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Pipe layout
Refrigerant Pipework byout
Expndon Valve PMat and External Equaliw location
Dellwry Lines
Condenser to Receiver Pipitq
Liquid Line Piping
-
Suction tine Liquid Line Heat lntereharrgerr
Temperature Conversion
Conl~rsionFactors
Whilst every care has been taken in cmpil ing this manual.
the company cannot be reg#onsiblefor its interpretation -
TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE DEG. F.
A G u m to Room Rakilva
H u d i t k tw V u b w YmmpzIwa
Olffrmc+land E w ~ t h
Tmpm~ra ( B a d w taled Morm
with rtady 0m4thp mnditknr)
In pracriw it b sntremsly difficult to
pd413, mimain or mearue t b
relative humidity wilHn s c ~ L dstore.
Many wrying fecto~lsuch as
opanlngs, cornpasor running tlm,
mrdmnring p . ~~ p,l r a t i q
tonppra~uredifferma, at&, dimlly
dfwt ~ h relativa
s humidity.
I
5 f $ A
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
DEG.C
' PER CENT RELATIVE
HUMIDITY AT STEADY
STATE CONDITIONS
&
load without runhing continuousl~.This leaves time for def rating. I n the case of high temperature rooms 4
1
\
using natural, ar off cycle, defrosting, a 16 hour running time is aimed at. 0.
With forced defrost systems, an 18 hour running time is satisfactory.
.I
1 1. WALL HEAT GAIN
WallHeatGain = KxAxTD
II =
=
C&fficientofthermalconductivityforaspecificthick&afwatlw/m1
Air
- Room
Volume (m3) ' Heat Removed per
Cubic Metreof Air
.
(Table 4)
X
Number of Air
- ChangesperDay(Table3)
Load (W)
86.400 ----
The average number of air changes per day for various w l u m of~ cold room is shown in Table 3. '
The figure of 86,400is the number of seconds in a day. This is introduced to convert from jou lss pw day to
watts.
I
The amount of heat to bq rernpvd'in cop ling
* I
a cubic'metre of air from ambient duwn to the room
.
3. PRODUCT LOAD
Product load can be divided into four types
Product temperaturq reduction above freexing
Product freezing
Product temperature reduction below freezing
Product respiration bad
Weight of Product
/
MOTE: It may be specified that the product is to be frozen over a period of less then a day, in which mse
the load will need to be increased accordingly.
The heat load of any product packing material must be included, also any handling equipment such as
trolleys.
- --
.
C . r
pt ;,&<
a& 65- *
; *
- ,! 7
. .
-
bL4. :'
. a
Table 1 shows specific heat, latent heat and heat of respiration for a wide variety of produce.
5. LIGHTf NG LOAD
Lighting levels vary in different stores, but when information is not available it is reasonable to assume an
intensity of 10 watts per square metre of floor area. Lights would normally be operated by a door switch
so the number of hours per day during which lights are on can t x taken to be the same as the occupancy.
Lighting Hours of
Lighting er X
Power (W 1 Operation
Load IW)
6. MISCELLANEOUS LQADS
When the equipment load is intermittent calculate as follows
- +
4-
,siiscellaneous
=
Equiphent
Output {W1 X '
Hours o f
Oper&ion
Loads (W)
,
If this load,is high in relation to the others it is advisable to consider it as continuous in which case
MISCELLANEOUS LOAD = Equipment Watts
Running -
- Total Load x 24
Time ihra)
System Capacity
THE SUMMATION OF ALL LOADS GIVES THE TOTAL LOAD; IT CAN BE COMPARED
WITH THE SELECTED SYSTEM CAPACITY TO GIVE DAILY RUNNING TIME.
-
EXAMPLE
REFRIGERATION LOAD CALC.VLAJ)ON. , . , - - . .. + . .
