The Furnace

Company

SELAS-LINDE GmbH
2

Contents.

3 Introduction

4 SELAS-LINDE GmbH

5 Company history

6 Pyrolysis-furnaces for ethylene production

7 EDC-cracking furnaces

8 Steam reformer

9 Refinery heaters

10 Furnaces for direct-reduction plants

11 Other furnaces

12 Environmental technology

13 Thermal oxidation

14 Submerged combustion vaporiser system

15 The main advantages of the submerged combustion

Sub-X® vaporiser system

16 Contact

Sub-X® is a registered trademark of The Linde Group

Cover photo: ethylene furnaces
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Introduction.

SELAS-LINDE GmbH – a wholly-owned sub-

sidiary of The Linde Group, Engineering
Division – is one of the world‘s leading
suppliers of process plants in the fields of:

Process furnaces for the chemical Environmental technology

and petrochemical industry: In addition to these fields, SELAS-LINDE is also a
– Pyrolysis furnaces for ethylene production leader in the design and construction of plants
– EDC cracking furnaces for oxidizing gaseous and liquid wastes, includ-
– Cracking furnaces for special chemicals, ing waste heat recovery, flue gas treatment, by-
such as acetic acid and freon product recovery for:
– Halogenated hydrocarbons
Reformer – PCBs
– Steam reformers for hydrogen and – Pesticides
synthesis gas production – Dioxines
– Pharmaceutical wastes
Fired heater units for refineries: – Aqueous salt laden wastes
– Crude oil heaters – Nitrogen-bound organics
– Vacuum oil heaters
– Visbreaker Vaporisation of cryogenic fluids
– Platformer Submerged combustion vaporiser system
– HDS heaters (Sub X®) for:
– Reboilers – LNG
– Superheaters – LPG
– Nitrogen
Special-purpose furnace equipment: – Ethylene
– Furnaces for iron direct reduction processes
– Steam superheaters Range of Services
– Waste recovery units for gas turbines SELAS-LINDE GmbH offers a wide range of
services, tailored to customer specifications:
– Studies
– Project management
– Basic and detail engineering
– Procurement of services and materials
– Construction, revamp and comissioning
– Supervision of fabrication and construction
– Start-up supervision
– After-sales service
– Project financing
4
SELAS-LINDE GmbH.
SELAS-LINDE has extensive experience in the
conceptual and detailed design and construction
of turn-key plants, but also offers its customers all
these services individually.
The world-wide cooperation and exchange of
information with Linde, the connection with the
SELAS-LINDE Fired Heaters Division within Linde
Impianti, Italia (LII), Rome and the sister company,
Selas Fluid Processing Corporation (SFPC), Blue
Bell, PA, USA, ensure state of the art technology
and project execution.
Efficient engineering work by experienced spe-
cialists and the use of the most modern 3D CAD
systems (PDS) result in optimal design and reliable
long-term operation of all SELAS-LINDE plants.
Materials and equipment are procured world-wide After a contract has been completed, SELAS-LINDE
in close cooperation with competent suppliers and remains a reliable partner for its customers, with
business associates. its flexible and efficient after-sales service.
SELAS-LINDE has decades of experience as a Proof of SELAS-LINDE‘s capability and know-how
general contractor managing the complex logistics is the successful completion and commissioning
of plant procurement and construction. Proven of more than 2000 plants since the foundation of
project management and control systems guaran- this company.
tee strict adherence to cost, schedule and quality
requirements.
Contracts are executed in compliance with all
relevant international standards and rules, accom-
panied by continuous quality-assurance activities.
SELAS-LINDE is certified under ISO 9001 since
February 2000.
Ethylene cracking furnace, Jilin Petrochemical Company,
Jilin/China

