rS-CE-C lirc~Al'~ll' of 'Elie Unfieil S'tafea Governmen:t

MISCELLANEOUS PAPER ~-68-3

HEAD LOSSES IN SUBCRITICAL FLOW

CHANNEL TRANSITIONS
by •

Y. 1-t Chu

September 1968

Sponsored by

Office, Chief of Engineers

U. S. Army

Conducted by

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

CORPS OF ENGINEERS
Vicksburg, Mississippi

T~IS DOCUMENT ~AS BEEN APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE

AND SALE; ITS DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED

LIBRARY
US ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATIOI'l
VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI
 MISCELLANEOUS PAPER H-68-3

HEAD LOSSES IN SUBCRITICAL FLOW

CHANNEL TRANSITIONS
by

Y. ~. Chu

September 1968

Sponsored by

Office, Chief of Engineers

U. S. Army

Conducted by

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

CORPS OF ENGINEERS
Vicksburg, Mississippi

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE

AND SALE; ITS DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED
 H'/ ------------------------------------------------~
LU'a.~~
N o l-1- lo ~ - ~

PREFACE

The s tudy described in this paper was performed at the u. s. Army

Engineer Wat~rways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, during

the • period May-October 1967. The study was made to provide data for

' .~ : use in revising Engineer Manual, Engineering and Design, Hydraulic Design
•
.. '-
·~r Flood Control Channels, EM 1110-2-1601, dated 30 October 1967, for the
•
Offic.e, Chief of Engineers. It was supported by FY 1967 and 1968 Engineer-
•
..
ing Studies funds allotted under ES 804, Development of Hydraulic Design

. . -Criteria.
... The basic tests were made and the data analyzed by PFC Joseph Canton,
.. ,.
..
... E4, under the supervision of Mr. Y. H. Chu, Hydraulic Research Engineer,
' i.'

· . Analysis Section, Hydraulic Analysis Branch, Hydraulics Division. This

report was prepared by Mr. Chu under ·the supervision of Mr. R. G. Cox,

Chief, Analysis Section •

••

••• Director of the Waterways Experiment Station during the study was
•
Col. J. s. Oswalt, Jr. Mr. J. B. Tiffany was Technical Director. Chief

of the Hydraulics Division was Mr. E. P. Fortson, Jr. Mr. F. B. Campbell

•
was Chief of the Hydraulic Analysis Branch.
,, /

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69389
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HEAD LOSSES IN SUBCRITICAL

.. FLOW CHANNEL TH.ANS IT IONS
•' .

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1. The purpose of the study was the investigatioh of the head losses
for subcritical flows pnssing channel transitions. It was also desired to
· provide additional information for Figure 3, MP 2-818 relative to depth
correction factors for use in the momentum procedure developed therein.

2. A plywood transition was buil~ for the purpose of the investiga-

tions. It consisted of a transition and two rectangular channel reaches.
The divergent or convergent angle of the transition reach was 12.5 degrees
as recommended by Hind< 1 >*. The rectangular channels, one 28 3/4 in. wide
ru1d the other 6 in. wide, were connected to their respective ends of the
transition reach. Detail geometric construction can be discerned from
Plate 1. The study was accomplished by inserting the plywood channels in
the existing steel flume of Hydraulic Research Facility. The channels were
positioned in the flume first to operate as a contraction and then as an
expansion (see Plate 1). By the use of triangular fillet blocks, the wide
rectangular channel and the transition reach were transformed, respectively,
into a trapezoidal-shaped channel and a broken-back-type transition. The
slope of the fillet block in the uniform channel was 1 on 2. The height of
channels was six inches.

3. Discharge was measured using a 6- x 3-inch venturi tube equipped

with .a U-tube water nanometer. Previous flume investigations indicated
that this method of discharge measurement is reasonably accurate. Water-
surface elevations relative to the rail of the steel flume were measured
with a standard point gage .

