DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

VISAKHAPATNAM, A.P., INDIA

SUBJECT

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

PROJECT TITLE

WTO AND ADR TECHNIQUES

NAME OF THE FACULTY

Ms. VARSHITHA

Name of the Candidate

K.Reddi Dileep

Roll No. 2016048

Semester-V

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 ACKNOWLE1DGEMENT

I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me through

the course of the project. I would like to thank our teacher who encouraged, guide and
supported me for doing this project. And sincerely grateful to them for sharing their truthful
and illuminated views on the issues related to the project.

I express my warm thanks to Ms. Varshitha for her support and guidance to the project
without her help it would be difficult task for us .I have no valuable words to express my
thanks, but my heart is still full of the favour received from you. .It was all my pleasure to
have you as my teacher and guider throughout this project for this I am thanking you from
my heart.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………….5
2. PROCEDURE…………………………………………………….6
3. CONSULTATION………………………………………………..6
 Great Offices, Conciliation and Mediation
 Panel Phase
 Appellate Body Review
 Remedies
 Arbitration

4. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………..10

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 ABSTRACT

Disputes in the WTO are essentially about broken promises. WTO members have agreed that
if they believe fellow-members are violating trade rules, they will use the multilateral system
of settling disputes instead of taking action unilaterally. That means abiding by the agreed
procedures, and respecting judgements. A dispute arises when one country adopts a trade
policy measure or takes some action that one or more fellow-WTO members considers to be
breaking the WTO agreements, or to be a failure to live up to obligations.

Dispute settlement is the central pillar of the multilateral trading system, and the WTO’s
unique contribution to the stability of the global economy. Without a means of settling
disputes, the rules-based system would be less effective because the rules could not be
enforced. The WTO’s procedure underscores the rule of law, and it makes the trading system
more secure and predictable. The system is based on clearly-defined rules, with timetables for
completing a case. First rulings are made by a panel and endorsed (or rejected) by the WTO’s
full membership. Appeals based on points of law are possible. However, the point is not to
pass judgement but to settle disputes, through consultations if possible.

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 WTO AND ADR TECHNIQUES

INTRODUCTION:

The WTO’s procedure is a mechanism which is used to settle trade dispute under the
Dispute Settlement Understanding. In WTO, a dispute arises when a member of government
of a country believes that another member government is violating an agreement which has
been made in the WTO. The goal of the WTO dispute resolution system is to be positive
Settlement of disputes. Mutually acceptable solution to parties to controversy the cover deal
should be clear. Due to lack of it the mutually agreed solution is that the first target of the
DSB is usually safe Withdrawal of inaccessible actions.

Since its origin in 1947, the GATT which is marked by the United States and by 128
nations which accommodated interviews and question goals, permitting GATT gathering to
summon debate settlement articles. GATT did not particularly set out the methodology but
rather the nations that is the nation’s you the assertion built up a more nitty gritty process
including specially appointed boards and different practices. The Dispute settlement
understanding, formally known as principles and system administering settlement question,
inclusion frames tenets and methods that oversee different debate emerging from contracts.

"The WTO question settlement framework is a tenets based framework instead of

arrangement, appeasement and intercession sort of debate goals component. The framework
incorporates procedural advances that can be started by any WTO Member disappointed with
other Member is measures viewed as conflicting with any arrangement of the WTO
Agreements."" But under the World Trade Organization, debate settlement methodology
accommodates all political or strategic and lawful techniques for question settlement, and can
be partitioned into four main stages: conferences, the board procedure, the Appellate Body,
and usage. In the principal phase of conferences, the points of the WTO debate settlement
component are "to anchor a positive answer for a question."

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PROCEDURE:

There are two main ways to settle a dispute i.e.,

1. By the way of bilateral consultation

2. Through adjudication

These are binding upon the parties once adopted by DSB1

Dispute settlement body is responsible for settling the disputes between the countries
in trade related aspects. The DSB has the absolute authority to establish panels of experts to
consider the case and to accept or reject the panels’ findings or the results of an appeal.

CONSULTATION:

A part nation may ask for meetings when it considers another part nation to have "encroached
upon the commitments expected under a Covered Agreement." If the respondent neglects to
react inside ten days or go into interviews inside thirty days, the dissension "may continue
straightforwardly to ask for the foundation of a board."2

Great Offices, Conciliation and Mediation

“Not at all like discussion in which "a complainant has the ability to drive a respondent to
answer and counsel or face a panel," decent workplaces, pacification and intercession "are
embraced intentionally if the gatherings to the question so agree."No prerequisites on frame,
time, or technique for them exist. Any gathering may start or end them at any time. The
grumbling party may ask for the arrangement of board, "if the gatherings to the debate
mutually think about that the great workplaces, mollification or intervention process has
neglected to settle the dispute." Thus the DSU perceived that what was essential was that the
countries engaged with a debate go to a useful comprehension on the best way to continue,
and that occasionally the formal WTO debate goals process would not be the most ideal
approach to discover such an understanding. In any case, no country could basically overlook
its commitments under worldwide exchange assertions without going out on a limb that a
WTO board would observe its conduct.”

