Question 2

Taking the weight function w(x)=1 and using Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process
determine the first five orthogonal polynomial on interval [-1,1]

Solution
The first orthogonal polynomial 𝑓0* (𝑥) = 1
1
∫-1 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑓1∗ (𝑥) =𝑥− 𝐶10 𝑓0∗ (𝑥)       𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒   𝐶10 = 1 =0
∫-1 𝑑𝑥

So 𝑓1∗ (𝑥) = 1
Third polynomial is
1 1
∫-1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 ∫ 𝑥 2x 𝑑𝑥
𝑓2∗ (𝑥) 2
=𝑥 − 𝐶20 𝑓0∗ (𝑥) − 𝐶21 𝑓1∗ (𝑥)       𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒   𝐶20 = 1 =   , 𝐶20 = -11 =0
∫-1 𝑑𝑥 3 ∫-1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Thus
1 1
𝑓2∗ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − = (3𝑥 2 − 1)
3 3
Again

𝑓3∗ (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝐶30 𝑓0∗ (𝑥) − 𝐶31 𝑓1∗ (𝑥) − 𝐶32 𝑓2∗ (𝑥)
Where
1 1 1 1
∫-1 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 ∫-1 𝑥 3 x𝑑𝑥
3 ∫-1 𝑥 3 3 (3𝑥 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥
𝐶30 = 1 = 0  , 𝐶31 = −1 =   , 𝐶31 = =0
−1 1
∫-1 𝑑𝑥 ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 5 2
∫1 9 (3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 2

Hence
3 1
𝑓3∗ (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 = (5𝑥 3 − 3𝑥)
5 5
The last polynomial is
𝑓4∗ (𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 𝐶40 𝑓0∗ (𝑥) − 𝐶41 𝑓1∗ (𝑥) − 𝐶42 𝑓2∗ (𝑥) − 𝐶43 𝑓3∗ (𝑥)
Where
1 1
∫-1 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
1 ∫ 𝑥 4 x𝑑𝑥
𝐶40 = 1 =   , 𝐶41 = -1−1 = 0  ,
∫-1 𝑑𝑥 5 ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1
∫-1 𝑥 4 3 (3𝑥 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥 6 ∫-1 𝑥 4 5 (5𝑥 3 − 3x)𝑑𝑥
𝐶42 = =   , 𝐶43 = =0
−1 1 7 −1 1
∫1 9 (3𝑥 2 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥 ∫1 25 (3𝑥 3 − 3x)2 𝑑𝑥
Hence
1 6 1 1
𝑓4∗ (𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − − × (3𝑥 2 − 1) = (35𝑥 4 − 30𝑥 2 + 3)
5 7 3 35

Thus the First five orthogonal polynomial are

𝑓0* (𝑥) = 1
𝑓1∗ (𝑥) = 1
1
𝑓2∗ (𝑥) = (3𝑥 2 − 1)
3
1
𝑓3∗ (𝑥) = (5𝑥 3 − 3𝑥)
5
1
𝑓4∗ (𝑥) = (35𝑥 4 − 30𝑥 2 + 3)
35
Question 5
Describe Lagrange bivariate Interpolation Method

Solution
Let f(x,y) be a function defined at (m+1)(n+1) distinct points (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦j ) i=0,1,2,…….m &
j=1,2,……..n
Let F(x,y) be the interpolating polynomial of the function f(x,y) . The degree of F(x,y) is at
most m in x and n in y and which satisfy the condition
𝐹(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 ) = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )   𝑖 = 0,1,2, … … . 𝑚 ,  𝑗 = 0,1,2 … … … . 𝑛
As in case of single variable , the Langragian function are defined as
𝑊𝑥 (𝑥)
𝐿𝑥,𝑖 (𝑥) =    𝑖 = 0,1,2,3 … … … 𝑚
(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖 )𝑊𝑥′ (𝑥𝑖 )

𝑊y (y)
𝐿y,j (y) =    𝑗 = 0,1,2,3 … … … 𝑛
(y − yj )𝑊y′ (yj )

Where
𝑊𝑥 (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) … … … … (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑚 )
And
 𝑊y (y) = (y − y0 )(y − y1 )(y − y2 ) … … … … (y − yn )

