussel Shell
The Asian green mussel (Perna viridis), also known as the Philippine green
important in several countries where it is harvested for food. It is native in the Asia-
Pacific region and was introduced in the waters of Australia, the Caribbean, Japan,
North America, and South America as invasive species via boat hulls and water
ballasts. Mussel shells are comprised of 90 to 95 wt. percent CaCO3, making this
material an excellent potential alkalinity source for drilling muds and treatment
systems (Fig. 3). The structure of the shells is comprised of three layers: an inner
containing both aragonite and calcite interbedded with protein molecules, and an
90 percent calcite and 10 percent aragonite (Hutchinson and O'Sullivan 2008). The
seaweed, mussel meat remnants and organic matter (within the shell). Cavite,
which is a top producer of Green Mussel Shells also has problems when it comes
to the waste management green mussel shells. The tables listed below strongly
support the Calcium carbonate and Calcium oxide content of Green Mussel Shells
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Table 3
Table 4
24
Table 6
Table 5
25
II. Research Literature
Presented here are the studies related to the proponent’s target at exploring
Investigations of a Full Scale Mussel Shell Bioreactor for the Treatment of Acid
Mine Drainage (AMD), the Stockton Mine, New Zealand”, February (2016), Acid
Mine Drainage (AMD) is a persistent issue and of concern for the international
mining community. In the United States alone approximately 200,000 AMD sites
exist and in Europe there are over 5000 km of AMD impacted watersheds some
predating 1000 years (Hochella et al., 1999; Ließmann, 1992; Schippers et al.
2010; Baker and Banfield 2003). To further illustrate AMD as a global issue,
Egiebor and Oni estimated that there are 15,000 ha of land in Canada
significant amounts of potentially acid forming (PAF) waste and another 62 sites
million per year. A large extent of AMD has also been documented in South Korea
with 1000 abandoned metal mines (Cheong et al., 1998; Neculita et al., 2011), and
300 coal mines generating up to 48,000 tons day1 of AMD, affecting 153 km of
streams (Ji et al., 2008; Neculita et al., 2011). Furthermore, in 2003 AMD had been
observed at approximately 450 closed mines as reported by Japan's Oil Gas and
Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) (Koide et al. 2012). Clearly AMD remains
a major issue facing the mining industry and its large extent is echoed in several
additional studies such as Alcolea et al., (2012); Hengen et al., (2014); Nieto et al,.
26
(2013). This situation illustrates the need for continued research into creation and
Causes and Reactions Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is the result of the oxidation of
sulfide bearing minerals, mainly pyrite, within rock from overburden, tailings and
bearing sulfates, oxides, as well as colloidal and adsorbed material (Bigham and
Nordstrom, 2000; Jamboor et al., 2000; Evangelou and Zhang 1995; Benner et al.,
1999). Sulfide oxidation, using pyrite as the main reactant, occurs in multiple steps
as described in the following reactions (Nordstrom, 1982; Akcil and Koldas, 2006;
Blowes et al., 2013): Oxidation of pyrite through interaction with atmosphere and
oxidative waters leading to the generation of ferrous iron, sulfate, and hydrogen.
Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), the Stockton Mine, New Zealand,
Moreover, in the study of Benjamin Uster, Dave Trummi, James Pope, Paul
“Waste Mussel Shells to Treat Aciod Mine Drainage: A New Zealand Initiative”
geochemistry specific to New Zealand geology and climatic regimes has been
extensively studied, little passive treatment remediation work has been fulfilled to
27
date apart from a few small-scale trial systems (Trumm 2007; Weber et al. 2008;
Trumm et al. 2008; Pope et al. 2010; Trumm and Watts 2010). The majority of
acidic MIW in New Zealand occurs on the West Coast of the South Island of New
Zealand where the main coal fields are located. The topography of the West Coast
makes remediation efforts challenging as most of the mining sites are remotely
located on high plateaus and are surrounded by thick native temperate rainforests
established on steep slopes (Fig. 1). This tough topography combined with a harsh
climate, dominated by low temperatures with an annual mean of about 9'C and
annual precipitation of 6 meters per year, results in high MIW flows and limited
space for reclamation (Davies et al. 2011). In addition, the remote mine locations
hidden from the public view Other political reasons explaining the lack of
remediation include the absence of a specific MIW reclamation fund (no Superfund
or Abandoned Mine Land financing plan exist in New Zealand), a vague regulation
and a poor enforcement policy. Neither the Resource Management Act nor the
Australian and New a Zealand Guidelines for fresh and marine water quality (ME
1991 U ANZECC 2000) specifically addresses MIW issues and most of the
28
Synthesis
The cited research studies were relevant to the researcher as these would
greatly help the researcher understand the properties of green mussel shell and
these would also aid as a basis for determining the parameters to be used in the
study.