1
Dispute settlement board
2
The international Economic journal

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Panel Phase:

“In the event that conference, great workplaces, assuagement or intercession neglects
to settle the debate, the griping gathering may ask for the arrangement of board. The DSB
will frame a board, "except if at that gathering the DSB chooses by accord not to set up a
panel.”Boards will be made out of very much qualified administrative as well as non-
legislative individuals "with a view to guaranteeing the autonomy of the members and whose
legislatures are not the gatherings to the question, except if the gatherings to the debate
concur otherwise. Three specialists make a board except if the gatherings consent to have five
panellists.

The Secretariat proposes assignments for boards that the gatherings will not contradict
aside from convincing reasons. If the gatherings differ on the specialists, upon the demand of
either party, "the executive general in meeting with the administrator of the DSB and the
director of the applicable chamber or committees will name the specialists. At the point
when different gatherings ask for the foundation of a board with respect to a similar issue, the
DSU recommends a solid inclination for a solitary board to be set up to look at these
grumblings considering the privileges of all individuals concerned. The DSU gives any part
that has a generous enthusiasm for an issue before a panel and informs its enthusiasm to the
DSB an open door to be heard by the board and to make composed entries to the panel.

The board will present its discoveries as composed answer to the DSB. When in
doubt, it will not surpass a half year from the development of the board to accommodation of
the answer to the DSB. In break survey stage, the board presents a between time answer to
the gatherings. The board will hold a further gathering with the parties if the gatherings
present composed remarks. On the off chance that no remarks are given by the gatherings
inside the remark time frame, the report will be the last report and flowed quickly to the
members. Within sixty days after the report is coursed to the individuals, the report will be
embraced at a DSB meeting except if involved with the debate formally advises the DSB of
its choice to advance or the DSB chooses by agreement not to adjust the report.”

Appellate Body Review:

The DSB builds up a standing Appellate Body that will hear the interests from board
cases. The Appellate Body "will be made out of seven people, three of whom will serve on
any one case. Those people serving on the Appellate Body are to be "people of perceived
specialist, with showed mastery in law, worldwide exchange and the topic of the Covered

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Agreements generally. The Body will consider just "issues of law canvassed in the board
report and legitimate understandings created by the panel. Its procedures will be private, and
its reports anonymous. This arrangement is critical in light of the fact that, in contrast to
made a decision in the United States, the individuals from the investigative board don't serve
forever. This implies if their choices were open, they would be liable to individual countering
by governments troubled with choices, in this manner debasing the decency of the procedure.
Choices made by the Appellate Body may maintain, alter, or turn around the legitimate
discoveries and finishes of the panel. The DSB and the gatherings will acknowledge the
report by the Appellate Body without corrections except if the DSB chooses by accord not to
embrace the Appellate Body report inside thirty days following its course to the members.

Remedies:

There are ramifications for the part whose measure or exchange hone is found to
abuse the Covered Agreements by a board or Appellate Body. The debate board issues
proposals with recommendations of how a country is to come into consistence with the
exchange agreements. If the part neglects to do as such inside the decided sensible time of
time, the complainant may ask for transactions for compensation. Within twenty days after
the termination of the sensible timeframe, if acceptable pay isn't concurred, the whining party
"may ask for approval from the DSB to suspend the application to the part worried of
concessions or different commitments under the Covered Agreements.

Striking back will be first constrained to the equivalent sector. If the griping party
considers the countering lacking, it might look for countering crosswise over sectors. The
DSB "will concede approval to suspend concessions or different commitments inside thirty
days of the expiry of the sensible time except if the DSB chooses by agreement to dismiss the
request. The defendant may question the level of suspension proposed.”The first board, if
individuals are accessible, or a judge delegated by the chief general may lead discretion.

Arbitration:

Individuals may look for discretion inside the WTO as elective methods for question
settlement to encourage the arrangement of specific debate that worry issues that are plainly
characterized by both parties. Those gatherings must achieve shared consent to intervention
and the strategies to be pursued. Concurred mediation must be told to all individuals
preceding the start of the discretion procedure. Outsiders may move toward becoming
gathering to the discretion "just upon the understanding of the gatherings that have consented

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to have plan of action to arbitration. The gatherings to the procedure must consent to submit
to the assertion grant. "Assertion grants will be advised to the DSB and the Council or
Committee of any important assertion where any part may raise any point relating thereto.