Selas Fluid Processing Corp.
and T-Thermal Division
Philadelphia, USA
Company history.
SELAS-LINDE has a long tradition in furnace
design, which dates back to the early thirties
in the USA.
The original company, Selas Corporation of
America (in Pennsylvania), was involved in the
technology of „fired process furnaces“ from an
early date and developed this technology con-
tinuously.
Starting in 1948, the company of Ernst Kirchner
in Hamburg was developing its product line for
„fired industrial furnaces“. After the death of the
company‘s founder in 1970, the „fired industrial
furnaces“ section was separated and sold to
Selas Corporation of America. This acquisition
was then renamed to Selas-Kirchner GmbH.
Linde AG
Engineering Division
Munich, Germany
SELAS-LINDE GmbH
Bertrams Heatec AG
and T-Thermal Division
Munich, Germany Pratteln, Switzerland
SELAS LINDE GmbH
T-Thermal Division
within Linde Cryogenics
Aldershot, UK
In 1973, Selas Corporation of America and
Linde AG, Process Engineering and Contracting
Division signed a license agreement for the
planning, manufacturing, and erection of pyro-
lysis furnaces for producing olefins. This also
meant that the Selas, Kirchner, and Linde tech-
nologies in the field of „fired process-furnace
plants for the chemical and refinery industries“
were combined.
Over the following years, step by step Linde´s
Process Engineering and Contracting Division
acquired ever larger shares of Selas-Kirchner
and of the „fired process-furnace plant“ division
of Selas Corporation of America.
In 1985, Linde AG became the sole owner of
Selas-Kirchner, Germany, and of the „Process
Furnaces“ division of Selas Corporation. This
division now operates under the name Selas
Fluid Processing Corporation (SFPC) in Blue
Bell, USA.
5
Fired Heater Division
within Linde Impianti
(License of SL)
Rome, Italy
On January 1st, 1999, Selas-Kirchner GmbH was
renamed to SELAS-LINDE GmbH.
SELAS-LINDE GmbH and Selas Fluid Processing
Corporation now market the entire know-how of
the Selas, Kirchner and Linde furnace technolo-
gies exclusively throughout the world under the
trademark „Selas“.
Since its acquisition of T-Thermal in 1992, SELAS-
LINDE possesses the extensive know-how and
leading technology for thermal oxidation of
gaseous and liquid wastes, in addition to its
already available technology in the field of en-
vironmental engineering.
Furthermore SELAS-LINDE designs, supplies and
constructs plants for the vaporisation of cryo-
genic liquids. Today SELAS-LINDE is one of the
leading global contractors in all above men-
tioned fields.
6
Pyrolysis-furnaces for
ethylene production.
In ethylene plants, the pyrolysis or ethylene
cracking furnaces are the key elements for pro-
duction of the basic chemicals ethylene, propy-
lene, butadiene, etc. for the plastics industry.
In designing such cracking furnaces based upon
Linde´s PYROCRACK® technology, SELAS-LINDE
can draw from its experience of more than 450
cracking furnaces built.
Furnace group in Gofer, Germany
Depending on available feedstocks and desired
product distribution the appropriate PYRO-
CRACK® cracking coil system will be chosen.
The design features vertically arranged coils,
for high product output, long furnace runtime
and robust mechanical design.
Firing is by a pure bottom-/sidewall, or com-
bined sidewall and bottom burner arrangement.
Integrated fluegas heat recovery allows furnace
efficiencies of over 92 %.
Ethylene cracking furnace, Elenac, Wesseling/Germany

EDC-cracking furnaces.
Vinyl chloride (VCM) is one of the most impor-
tant monomers for manufacturing a wide range
of polymers today.
The vinyl chloride monomer is produced by ther-
mal cracking of ethylene dichloride (EDC) in a
tubular furnace at temperatures of about 500°C
and pressures of up to 30 bar.
SELAS-LINDE has designed and built EDC crack-
ing furnaces for the various processes, such as
Goodrich, Stauffer, DOW, EVC, PPG, Hoechst,
and Atochem throughout the world.
7
EDC cracking furnace DOW-BSL, Schkopau
The coils and the fire box are designed by means
of a special computer model for the reaction
kinetics. This allows the furnace design to be
optimized with respect to the temperature/heat
flux profile, residence time and pressure loss,
taking both main and secondary reactions into
account.
The EDC furnaces are fired by natural-draft or
forced-draft sidewall burners.
The residual heat of the flue gases is utilized for
generating steam or preheating the air, so that
efficiencies of over 90 % can be achieved.
EDC cracking furnace, fire box
8

