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Abstract
Jatropha curcas L. is a perennial tree under Euphorbiaceae family and well known for alternative
source of biodiesel obtained from its seed. The study examined the latex of J. curcas crude that might
be toxic to human and plant pathogen fungi namely Fusarium oxyporum, F. solani and Aspergillus
niger; wood decay fungi which were Trametes versicolor and Gleophylum trabeum. The specific
objectives of this study were firstly to determine the toxicity of crude powdered J.curcas latex,
secondly to determine the chemical compositions of crude powdered J. curcas latex and thirdly to
determine the chemical constituents of crude powdered J.curcas latex. Three different concentrations
of J. curcas latex (100 mg/ml, 50mg/ml and 25 mg/ml) were prepared for in vitro bioassay test using
agar well diffusion method. The wells were filled with concentration prepared and the growths of
microorganisms were observed after 72 hours incubation period. The crude latex of J.curcas was
subjected to composition and constituent analyses using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectroscopy
(GC/MS). In toxicity test, all tested fungi showed significant inhibition to all fungus tested except A.
niger. The main compounds detected were dotriacontane (24%), pentatriacontane (20%),
hexatriacontane (20%), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (41%) and -sitosterol (35%). Further study
should be carried out to tap the potential of J. curcas latex as active ingredient in the pharmaceutical
and pesticide production.
Keywords: Jatropha curcas; pure powdered latex; toxicity; chemical composition; chemical constituent.
1 INTORDUCTION
Jatropha curcas Linn. belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, known as ‘Jarak Pagar’ in Malay and
widely known as physic nut. It is a drought resistant and perennial tropical plant that can be grown in
low to high rainfall areas either in the farms as a commercial crop or on the boundaries as a hedge to
protect fields from grazing animals and to prevent erosion (Irvine, 1961). It grows under a wide range
of rainfall regimes from 250 to over 1200 mm per annum (Katwal & Soni, 2003). The extract of its
leaves has antifungal properties (Garcia & Lawas, 1990). Fruit of J. curcas is highly toxic and may
lead to death if consumed. According to Goonasekera et al. (1995), the fruit may cause pregnancy-
terminating in rat which benefit the pest management industry. However, the toxicity can be removed
and utilized to many other purposes. The water extract of J. curcas branches showed inhibition on the
HIV induced cytopathic effect with low cytotoxicity (Matsuse et al., 1999).
study done by Suhaili et al. (2011) on the crude latex extract revealed the presence of saponins and
tannins as had previously been reported on other parts of the plant. Saponins and tannins, in
particular, have been reported to possess antimicrobial activity (Zakaria et al., 2010)
2 METHODOLOGY
However, A. niger showed no significant effect of J.curcas latex on the growth of this fungus in any
concentrations of J. curcas latex (Fig. 2).
100 mg/ml concentration showed strong inhibition with inhibition diameter more than 20 mm.
Gleophylum trabeum was observed to strongly inhibited with 27 mm inhibition zone. F. Oxysporum
and T. versicolor recorded 25.7 mm zone of inhibition. F. solani formed inhibition zone of 20 mm. For
50 mg/ml concentration, inhibition zone of T. versicolor was 22 mm, indicated strong inhibition while
the lowest inhibition diameter was F. solani with 16 mm indicated moderate activity. Both F.
oxysporum and G. trabeum showed inhibition zone of 21 mm. For 25 mg/ml concentration, inhibition
zone was strong on both F. oxysporum and T. versicolor with 20 mm while less inhibition was
observed on F. solani with 14 mm which indicated moderate activity. G. trabeum was observed to
inhibited by 19 mm zone of inhibition which indicated moderate inhibition.
Figure 1: Formation of inhibition zone against Figure 2: No inhibition zone showed against
Fusarium solani. Aspergillus niger.
Table 1 summarize zone of inhibitions of J.curcas latex and the readings were taken as mean of three
replicates. Fig. 3 visualized the inhibition classification of different types of fungi and its concentration
and shows different fungi has different inhibition strength for each concentration. Pure latex of
J.curcas has toxicity affect on several human and plant pathogen fungi. Study done by Schmook and
Serralta-Peraza (1997) proved that J. curcas latex can be used to treat fungal infection Henning
(2003) analyzed the presence of alkaloid in J. curcas called jatrophine and it’s believed to have anti
dermatomucosal disease. Ambuse & Bhale (2012) reported J. curcas latex showed toxicity toward the
growth of Fusarium proliferatum and F. pytium. It also been reported that the crude extracts of ethyl
acetate and methanol from stem bark has no significant affect towards A. niger (Gupta et al., 2010).