It is observed that the function 𝐿𝑥,𝑖 (𝑥) & 𝐿y,j (y) are the polynomials of degree m in x & n in
y respectively. These functions also satisfy the following condition

𝐿𝑥,𝑖 (𝑥𝑘 ) = 𝐼𝑥𝑖 =𝑥𝑘

𝐿y,j (y𝑘 ) = 𝐼y𝑖 =y𝑘

Where I is an indicator function

Using the notation the Lagrange’s bivariate polynomial is given
𝑚 𝑛

𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) = ∑ ∑ 𝐿𝑥,𝑖 (𝑥)𝐿𝑦,𝑗 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗 )

𝑖=0 𝑗=0

This is extension of single variable case

Question 1
Find the roots of the polynomial equation 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 − 3 = 0 By
Binge-Vieta Method
Solution
Let 𝑃4 (𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 − 3 be the given polynomial let initial gauss be 𝑥0 =
−0.5

• First iteration for first root

-0.5 1 1 -8 -11 -3
-0.500000 -0.250000 4.1250000 3.437500
-0.5 1 0.5000000 -8.250000 -6.875000 0.437500 = 𝑏4
-0.500000 -0.000000 4.125000
1 0.0000000 -8.25000 -2.750000 = 𝑃4′ (𝑥0 ) = 𝑐3

Therefore
𝑏4 −0.437500
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = −0.50000 − = −0.340909
𝑐3 −2.750000
This is the first iterated value
 • Second Iteration for first root

-0.340909 1 1 -8 -11 -3
-0.340909 -0.224690 2.803872 2.794135
-0.340909 1 0.659091 -8.224690 8.196128 -0.205865 = 𝑏4
-0.340909 -0.108471 2.840850
1 0.318182 -8.33161 -5.355278 = 𝑐3
Then the second iterated root is
𝑏4 −0.205865
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = −0.340909 − = 0.379351
𝑐3 −5.355278
• Third Iteration for first root is

-0.379351 1 1 -8 -11 -3
-0.379351 -0.235444 3.124121 2.987720
-0.379351 1 0.620649 -8.235444 7.873879 -0.012280 = 𝑏4
-0.379351 -0.091537 3.158846
1 0.241299 -8.326981 -4.717033 = 𝑐3
Therefore
𝑏4 −0.012280
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − = −0.379351 − = 0.381954
𝑐3 −4.177033
• Fourth Iteration for First Root

-0.381954 1 1 -8 -11 -3
-0.381954 -0.236065 3.145798 2.999944
-0.381954 1 0.618046 -8.236065 7.854202 -0.000056= 𝑏4
-0.381954 -0.090176 -3.180241
1 0.236092 -8.326241 -4.673960 = 𝑐3
Then
𝑏4 −0.000056
𝑥4 = 𝑥3 − = −0.381954 − = 0.381966
𝑐3 −4.673960
Therefore one root of the equation is -0.38197
The reduced polynomial is 𝑥 3 − 0.608034 − 8.236068 − 7.854102 = 0
Obtained from the third row of the table

• First Iteration for second root

Let 𝑥0 = 1.0
1 1 0.618034 -8.236068 -7.854102
1.000000 1.618030 -6.618040
1 1 1.618030 -6.618040 -14.472139 = 𝑏3
1.000000 2.618030
1 2.618030 -4.000010=𝑐2
Therefore
𝑏3 −14.472139
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = 1.000000 − = −2.618026
𝑐2 −4.000010
• Second Iteration for second root

-2.618026 1 0.618034 -8.236068 -7.854102

-2.618026 5.236043 7.854150
-2.618026 1 -1.199996 -3.000027 0.000050 = 𝑏3
-2.618026 12.090104
1 -40618022 -9.090076=𝑐2
The second iterated value is
𝑏3 −0.000050
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = −2.618026 − = −2.618032
𝑐2 −9.090076
It is seen that x=-2.61803 is another root , the next reduced equation is
𝑥 2 − 2.00000x − 3.00003 = 0
Roots of this equation are x=3.00001,1.00000

Hence the root of the given equation is

-0.38197,-2.61803,3.00001,1.00000