4. The head losses in channel transitions, generally, are classified

as outlet losses for expansions and inlet losses for contractions. The
loss coefficients C0 and Ci are usually defined< 2 as: .

AZ = (1 - C0 ) AhV (outlet loss coefficient)

AZ - (1 + Ci) AhV (inlet loss coefficient)
..
where AZ and Ahv are , respectively, the change of surface elevation and
ve locity head from upstream to downstream of the transition. Stations
located approximately 0.5 times the transition length upstream and down-
stream from the transition reach were considered to approximate unifprm

•
*Raised figures are reference numbers at end of text.

•
 flow and were selected for computation purposes. When the surface
fluctuations become pronounced as a result of increasing the Froude
number, the mean water-surface elevations were carefully determined by
averaging repetative point gage readings. In addition, the surface pro-
file for eack test run was recorded. Because of the relatively smooth
bo~ndary involved, the friction losses were small compared with the
turbulence loss, and therefore were considered as part.of the transition
geometric loss.

5. Test results are summarized as shown in Table 1. The code'of

each run is designated, as for example, RIT5-3 which means the third
run on a rectangular (R) to trapezoidal (T) transition with an expansion
of 1 to 5. Water surface profiles for each run are attached (Plates 2-10) . .
These profiles reflect any unstable surface fluctuations at the measuring
stations; and the plotted data, therefore, may not necessarily correlate
exactly with the depth data of Table 1.

Plate 11 shows the loss coefficients plotted against the Froude

numbers. For the expanding transitions, the coefficient C0 was plotted
as a function of the Froude number of the upstream flow (F1 ). The value
of loss coefficient C0 varied between 0.8 and 1.0 for the simple rectangular
expansion (Plate lla). No correlation between C0 and F1 was observed.
The loss coefficient for the broken-back-type transition expansions was
found to vary from 1.0 to 0.4 as F1 increased from 0.2 to 0.6 (Plate llb).
Such a (~jnd of variation also has been reported by Soliman(3) and
Simmons . Additional tests are needed to permit more firm conclusions
to be made.

For the contracting transition, the downstream Froude number (F2 )

was used in plots. As can be discerned in Plate llc and d, the loss Ci
• is in the neighborhood of 0.3. The results seem to indicate that for
higher F2 the Ci value has a slight tendency to decrease for the simple
rectangular transitions. The average Ci for the broken-back-type con-
traction is about 0.32 which is slightly higher than that for simple
rectangular ones.

6. It was noticed that the expansion loss (C 0 ) is appreciably greater

than the contract ion loss (Ci) even though the expansion and contraction
angles are the same. With 12 . 5 degrees expansions, the flow is not com-
pletely expanded along the side wall. Photograph 1 shows the side eddy
resulting from flow separation. The eddy formed on either side of the
expansion, and with any minor disturbance in the flow could be moved to
the opposite side. The high degree of turbulence induc~d by this eddy
contributes to the large energy dissipation for expanding transition.

2 I
' •
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TABLE 1

BASIC OBSERVED AND COMPUTED RESULTS

Run Q Ya v:a
cfs ft fps
•

' Contractions
•
R5R1-1 0.257 0.377 0.323 0.2727 1.567 0.078 0.48 0. 30
R5R1-2 0. 184 0.368 0.343 0.200 1. 073 0.058 0.32 0.40
R5R1-3 0.184 0.312 0.280 0.236 1.314 0.074 0.44 0.20
R5R1-4 0.184 0.264 0. 197 0.279 1.868 0.096 0.74 0.25
R5R1-5 o. 184 0.279 0.230 0.264 1.559 0.088 0.57 0.15
R5Rl-6 0.182 0.276 0.227 0.264 1.604 0.088 0.59 0.24
R5R1-7 0.183 0.371 0.348 0.197 1.052 0.057 0.31 0.34