Appliesliwr MiwU u s g e t a h stor- n Mc,
Prducl ~ t ~ i at g 100 kglday
Outside Ambieht
Rmm Tmmqmmtwr
Room Dimnsiom
lntml bngth 226m Wdth 2.Sm Hdaht 2,2m
Ertrrnd Lngvh 2.4m Width Z.&n H&g?tt2.3m
Rwm Volum 2.25 n 2.66 r 2.2m I f3.tma
* L r k e Arm 4
Outri& w8II8 +
(2.4 2.0) x 2 u 2.36 24.44nr'
floor and Culling 2.4 n 2 6 x 2 13.44m1
Totrl h e r = 37.88d
lnulrtion 80mm Foaned h l y u r l t h a n
IC Value 0.24 w/mZ ' C
$. Alr C m Lord
I - Rrrom Volurm 13.lm3
Wumber of Ch
m w of Air D.y 28.4 .
h a t R m i m d p l r Cubic Mmof Air 70.6 kJ
Lard 1X 1 x 70,W x 28.4
.+. 80,400
3.3 H c t d R r p k r t b n b d
Weipht d all Prduct Storad
lieat of Respiration
w
4. HrlEqulvlknt oirOc#i#n~y
Mat Equhlait par hrrm
Nu& of Persons
)lour of Oeeulmc~
Lond
6. W U ~ S
Liphuno-
Horn d illumination
w
16 hr running
6- L w 1BO r 24
16
Totet Lord = I67B.7W
.
,-
- .-
PRODUCT STORAGE DATA
.
-
.
c. *.
' ,-
PRODUCT ST OR^^ nELaTIvt UPROXIMATL HKHCS~ WCCIFIC WECIFIC L<r~ HIAT OT I&K~
yv. HULHDIW ITORA~C r R E E Z ~ W G24-1 * g ~ HEAT
t MLW HRAT ~UI~ATIW
C % LlCC PqIMT f AEtZlWO lllLtZlUO
C Wg'C klMwC URI u m
C' MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS
- , Bacun-Fresh
Frozen
1.1 -4.4
-18
85
90-95
2-6 weeks
4-6 months
-2 1.83 1.1 60
Beef -
Fresh 0-1.1. 88-92 . 1-6 w-mks -2 3.2 1.67 231 ,
Frozen -18 90-95 9-t2months
Ham -
Fresh 0 11 85-90 7-12 days -2 2.53 1.46 167
Frozen -18 90-95 6-8 months
Lamb - Fresh
Frozen
1
-18
1 85-90
90-95
5-12dayr
8-10 months
-2 3.0 1,86 216
.. .
I PRODUCT
LWt
R-ARKI
I I C I I I I I 1
FRUIT 4
Apples -1.1-3,3 90 1-45 months -1.5 3.64 1.88 281 1.92 B- same A
Apricots -0.6-0 . 90 1-2 weeks -1.05 3.63 1.92 284
Avocados 72-13 , 85-90 2-4 weeks -0.3 3.01 1.67 219 25.6 A
Bananas
Bladtberries
t3.3-15
-0.6-0
'
90
95
5-lodays
3 days
-0.8
-0.8
3.35
3.68
1.76
1.92
251
284
A'
Cherries -0.6-0 90-95 2-3 weeks -1.8 3.64 1.88 280 1.8
Coconuts 7 80-85 I-2mmths -0.8 2.43 1.42 156
Crankrrier 2.2-4.4 90-95 2-4 mmths -0.8 3.77 1.93 288 1.1 B
Currants -0.6-0 9&95 10-14days -1.0 3.68 1.88 280
Deter Dried -18orO Below75 6-12months -16.7 1.51. 1.08 67
Figs Dried 0-4.4 50-60 9-12 months 1.63 1 . 80
Goosbrries -0.6-0 90-95 2-4 weeks -1.1 3.77 1,93 293
Grapefrult 10-16 85-90 4-6 weeks -1.1 3.81 1,93 293 3.6 B
Gram -1-0 85-90 1-6monthr -2.2 3.60 1.84 270 0.4 B
Lemons 14.4-15.686-88 1-6monchs .-1.4 3.81 1.93 296 4.24 A
Oranges 0-9 85-90 3-12 -0.8 3.77 1.92 288 1.68 3
Peaches , -0.6-0 90 2-4 wwks -0.94 3.77 1.92 288 1.34 8 '
Pears -1.75 O,B 90-95 2-7 weeks -1.5 3.60 1.88 274 0.93 3
Pineapplm
Mature Green 10- 13 06-90 3-4 waeks -1.0 3.68 1.88 283
Ripe 7.2 85-90 2-4 weeks -1.1 3.68 1.88 283
Plum -0.&0 00-95 2-4 weeks -0.83 3.63 1.88 274 0.64 B n
FISH
Fish-Fresh 0.6-2.0 90-95 5-115 days
Fish-Smoked 4.4-10 WM) 6-8 months
Fish-Brine salted 4.4-1 0 90-95 t k 1 2 months
