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Aerobic activities use the larger muscle groups over an extended time period
where the energy is supplied by the oxygen utilizing process. Sample activities
include walking, jogging, swimming, and cycling.
Anaerobic threshold defines the upper limit of exercise intensity that can be
sustained aerobically. The anaerobic threshold is attained during more
intense exercise where anaerobic metabolism represents a significant
proportion of the required energy supply. The onset of blood lactate
accumulation (OBLA), aerobic-anaerobic threshold, individual anaerobic
threshold, point of metabolic acidosis, and lactate threshold essentially mean
the same thing.
Exercise guidelines refer to the type and amount of activity specific to the
intensity, frequency, and length of workouts needed to produce or maintain
desired physical fitness outcomes.
MET: One MET is the amount of energy expended sitting quietly at rest
adjusted to body weight (1 MET = 3.5 ml oxygen consumed/kg of body
weight/minute). Also equal to 1 kcal/kg/hour. Physical activity intensity is
often expressed in MET units. For example, walking at a 14 minute pace per
mile is expressed at an intensity of 6 METs or 6 times the energy sitting
quietly at rest.
Physical fitness relates to a set of attributes that people have or achieve that
determine the ability to perform physical activity. Physical fitness is the
ability of the body to respond or adapt to the demands and stress of physical
effort.
Speed relates to the ability to perform a movement within a short time period.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency for biologic work. The
chemical breakdown of ATP to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) produces an
immediate energy source for muscular contraction.
Metabolic fitness is the ability to provide energy (ATP) to the muscles during
activity.
Oxygen deficit is the delay in oxygen consumption during exercise when the
oxygen needed for energy production remains below the required amount.
The deficit is greatest during short-term intense exercise when the energy is
supplied anaerobically. This exercise induced oxygen deficit produces an
excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) above the resting level even
following mild activity. The EPOC is needed to restore the oxygen deficit and
physiologic function to the resting state.
Training principles are guidelines that form the basis for exercise program
development. The training principles are difined below.
Overload means that the body adapts to the type and amount of training
stimulus imposed and fitness gains are made by progressively increasing
(same as progressive overload) the exercise load.
Specificity means that the body adapts to the type and amount (volume and
intensity) of exercise load and the primary energy system(s) engaged during
the activity. For example, training specifically for muscular strength and
power may only produce adaptations to those fitness components without
improving cardiorespiratory fitness.
References
1. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and
Prescription (fifth edition). 1995: Williams & Wilkins.
Cardiorespiratory endurance is the recommended term for the fitness component frequently
described as cardiovascular fitness, aerobic fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness, or cardiovascular
endurance. Numerous terms are used to describe the component of fitness associated with
functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems. However, there are subtle
differences in meaning and interpretation among these different terms. For field measures, the
IOM (2012) recommends the definition by Saltin (1973); cardiorespiratory endurance is “the
ability to perform large-muscle, whole body exercise at a moderate to high intensity for extended
periods of time” (IOM, 2012, p. 1-2). The term cardiorespiratory endurance, and its definition, is
appropriate for use in fitness education because it reflects the ability of a person to perform
functional fitness activities of daily life associated with the three principal systems supporting
performance (cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular).
Corbin and colleagues (2014, pp. 28-29) further indicated the following:
Performance on the commonly used PACER test, for example, reflects cardiorespiratory
endurance since it directly relates to the ability to sustain aerobic activity over an extended
period. Lap scores on the PACER provide baseline information for both health information
(where you stand in terms of health) and functional information (how much you can do and if you
are getting better) and are useful in personal program planning. Lap scores can also be converted
to estimates of aerobic capacity, but the raw lap scores provide unique meaning about functional
fitness. The mile run test also can reflect cardiorespiratory endurance, but it is not as widely used
(or endorsed) due to the issues with motivation and pacing. The walk test, a test option offered in
FG, provides an alternative assessment of cardiorespiratory endurance that has particular utility
for youth with low fitness, special needs, and those who are just beginning physical activity.
Aerobic capacity reflects the maximal amount of oxygen that can be taken in and used by the
body. It is typically expressed as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and VO2max is generally
considered to be the best measure of aerobic capacity. Because differences in body size can
influence oxygen uptake (i.e., bigger people have more body tissue and use more oxygen), the
measure of aerobic capacity is most commonly expressed relative to body weight or milliliters O2
consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute (ml/kg/min or mL/kg-1/min-1).
In summary, cardiorespiratory endurance is the preferred term for use in health-related fitness field testing of youth when
referring to the ability to sustain aerobic exercise for a long period. Aerobic capacity refers to the amount of oxygen that can
be used in maximal exercise. Tests of aerobic capacity are typically done in a laboratory setting. Aerobic capacity scores are
used to validate tests of cardiorespiratory endurance; these scores can be estimated from scores on field tests.
References
Corbin, C.B., Welk, G.J., Richardson, C., Vowell, C., Lambdin, D., & Wikgren, S. (2014). Youth physical fitness: Ten key
concepts. JOPERD, 85, 2, 24-31.
Institute of Medicine. (2012). Fitness measures and health Outcomes in youth. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.