European Hormone Case3

In the European Hormone Case the board found the logical proof for the import
confinements on hamburger treated with development hormones to be deficient to legitimize
the limitation on exchange, be that as it may, as a result, left open a wide assortment of
courses for the EU to comply. The EU is directing further investigations with expectations of
supporting the boycott. This was where the WTO board obviously went up against the
popularity based will of the general population, as communicated through their national
governing bodies and the European Parliament, since the hormone limitations were at first
embraced under extraordinary open weight. The board favoured the United States by finding
that the arrangements were self-assertive and had the impact of limiting exchange, yet left
choices for the EU also by proposing that more entire logical proof would legitimize the ban.
Alternatively, the board demonstrated that specialized changes in the manner in which the
strategy is actualized could lessen the approach's negative effect on exchange. Still, the
board was firm in decision that the present arrangement is conflicting with the SPS
Agreement, and the EU should roll out substantive improvements to come into consistence.
On the off chance that it doesn't, the EU will be required to offer other exchanging
concessions to make up for misfortunes, some $200 million every year as per the United
States. The EU has until 1999 to go along.

Japan Alcohol Case4

A U.S. grumbling against Japan that brought about a debate settlement board choice
embraced in July of 1996 will require a 40 percent decrease of the Japanese duty on liquor
imports, which will include a huge number of dollars in fares to U.S. producers.(78) The
board concurred with U.S. claims that the Japanese Liquor Tax Law that accommodated
lower charges on a Japanese created alcohol called shochu, versus a higher one on bourbon,
cognac and wine spirits, was an infringement of the GATT Article III, Section 2, national
treatment arrangements.

3
WT/DS26/R/USA
4
WT/DS11/AB/R

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 The Cotton Underwear Case5

In the Cotton Underwear Case, the board found the U.S. measure conflicting with exchange
understandings. Nonetheless, the U.S. measure was permitted to lapse barely multi month
after the board report, as altered by the Appellate Body, was received, bringing the United
States consequently into consistence with the decision.(95) This recommends the U.S.
government could flag its readiness to keep WTO board decisions by deciding not to restore a
control that was set to terminate.

Conclusion:

The WTO Dispute Settlement System expects to give adequate techniques to settling
the question brought before it. The framework expects to anchor a positive arrangement to
debate. An answer commonly worthy to the gatherings of debate and predictable with the
secured assertion is plainly to be favoured. In this way, the favoured goal of the DSU is for
the Members worried to settle the debate among them in a maimer that is steady with the
WTO agreements. The elective means for settling debate are great workplaces, appeasement
and intercession. Interviews are the key non-legal/political element of the debate settlement
arrangement of the WTO. Counsels give the gatherings to elucidate the realities of the issue
and the cases of the complainant, conceivably dissipating false impressions with regards to
the real idea of the measure at issue. Also, conferences serve either to establish the
framework for a settlement or for further procedures under the WTO DSU. The counsel
organize is considered as mandatory prerequisite and critical arrange for settling exchange
question. Counsels give the gatherings chance to talk about the matter and to find a
satisfactory solution without resorting to litigation; only after such mandatory consultations
have failed to produce a satisfactory solution within 60 days may the complainant request
adjudication by panel.

The adoption by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body of a panel or Appellate Body
report finding that a U.S. law, regulation, or practice violates a WTO agreement does not give
the report direct legal effect in this country. Thus, federal law is not affected until Congress
or the executive branch, as the case may be, changes the law or administrative measure at

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WT/DS24/8

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issue.22 Procedures for executive branch compliance with adverse decisions are set out in §§
123(g) and 129 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, P.L. 103-465, 19 U.S.C. §§ 3533(g),
3538. Only the federal government may bring suit against a state or locality to declare a state
or local law invalid because of inconsistency with a WTO agreement; private remedies based
on WTO obligations are also precluded.23 Federal courts have held that WTO panel and
Appellate Body reports are not binding on the judiciary24 and have treated determinations
involving “whether, when, and how” to comply with a WTO decision as falling within the
province of the executive rather than the judicial branch.

BIBILOGRAPHY:

1. The international economic study centre

2. See the http://www.wto.orgAVTO Disputes - Dispute Settlement CBT - Dispute
Settlement without recourse to Panels and the Appellate Body - Mutually agreed
solutions

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