Fish- Mild c u r d -2.2-1.7 75-90 4-8 months
Fish-Frozen -18 90-95 6-1 2 months
Shell Fish-Fresh . I -1.1-0.6 85-95 3-7 days
Shell Fish-Frozen -18 to-29 90-95 3-8 manths
YISCE LLANEOUS
Bmr-UK 12.2 ' 3-6 weeks
Bred -18 4-6 rnmh
Honey Below 10 1 year
HOPS -1.6-0 several months
log -4 -
Mushroom
Spawn-Manure 1.t 8 months
Grain 0-4.4 2 weeks
Nwrery stock 0-2 3-6 months
Salad d l 2 t year
Margarine 2 1 year
TABLE 2
K VALUES FOR COMMON INSU LATION MATERIALS W/deg C
MATERIAL DENSITY -
INSULATION THICKNESS mm
kg/m3 20 40 MI 80. (&I20 140 160 180 200
Cork - baked slab 112
144
1.8
2.7
0.925 0.62
1.05 0.70
0.46
0.52
0.37 0.31
0.42 0.35
0.26
0.m
0.23
0.26
0.2
0.23
0.18
0.21
-
Cork baked slab wet 192 2.45 1.22 0.82 0.61 0.49 0.41 0.35 0.31 0.27 0,24
-
Cork raw granulated 80-1 12 2.45 1.22 0.82 0.61 0.49 0.41 0.35 0.31 0,27 0.24
Cork - baked granulated 80-96 1.95 0-97, 0.65 0.49 0.39 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.22 0.19
Glass wool- white 80 1 0.82 0.55 0.41 0.33 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16
-
Glass wool bitumen bonded 48-80 1.65 0.82 0.55 0.41 0.33 -0.27 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16
Kapox 16 1 0.80 0.53 0.40 0.32 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.16
Polystyrene 24 1.65 0.82 0.55 0.41 0.33 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16
32 1.50. 0.75 -0.50 0.37 0.30 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.17,.0.15
64 1-65 0.82 0.53 0.41 0.33 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16
88 1.75 0.87 0.58 0.44 0.35 0 025 0.22 0.19 0.17
'- Polyurethane - Foamed ,
@ 0.95 0.47 0.32 P.24. 6.7$ 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.10
Polyurethane - cellullar 48 1.90 0.95 0.63 0.47 0.38 0.32 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.19
Slag wool felted 136 1 0.84 0.56 0.42 0.34 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.17
Stag wool loose 176 1.82 0.91 0.61 0.45 0.36 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.18
Walt: board insulating 320 2.9 1.45 097 0.72 0.58 0.48 0.41 0.36 0.32 0.29
Wood wool slabs 480 4.7 2.35 1.56 1.17 0.94 0.78 0.67 0.57 0.52 0.47
TABLE 3
AVERAGE NUMBER O f AIR CHANGES PER 24 HOURS FOR STORAGE ROOMS DUE TO W O A OPENING AND
1NFlLTRATlON
TABLE 4
. .
HEAT REMOVED IN COOL~NGAIR to STORAGE R- cmmnms
Wlo joule per eubi m a r l ( k ~ l r n ' ]
WT$tE AIR CONDITION
tnse an. m% ae. B% me.
70%flH 80WH W W H 6 0 M H W H BoKRH
- - 2-77 7.0 18.a 23.3
la5 13.8 la6 B.O 30.87 37.5
228 26.2 333 43.7 50.5
349 37.8 4R8 46.4 W9 62.8
44.6 482 51.2 %8 68.4 73.6
56.8 5a4 61.4 &I 77.0 84.2
64.5 68.2 71.3 76.1 07.2 94.6
734 77.1 80.4 853 M.6 104x3
629 808 80.1 1 107.0 1140
92.6 96.5 99.8 lax) 117.0 125.0
1020 10&0 IlOa Il5.0 127.0 I S 0
113.0 Ill0 121.0 126.0 138.0 147.0
TABLE 5 .
