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Hitesh Mohapatra
Data link layer divided into two functionality-oriented sublayers
Taxonomy of multiple-access protocols discussed in
this chapter
ALOHA
Random Access
4
• No idle state
3
• Multiple send/receive
2
• Avoid Collision 1
• Avoid Trafficking
Procedure for pure ALOHA protocol
Vulnerable time for pure ALOHA protocol
Frames in a slotted ALOHA network
Vulnerable time for slotted ALOHA protocol
Space/time model of the collision in CSMA
Vulnerable time in CSMA
Behavior of three
persistence methods
Flow diagram for three
persistence methods
Collision of the first bit in CSMA/CD
Collision and abortion in CSMA/CD
Flow diagram for the
CSMA/CD
Energy level during transmission, idleness, or
collision
Timing in CSMA/CA
Note In CSMA/CA, if the station
finds the channel busy, it
does not restart the timer
of the contention window;
it stops the timer and
restarts it when the
In CSMA/CA, the channel becomes idle.
IFS can also be
used to define the
priority of a
station or a frame.
Flow diagram for CSMA/CA
Controlled Access
Controlled Access
In FDMA, the
available
bandwidth
of the common
channel is divided
into bands that
are separated by
guard bands.
TDMA
In TDMA, the
bandwidth is just one
channel that is
timeshared between
different stations.
CDMA
In CDMA, one
channel carries
all transmissions
simultaneously.
Simple idea of communication with code
Chip sequences
Data representation in CDMA
Sharing channel in CDMA
Digital signal created by four stations in CDMA
Decoding of the composite signal for one in CDMA
General rule and
examples of creating
Walsh tables
The number of
sequences in a
Walsh table needs to
be N = 2m.
Reference
The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at Xerox’s Palo 1. MAC Sublayer
Alto Research Centre (PARC). Since then, it has gone 2. Physical Layer
through four generations. We briefly discuss the
Standard (or traditional) Ethernet in this section.
Ethernet evolution through four generations
802.3 MAC frame
Minimum and maximum lengths
Frame length:
Minimum: 64 bytes (512 bits)
Maximum: 1518 bytes (12,144 bits)
Example of an Ethernet address in
hexadecimal notation
Unicast and multicast addresses
Note