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Equations
Intensity ∝ 1 / d2 (d = distance)
Heat (J) = w x kVp x mAs (w = waveform; kVp = maximum accelerating voltage; mAs =
current per second)
Optical density = log10 (I0 / In) (I0 = intensity of incident beam; In = intensity of transmitted
light beam)
Film speed = 1000 / (air kerma required for density of base-plus-fog +1)
Intensifying screen
Intensification factor = exposure required to produce given optical density without screen /
exposure needed with screen
Anti-scatter grid
Tungsten
Molybdenum
Rhodium
DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
Computed Radiography
CR Image Plate Phosphor layer = barium fluorohalide activated with divalent europium
ions. 0.3 mm thick
Direct DR
MAMMOGRAPHY
ULTRASOUND
Equations
Safety
SPATIAL RESOLUTION
Technique Lp / mm
CR 2.5 to 5
SFR 5 to 8
CT 1
PET 8-10
SPECT 18
Film mammography 15
Digital mammgraphy 7
Fluoroscopy Monitor 1.2 to 3
DOSES
Nuclear Medicine
DOSE LIMITS
Classified Person
Skull AP 3
Skull lateral 1.5
Chest PA 0.2
Chest lateral 1.0
Thoracic spine AP 3.5
Thoracic spine lateral 10
Lumbar spine AP 6.0
Lumbar spine lateral 14
Lumbar spine LSJ 26
Abdomen AP 6.0
Pelvis AP 4.0
Background Radiation
ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS
Air -1000
Lung -300
Fat -90
Water 0
White matter 30
Grey matter 40
Muscle 50
Cortical bone >1000
T1 (ms) T2 (ms)
Fat 250 80
Kidney 550 60
White Matter 650 90
Grey Matter 800 100
CSF 2000 150
Water 3000 3000
Bone, teeth Very long Very long