HEAT EQUIVALENT OF OCCUPANCY
AOOPA HEAT EQUlVALENT
TEMPERATURE *C PER PERSON TABLE 6
10"c 210 W HEAT EQUIVALENT OF ELECTRIC MOTORS
5°C 240 W
O*C 270 W W A O FAeTOR MOfOR LOSS FACTOR
PERUNlTWAn PERUNlTWAn
-5'c 3 w W MOTOR AATING IN REF. SPACE OUTSIDE REF. SPACE
- 1oOc - mw 5 0 W - 375W 1.67 1
-15'~ .
-20°c
36OW
390 W -
375W 2.2 kW 1.45 1
2.2 kW- 1 5 k W 1.16 1
-25'~ 420 W
. - TABLE 7
+ ALLOWANCE FOR SOLAR RADlATlON "C
T o be added to T.D. in wall heat gain calculation to compensate for run effect. Not to be used forsair
conditioning design.
Light coloured surfaces such as white stone, cobured 2.2 1-0 2.2 5
cement, white paint.
TABLE 8
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Specific
PRODUCTS Density Hsat
kdm'
1
kJ/kg mlC
Aluminium
Bakelite laminated '
0 rass
Brickwrk r ,,
Concrete
Copper
Cork -Baked slab
J 011s - crown
Flint
Pyrex
SELECTION DATA
AMBIENT 30°c W R H
INSULATION FOAM= POLYURETHANl
THICKNESS 76 mm
PRODUCT LOAD 16 kg PER CUBIC
METRE PER DAY COOLEE
THROUGH BOC a .
PRODUCT SPEC1 FIC HEAT t.8 kJlkg dsg C
LIGHTlMG LOAD 1 0 ~ l r nFLOOR
~ AREA
DEFROSTHEAT RECKQNEDASW
OF HEATER LOAD FOR
2 HOURS PER DAY
RUNNING TIME 18 HOURS
SELECT16N DATA
AMBIENT 300~60% RH
INSULATION FOAMED FOLYURETHAN:
TH tCKNESS 100 rnm
PRODUCT LOAD 16 kg PEH CUBIC
METRE PER DAY COOLEL
THROUGH ~ O C
PRODUCTSPECFFtC HEAT 0. t 8 kJlkg d q C
LIGHTINO LOAD 1OW/mq FLOOR AREA
DEFROST HEAT RECKONED AS SO?6
OF HEATER LOAD FOR
2 HOURSPER DAY
RUNNING TIME 18 HOURS
'
REFRIGERANT PIPING SELECTION DATA
-The tables of refrigerant piping selections are based on the following conditions:-
Liquid temperature entering evaporator 38"C
Condensing temperature 40"C
'
Suction temperature for liquid line and delivery lineselection
'
tables -15°C
The selection should give the following maximum refrigerant equivalent temperature drops in the lines.
Suction and delivery l i n g
la) R12, R22, R602
(bl R717 1NH3).
Llquid lines R 12, R22, R502, R717(NH3)
The columns headed C/R an the liquid line charts are reoomnaencled sizes for condenser to receiver
connections. They will give a maximum refrigrant velocity of 0,s mis. On at1 the tables the figure shown
in the WATTS column represent the eveporator duty at the specified conditions. For any other
conditions, the system evaporator duty must%bemultiplied by the relevant correction factor M o r e using
the table.