T5R1-1 0.170 0.3535 0.332 0.2719 1.024 0. 081 0.31 0.35

T5Rl-2 0.232 0.352 0.303 0. 3732 1. 531 0.11 0.49 0.39
T5Rl-3 0.273 0.341 0.239 0.4591 2.284 o. 14 0.82 0.27
. .
T5R1-4 0.212 0.315 0.261 0.3755 1.624 0.12 0.56 0.34
T5R1-5 0.187 0.314 0.279 0.3524 1.341 0.11 0.44 0.27
T5Rl-6 0.167 0.345 0.325 0.2763 1.028 0.083 0.32 0.26
T5R1-7 0.206 0.319 0.2745 0.3799 1.501 0.12 0.50 0.34

Run Q

•
Expansions

R1T5-1 0.215 0.345 0.362 1. 2463 0.3324 0.26 0.097 0.73

R1T5-2 0.215 0.308 0.325 1.3961 0.3863 0.31 0.12 0.79
R1T5-3 0.145 0.3505 0.367 0.8276 0.2199 0.17 0.064 0.44
RlT5-4 0.145 0.336 0.349 0.8630 0.2360 0.18 0.070 0.81
R1T5-5 0.156 0.3755 0.388 0.8311 0.1675 0.17 0.047 0.85
R1T5-6 0.148 0.357 0.368 0.8291 0.2236 0.17 0.065 1. 00
R1T5-7 0.147 0.348 0.360 0.8448 0.2291 o. 18 0.067 0.926 •

R1T5-8* 0.155 0.267 0.336 1.161 0.2659 0.40 0.081 0.60

R1T5-9* 0.157 0.191 0.294 1.644 0.317 0.66 /
0.103 0. 41
R1T5-10* 0.155 0.210 0.311 1.476 0.3252 0.57 0.103 0.38

R1R5-1 0.168 0.378 0.3905 0.889 0.1912 0.25 0.054 o. 87

R1R5-2 0.168 0.277 0.286 1.213 0. 2473 0.41 o. 081 1.14
R1R5-3 0.240 0.390 0.403 1. 231 0.2508 0.35 0.070 0.91
R1R5-4* 0.218 0.319 0.382 1.364 0.2397 0.43 0.068 0.86
R1R5-5* 0.218 0.295 0.375 1.478 0.2448 0.48 0.071 1.03

*Data obtained from sloping channel

•
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3
 •

7. In general, quantitative results are comparable with those from

the recent research. Simmons< 4 > reported a value of 0.65 (varied from ·
0.6 to 0.7) f?r the outlet loss (C 0 ) for broken back, open-channel transi-

0.4 to 0.5) for the inlet loss (C 1 ). Chow 2 recommended 0.3 for Ci and
tions discharging from pipe into canals an~ ~ value of 0.45 (varied from

0.5 for C0 for straight-line type transition and 0.3 for Ci and 0.75 for
C0 for the square-ended type one. Compared with data in other references ·
listed at the end of this memorandum, the present results seem slightly
high. It is worthwhile to point out that Formica(5), Smith and Yu(6)
computed their head losses by using the differences of specific energy.
Although, their test flume had a relatively flat bed, it is believed that
a small deviation from the level will cause large effects on energy loss
computation, especially for subcritical transitions. Because the geometric
conditions for the tested channels used in the references are not the same,
a general comparison was not drawn. It should be emphasized here that the
energy loss for subcritical flow transitions is quite small compared with
the specific energy of the incoming flow. The analysis is based on one-
dimensional approach, and does not include a velocity correction coefficient.
The resulting coefficients are based on assumed velocity distribution both
ver~ically and horizontally.

8. The test data have also been analyzed in a manner permitting a com-
p~rison to be made with Figure 3 of MP 2-848< 9 >. The results are indicated
as WES data shown in Plate 12. Generally, results are in good agreement
with other data shown for expanding channels. For converging channels, the
depth ratio obtained (y2 /y1 ) is limited to 1.03. Higher ratios would have
resulted in supercritical flow downstream from the transition. The "Cor-
rection Factors" computed according to equation 14 of MP 2-848 for diverging
flow are close to unity. The computed WES data are summarized below.