Table 1: Inhibition zones of fungal species in agar well diffusion plate assay of powdered J. curcas
latex after 5 days incubation
Conc. of latex (mg/ml) Fungi / Zone of inhibition (mm)
FS FO TV GT AN
100 20 ± 2.3 25.7 ± 0.3 25.7 ± 0.8 27 ± 1.5 -
50 16.3 ± 1.2 21.7 ± 0.3 22 ± 1.2 21.7 ± 0.9 -
25 14 ± 1.2 20 ± 0.6 20 ± 2.3 19 ± 1.7 -
Methanol - - - - -
Fig3: Inhibition classification of three concentrations of J. curcas latex against tested fungi
Fig 4: Gas chromatogram traced by GC/MS for n-hexane fraction of powdered J.curcas latex
Tetratriacontane was also reported in the extract of Dictyopteris membracea and showed significants
for antimicrobial activities (Ozdemir et al, 2006). Dotriacontane was reported to show toxicity affect on
the microbe tested. (Amin & Sleem, 2007). This compound was also found in extract of Sideritis
scardica and it showed antimicrobial properties (Vanja et al., 2012). Hexatriacontane is classified as
flavanoid and has very high medicinal value (Vaishali et al., 2009). Yassa et al. (2009) reported
4th Regional Conference on Natural Resources in the Tropics (NTrop4), 2012
Hexatriacontane can be used as active preventing agent for many diseases and also has antioxidant
affects. Tetracosane was also reported in flower extract of Allium atroviolaceum and showed positive
antibacterial activity (Dehpour et al., 2011). It also found in the essential oil of Geranium columbinum
that has toxicity affects (Radulovic et al., 2011)
Table 2: Major chemical constituents identified in n- hexane fraction of pure latex of J.curcas
Methanol fraction is assumed to consist of intermediate polar compounds such as fatty acids and most
abundance chemical identified was mainly classified in alcohol group. Figure 5 shows presence of 1,2-
benzenedicarboxylic acid (40.96%), ß-Sitosterol (35.06%), 2-Hexyl-1-decanol (9.30%) and 4,6-
Cholestadien-3.beta.-ol (4.72%) (Table 3).
2-hexyl-decanol was reported to has antibacterial activities (Najiah et al,. 2008) and also found in Thai
honey bee which has antibiotic affect for many human diseases (Suwannapong et al., 2011). 1,2-
benzenedicarboxylic acid is a plasticizer compound reported to have high toxicity and antimicrobial
effect against Listeria (Hsouna, 2011) and reported as the active phytochemical compound (Chen et
al., 2011). Compound 4,6-Cholestadien-3.beta.-ol was found in extract of Azadiracta indica which had
showed antibacterial activity (Moorthy & Boominathan, 2011).
Fig 5: Gas chromatogram traced by GC/MS for methanol fraction of powdered J.curcas latex
4th Regional Conference on Natural Resources in the Tropics (NTrop4), 2012
Compound ß-Sitosterol was also been found in the root and kernel meal of J.curcas in phenolics and
flavonoids analyses by HPLC analysis (Oskoueian et al., 2011). The compound was also found in the
leaves of J. curcas. ß-Sitosterol has no antifungal effect (Hegazy et al, 2010), but it had significant
effect on bacteria (Gohari et al., 2009)
Table 3: Major chemical constituents identified in methanol fraction of pure latex of J.curcas
4 CONCLUSION
The toxicity test showed J. curcas latex inhibited Trametes versicolor, Gleophyllum trabeum, Fusarium
oxysporum, Fusarium solani, but negative to Aspergillus niger indicate the powdered latex has limited
inhibition affect different type of organisms.The main compounds detected include dotriacontane,
pentatriacontane, hexatriacontane, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and -sitosterol. Extensive research
need to be done with various concentrations of Jatropha curcas latex and organisms. Extraction of
pure compounds to obtain significant active ingredient and finding which inert ingredients have the
potential to be amplified for chemical activation, will lead to the diversification of J. curcas utilization,
and hence benefit industries related to Jatropha.
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