20 30 4Q 50
5 1.35 I,l2 0.92 0.78
0
20 30 40 50 80 20 30 40 50
v 5 0.77 0.84 0.93 1.05 1.18 0 5 0.87 0.89 0.98 1.05
O2
9
-5 0.79 0.87 0.98 1.10 1.24 i 1
-5 0.88 0.94 1.00 1.07
Z -5 0.82 0.91 1.03 1.16 1.31 5 0.89 0.95 1.00 1.08
.-E g
5k -25 0.86 0.95 1.07 1.21 1.36
1g -5 9 0
0.91
0.96
0.97
1.02
1.03
1.10
1.11
m k -35 0.91 0.99 1.15 1.28 1.45 mj- -35
P M R- . W R B ~ P S S B 8 8 8 8 8 -8 8 mm mm w -1,
7 F
% 8 9 R R R m o $ 8 8 Z 8 % 8 8 - 8 8 R R
LO 0
- + 7 r
7 8 E R i f 1 3 f i % % S 8 S 8a-. ma ma m
8 8 8 8 g P *L 7 F
8 S Z a % R R % $ $ 8 8 8 % % % % 8 8 8 F --
Z 5 E Z Z l 8 R % 8 % 3 S 8 8 8 % % 8 8 8 7 7
--
7
8 S F l a R R R # 8 8 8 3 8 % % 8 g 8 8 N
-
7
$ 5 f l a f l 8 % 8 $ $ 3 8 8 % % % . 8 8 8 8 y 7
m
N
I 8 E Z a H R -
R E E E a 3 R % m m o S 8 8 E % % 8 8 8
R mm . mmo, $ 8 8 8 3 % 8 8 8 8
m r n o
7
v
7
~u1 9 ~ ~ E Z M m~ m m0 0m 0 m0 p
R 'a In cn
p p m ~ c c
g 8 -" % 2 8 a ; 1 8 + # S $ % B S 3 8 8 8 8 -, 8
a
F
* +
X -
' 3 E E Z ~ ~ R R : % 8 8 $ 8 8 3 % 8 8 8 8 7
7 " W 5 E ? ? M W ~ : ~ 3 3 8 P 8 5 1 8 8 $-8 8
q R m m m m m
I-
- - - - 3 W W % 3 E ~ S l8n rZn o~o * W ~
~ ~ FN -
N Y - ) FL D- r
L O N ~ ~N - ~ ~oX~o R ~o~
%rn ~n 8 S
-a~ 8, m a-, , - - ~ ~mR
. m m o E S ~LC) LB~ a ~0 ~ ~
3 ---.
~ ~
- - F F - - - f l w m R R 8 F , w m* 8o 8o % 8
O N N N l n C V r n C V N O O
S 3C Y~r n- r n- ~- a -n tms l ~c D wa D# ? # % 3 3 8 5 ? ~ % 8 %
$,,,,,C V I n m L n m N
N a 3 R % % ~ S % 3 8 3 mm 0m
In m - - . - - - - ~ R w mm - . m
O C Y N L n l O l D Q 3 N m m ~ n o o o Lnlflu)
+ m e e * 8 a m a
- --- -
8 " " - " m * w a a % W 3 8 % g % 8 Sln : rnw ( P
7 7
- F N W R F S 8 % $ m: 0
g o ~ e ~ m , ~ c l r n ~ a o ~
F F w m
F
0
3 E
7
~ 8- L $
R R iU i 8 # 8 G8 d ~
6 G8 8 ~ ~ ~ ~
- s ---,,sdsSi-S F
TABLE 15
SUCTION TEMPERATURE *C
+5 I -5 - -1 5 I -25 -35
, TABLE 19
DELIVERY LINE S l f ES ,RIP, R22, RM12, R717 (NH3) -
Multiplq Evaporator Duty by ,Correction Factol Table 11 before using Tables
1 .
L
. . REFRIGERANTS
I
C
REFRIGERANT
1200 6 10 10 10 10 6 6- 6 6 10 10 6 6 6 tO 10 10 10
1500 6 10 10 10 10 10 '6 6 10 10 tO 6 6 10 10 10 10 10
MOO 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2500 10 j O 10 10 10 10 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
3000 10 10 10 12 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10, 12 12 10
4
m 10 1 2 12 12 12 12 10 10 10 12 12 12 10 12 12 12 12 12
10 12 12 12 12 12 10 10 12 12 12- 12 10 I2 12 12 5 15
8000 ' 12 12 15
, 15 15- 15- 10 12 12 12 ' 1 2 12 12 12 12 15 16 15
10,000' 12 12 15 15 1.6 12 12 12 12 15 15
15 12. 12 1 5 . 15 15 18 .
Liquid Temperature O C 20 30 40 50 60
TABLE 22
LIQUIDLINES
Amwnt of subcooling rsquird to ~~npematm for liquid Mis
Amrunt of sdxooIing requird is exp& as 'C per meke of lift.
The loop prevents liquid from draining back to compressor. This can be eliminated if system has automatic
pump down.
- .,
(c) Multidection evaporator C o m p t m b l o w
Flow from upper evaporator can not affect valve phial of lower evaporator,
Id) Multi saction wapora tor, Compressor abow
Fit double pipe risw if necessary.
Under part load conditions the gas will pass up both risers until such times as the trap fiHs with oil. Gas will
then,onty go up the small riser. On return to full duty, the pressure drop up the small r i m will be so great
that the oil in the trap will be forced up the large riser by the pressure difference across it It will flow , . ,
into the main suction and the system is now back to normal operation.