TABLE 2

Depth Correction Factor Kp •

•
Run Y2 1Y1 B2 /}\ '/ K
p
R5Rl-l 0.973 0.21 0.960
RSRl-2 0.929 0.21 1. 050
R5Rl-3 0.897 0.21 1.069
R5Rl-4 0.746 0.21 1.245
R5Rl-5 0.846 0.21 1.113
RSRl-6 0.823 0.21 1.144
R5Rl-7 0.938 0.21 1.042
RlR5-l 1.033 4.79 0.985
RlRS-2 1.033 4.79 1.012
RlR5-3 1.033 4.79 0.999
•
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4
•
 References

1. Hinds, J • H., " The Hydraulic Design of Flume and Siphon Transi-
tions," Paper ~o. 1689 and discussions. Trans. of ASCE, Vol. 92, 1928.

2. Chow, V. T., "Open Channel Hydr.aulics," page 310, McGraw-Hill

Book Co., 1959.

3. Soliman, M. M. , Discussion on "Use of Baffles in Open Channel

Expansions," by c. D. Smith and James N. G. Yu. Journal of the Hydraulics
Division, ASCE, Vol. 92, No. HY 5, Sept. 1966.

4. Simmons, W. P., "Transitions for Canals and CUlverts,'' Journal

of Hydraulics Division, ASCE, May 1964.

5. Formica, G., "Expenenge preliminari sulle predite di caric o nei

canadi, devute a cambi amenti di sezione," page 554, L'Energia Elettrica,
1955.

'
•
. . ..
6 ., Sm1.' th , C D and Yu , James N G , "Use of Baffles 1.' n Open Chan-
- ,~1 Expansions," Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 92, No.
~ . ~ , March 1966.
I •
••
"De sign Standards No. 3 - Canals and Related Structures " para-
. 7<
graP.h 2•25B, USBR, 1963 •
•

It • II
8. Powell, S • B., Expansion and Contraction Coefficients, File
No. 640, WESHP.
. .
Patterson, J. W., "A
-
Momentum Approach to Open Channel Transi-
. ·' . .
' 9.It
..
Jions, MP 2-848, WES.
..
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' FLOW VISUALIZATION

TRANSITI ON LOSS TEST
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---- -
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SIMPLE RECTAN'GUL.o.\.R EXP.~\S IOX

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LOSS COEFFJCIENT •

OPEN-CHANNeL TR.ANSION

69389
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LEGEND
bJb, "Tt:r~~~~o~
SOUf'\C.t:
BASIC EQUATION : SYMBOL OF r>,...TA.
<» Q 0.250 re \~ CHfi•;TU~VEDI
0 D o:~ns ,e,tJ ,,
•I
Q tl ().500 IS tl.l
e R ~-~tl\) 61.'5 ~~~
0 2..lob1 Sb.~J)J
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...,,.0
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'I

t,~) kp ('F,~)j
A
+ 2 .,. + [ :: A '+.7<.) 0 'Hi v
)( FORMIC./\ •
+ l\~L!\'7' $ N 'Tf~l't.h'!-11')
h.OCO )'\) ( t-.TI <.I\1 1.,\\T ~\'Lt:,)

.·
=0 1>
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JQ.OCO
-- 11

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(CURI\£0 ~\ t:>'C'~)
l~\n.,..,,c..,..':i ~,ct~.)

.
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NOTE: Circular symbols indicate data in which the
energy was found to be less for the down-
stream section. Square symbols represent
..
I

data in which the downstream energy was

• • f found to be larger than the upstream energy .
I

I CORRECTION FACTOR
.,

I • OPEN C~~L TRANSITION

CONVERGING AND DIVERGING SECTIONS
'._

••
PLA'TE \2..