Investigations of a Full Scale Mussel Shell Bioreactor for the Treatment of Acid
Mine Drainage (AMD), the Stockton Mine, New Zealand”, Using waste mussel
shells to treat acidic MIW Because of its relative cheap price (NZ$25-30/tonne)
and the fact that it can often be sourced close to a mine site (NZ$20-30/ tonne
passive treatment systems for acidic MIW. Limestone with a purity of more than
excellent potential alkalinity source for treatment systems (Fig. 3). The structure of
interbedded with protein molecules, and an outer layer made of chitin, a form of
percent aragonite (Hutchinson and O'Sullivan 2008). The shell material also
remnants and organic matter within the shell) This organic matter as well as the
29
nitrogen present within the shells provides an ideal source " of labile carbon and
nutrients readily available for the microbial community that operates in a bioreactor
system. The researcher will use New Zealand Mussel as an alternative substitute
rock dump.
Investigations of a Full Scale Mussel Shell Bioreactor for the Treatment of Acid
Mine Drainage (AMD), the Stockton Mine, New Zealand”, Chitinous waste
removal of Al, Fe, and Mn, coupled to sulfate reduction rates of 185 nmol ml-1 day-
However, crab shell chitin based bioreactors have not been examined in a 9. field
setting, are more expensive to implement than traditional substrates, and have
been shown to be most effective when amended with 30% spent mushroom
compost rather than as a single substrate (Grembi et al., 2015). A similar chitinous
waste product has been examined for use in bioreactors over the last several
years. Mussel shells contain up to 5-12wt% organic content and have a structure
a "brick and mortar" arrangement (Jacob et al., 2008; Kawaguchi and Watabe,
1993). They host both a labile and recalcitrant carbon source containing residual
30
meat and chitinous components. The remaining 88-95 wt% of mussel shell
shells an ideal substrate. Trials using mussel shells were first used to treat AMD
at the Stockton Coal Mine in 2007 (Weber et al., 2008). This study assessed the
effects of infiltrating rainwater through a waste rock pile. Two piles of 250 tonnes
0.3m. One pile was underlain by 10 tonnes of mussel shell material, the other was
a control pad. It was observed that the leachate from the mussel shell padded
the control pad and that acidity was 1.9 mg L-1 CaCO3 and 350.2 mg L-1 CaCO3
the mussel shell leachate compared to elevated concentrations of 8.5 and 54.7
mg/L in the control pad leachate. The study also noted that total organic carbon
the mussel shell pad compared to the control pad due to the residual biological
tissue associated with the mussel shells. These findings were encouraging,
suggesting that the shells could be used 10. as a potential source of alkalinity
generation and promote SRB activity, which was later proven in laboratory studies.
Laboratory results from McCauley et al. (2008, 2009a , 2009b , 2010) showed that
the alkalinity generation resulted in the removal of >0.8 moles of metal m-3 day-1
, as well as achieving acidity removal rates of >66 g CaCO3 m-2 day-1 , which are
31
comparable to classic vertical flow wetlands (VFWs) and SAPs using limestone as
Therefore, despite the similarities on the cited literature, it can be said that
this study has its own identity and is not duplication of any mentioned studies.
32
CHAPTER III
procedures that will be used by the researcher in the completion of this study.
Research Design
33
The study will use experimental method to produce Green Mussel Shell
powdered form from Green Mussel Shell as a local material in improving the pH of
mud.
The first step is going to be the preparation of Green Mussel Shell. This will
include the collection of Green Mussel Shell by which the Green Mussel Shell that
will be collected will be tested for the establishment of appropriate size, amount,
as well as the proportion of the drilling fluid. After the establishment of the
properties of the sample, Green Mussel Shell will be crushed using a mill into its
the crushing of Green Mussel Shell, the Green Mussel Shell will be blended to
water-based drilling fluid or mud and will be tested for the establishment of the high
quality of pH enhancing material drilling fluid additive. Moreover, the final test will
Philippine Green Mussel Shell will be collected from the Ocean Fresh
inspected based from the given parameters and only those of good quality
will be collected. The samples were properly sealed in plastic bags and
34
A. Green Mussel Shell Pretreatment
B. Washing
C. Drying
initial and final weight of Green Mussel Shell will be measured before and
The dried pre-treated Green Mussel Shell will be grinded with help
of ball mill at specific revolution speed. The waste was grinded into fine
particle size.
35
2. Simulation of utilizing a Water-Based Drilling fluid
pH meter.
pH meter.
A. Size
shaker at 290 rpm speed. Fine Green Mussel Shell powder (mesh 325,
testing.
B. Amount
As for the drilling fluid to be used, the researchers will utilize water-
based drilling fluid. Preparing 3 samples of drilling fluid with a final volume
36
of 350 cubic centimeters. For the Green Mussel Shell powder as pH
enhancer, the researchers will test 3 amounts of the said powder with 0.3,
A. Temperature
The testing of the Green Mussel Shell powder to the drilling fluid
B. Stirring Rate
mixer is needed in order to achieve and ensure that the drilling fluid with the
C. Time
The time required to be able to finish mixing the drilling fluid is about 15
5. Evaluate the results of the laboratory testing of treating the mud with green
37
The pH of the drilling fluid with green mussel shell as a pH enhancer
laboratory testing with the utilized drilling fluid and the green mussel shell
laboratory testing with the utilized drilling fluid and the green mussel shell
38
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