CW~AN619rhlVALVE P H M L AND E ~ R R gQU&tllrbb
~L ~MYh~ldbl~ I '
Ifkmflf/#
~ ~ ! b e x p r n i o n v 8 l v e p h l akcurm3f/ylocated,
r 1oen&f8h0v&#IOmWdhwr&%#y. h
should be located so that it is not influencd by any chilled oil droplets, or liquid refrigerant carryover from -
the coil. This implies that itmust bclocated out of the path normally taken by such influences. T h e
external equaliser connection, where fitted. should normally be located a few inches downstream of the phia I,
rather than upstream. This eliminates the effect of any leakage of liquid refrigerant from the valve along
the equaliser line. .
DELIVERY LINES
' /
Delivery lines should be selected for a practical pressure drop, but must not be oversized to the extent wherk
oil will not be carried up defivery line riwrs. If the system is to operate under partial load, and designing ,
, . delivery lines to carry oil up riser at minimum loading means that pressure drop would be excessive ,
under full load, then either an oil V a r a t o r or a double pipe riser should be fitted
$
Whenever the condenwr is located above the compresor, the delivery line should loop towards the ffaor,
- immediately aftar the c m p ~before , rising to the condenser. This prevents any refrigerant which has
wndenkd in the delivery line from draining back to the compressor head,
Horizontal pipes should be pitched in the diration af flow to help circulate the oil around the system.
Liquid lines must be sized for a practical pressure drop and precautions must b taken to prevent flash gas
forming.
Liquid lines normally run through areas which are cooler than the liquid, so flashing due to heat gain in the
liquid llne and should present no problems.
'
Liquid leaving air cooled condensers normally has about 3°C subcooling, so provided pressure drop due to
,
- -
SUCTION LINE - LIQUID LINE HEAT INTERCHANGERS
- The advantages of incorporating a suction Iinelliquid line heat exchanger are as follows:-
1. Subcooled liquid o
: a)Eliminatesflashinginliquidlinecausedbyexcessivepressuredropduetofrictionorliquidlik
b) Reduce amount of flash gas after expansion valve leaving more liquid available for cooling.
u
, c) Ensure that expansion valve performs a t full capacity and reduces wear on valve seat.
a) Permits lower expansion valve superheat setting due to fact that any liquid carry over wilt be vaporised
in tRe heat emhanger. This results in improved cooler performance as more of the coil surface is effective
for cooling work.
b) Superheating suction gas could eliminate the need for insulating suction line.
c) Superheating the sqction gas will improve thevolumetric efficiency of 612, R22, and RM12
compressors.
It can be reckoned that system performances can be increased by approximately 1% for each 1°C of
subcool ing.
n.
'.
. *
,-
-
TlWeRATURE COW ERSlaN I * *:-*-F\
* *-
- -164 400
-2m
-183 -
,- 2
1 302 23.3 74 165.2 EL0 $48
fw
300,2
'I -178 -If.B o 3.0 2x9 m 167.0 6 32.0
-I73 -ZW) -17.2 1 23.8 24.4 3 l66d 1 1st 3038
f
I -1m 4 3 -4w.d -16.7 2 ~6 z o n ~mm a 7 L IP 3066
-Ib -270 -4b1 -1111 3 33.4 25.6 70 172,4 67.2 153 37.4
-16? -?m -435 -15.6 4 38.2 1 78 174.2 67.8 1 -2
-151 -e50 -418 Em lm 311.0
-151 -210
-186 -X#
-4ML
-362
-3
414.
-130
5
7
41.0
42,
44.6
26.7
27.2
27.0
81
sP
176.0
177.0
ln,6
683
683
69.4
166
157
312.8
314.6
-IPO -220 -364 -113 8 46.4 28.3 81 181.4 70.0 1- 3166
1
T
-134 -210 -346 -128 g 48.2 2B.B W 1a.2 0 189 3t32
-m0 180 320.0 L
1
L
-1Zg -32B -12.2 10 508 29.4 88 l&.O 71.1
-123 -1W -130 -11.7 11 518 3RO Sl 1888 71.7 181 9tb
-118 -1M -B2 - 1 1.1 12 530 #).8 81 188.6 72.2 162 3238
-1 I2 -170 -271 -10.6 1% %4 3 88 190.4 7- 163 326.4
-107 -tW -2% -10A 11 i7.2 3.7 00 192.2 73.3 164 327.2
-101 -m -23 -9.4 16 9.0 322 80 re4.o 73.9 lai 3 ~ 9 . ~
-86 -VPB -210 -89 11 328 91 19Z8 74.4 1BB X1RB
+ -la -202 -13 17 62.8 3J.3 81 187.8 750 787 332.6
-84 -120 - 78 75.8 1W 34.4
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-m -80 -112 -5.6 n 7'.6 97 208.0 778 112 341.6
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- a 7 - Jr - 29.2 LO 4t 1Oti.a 46.1 116 210.0 BB3 191 3758
-381
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918 244.4
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-3.0 - 31 -23+fl 6-3 U 111.2 483 It0 24&2 gad 1M at.2
- - JO rza 1106 ma
-- 29#
-3+4 -22.0 7.2 1 113.0 9.9 240.0 90.6
1H
-3%8 -20.2 7.8 48 114.1 4m 24e.8 91.1 m B
PI 116.8 WO 122 251.6 1 . 187 36.6
L ,
-W -1B.4 8.3
-32.8 -p7 -la6 8.9 4I l la4 50.6 123 253A 922 IS8 388.4
-321 - 24 -14.0 9.4 48 120.2 51.1 121 255.2 92.a
D3.3
t80
m
380.2
392.0
-31.7 -a -13.0 10.0 60 122.0 I 1s 257.0
- 201 3918
-3I.i - 24
-11.2 70.6 61 l23.8 52.2 218 93.9
-3P.6 - 23 - 9.4 11.1 82 125.6 52.8 127 280.6 94.4 ma 395.3
-30.0 - 22 - 7.6 9~h0 XOJ
a? 1N 31.4
11.7 W 127.4 5x3 28ZA
-29.4 - 21 - 5.8 12.2 64 129.2 53.9 129 264.2 96.6 209 '89.2
-lea - 2a 4a - 178 M 131JY 4 130 266.0 1 205 401.0
-a83 - 10 - 2.2 tW # 132.8 55.0 131 267,B 9 aw da2a
-278 - 11 - 0.4 1&9_ 51 13.6 556 131 m.8 97.2 207 4W.6
,;.. Find the known temperature in the centre column. read right to convert Centigrade t o Fahrenheit,
vefi F~hrqnheitto Centigrade.
1
c
,
"
-. ...-- . -- -
.7---
.I
.'
-r*. r
-.
c.-
- - ' 7
'
TABLE 24
CONVERSION FACTORS
'k,
4
S.1. Unit Quantity Metric Unit Imperial Unit
h
Gal/min x 75.8 x
Kilcgramme (kg) Mass . kg x 1.0 Pound x 0.454
Newton (N) = kg m/s2 Force kgf x 9.807 I b force x 4.45
N/m7 Pressure mm w.g x 9.807 Ib force/inz x 6.9 x 10'
kgf/cm2 x 9.807 x 1O4 in water x 249
m/s Velocity m/s x 1.0 ft/min x 5.08 x lo-'
Kg/m ' Density kglm3 x 1.0 Ib/ft3 x 16
Kg/s Mass flow rate kds x 1.0 Ib/h x 0.126 x lo-"
degCaT Temperature diff. " C A T X1.0 O F x 0.555
Joule {J) Energy kcalh x 4.187 x 103 Btu x 1.055 x f03
Watt (W) Heat Flow k d / h x 1.!63 Btulh x 0.2931
Horse power x 745.7.:
Ton refrigeration x 3.517
(kcallh x 1.163)
Wlrn deg C Thermal conductivity kcal/h/m°C x 1.163 Btu in/h/ftf degF x 0.144
W/mz deg C Heat trans coeff. kal/h/m2 O C x 1.163 Btu/h/ft2 d q E x 5.678
J/kg Specific enthatpy kcallkg x 4.187 x 103 B t d b x 2.326 x 10"
Jlkgdeg C + Specific heat, x kcal/kg°C x 4.187 x 10' Btullb deg F x 4.187 x 10'
Jlkg . Latent heat kcal/kg x 4.1 87 x lo3 Btullb x 2.326 x lo3
*