Steam reformer.
Many processes in the chemical industry are The design of the waste-heat recovery system
based on the use of hydrogen or synthesis gas. for the flue and process gases takes into account
The most important industrial method of gen- the customers‘s specific requirements, and
erating hydrogen and synthesis gas is steam allows furnace efficiencies of over 92 %.
reforming from hydrocarbons. This is carried
out in top-fired primary reformers.

The SELAS-LINDE experience in designing and

building reforming furnaces dates back to 1957.

SELAS-LINDE has developed a special reaction

model of the reforming process for designing
reformers. This computer program enables the
composition of the reformed gas to be calcu-
lated, and the firebox to be dimensioned for a
wide range of feedstock.

Steam reformer, Linde AG, Leuna/Germany Steam reformer, AGIP, Milazzo/Italy

Refinery heaters. 9

All major processes in refineries require the

heating and sometimes vaporisation of the
hydrocarbons in direct fired heaters.

SELAS-LINDE has more than sixty years of ex-

perience in designing and building refinery
furnaces, and has constructed more than
450 furnaces around the world.

Refinery heaters are designed according to the

requirements of the process, for pressures ran-
ging from 0.05 to 150 bar, and temperatures
from 200°C to 900°C. The furnaces of SELAS-
LINDE range in fired duties from 3 MW to more
than 100 MW.

The furnaces are single-cell and double-cell box

and cylindrical types. They are fired by natural-
draft or forced-draft bottom or sidewall burners.
Efficiencies of over 90 % are achieved by means
of preheating of the air and/or hot oil, or by
steam generation.

Raffinery-heater, ERM,
Mannheim/Germany

9
Furnaces for
direct-reduction plants.
The demand for sponge iron (DRI = direct re-
duced iron) as the feedstock for steel produc-
tion in electric melting furnaces is growing.
SELAS-LINDE supplies reducing-gas heaters
tailored to the specific process for the newly
developed methods of direct reduction
(Finmet, Circored, Midrex plant using COREX
gas, Danarex, Hylsamex).
Circored
DRI is made in a circulating and a stationary
fluidized bed, using almost pure hydrogen.
SELAS-LINDE supplied the three reducing-gas
heaters for the first industrial-scale plant using
this technology.
Finmet
DRI is made in four stationary fluidized-bed
reactors, using a mixture of hydrogen and car-
bon monoxide. The reducing gas is heated from
a minimum of 50°C to a maximum of 935°C.
Reduction gas heater and reformer plant,
Abu Dhabi/V.A.E.
Midrex plant using COREX gas
DRI is made in a conventional Midrex shaft,
but using purified COREX gas as the reducing
gas, which is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon
monoxide.
A tail gas from another part of the plant with an
extremely low heat value, that would otherwise
have to be flared off, can be used to preheat the
reducing gas. This provides a considerable in-
crease in the overall efficiency of the process.
HYL/Danieli
The DR iron will be produced in a reactor. The
reduction gas consists of a mixture between
H2 and CO and will be heated up to 930°C in a
reduction process gas heater. For generating
the reduction gas a syngas reformer including
the waste heat recovery section will be used;
the complete reformer and waste heat recovery
unit will be also supplied by SELAS-LINDE.
Reduction gas heater, Abu Dhabi/V.A.E.

Other furnaces.
Steam superheater furnaces for styrene plants
When dehydrogenating ethylbenzene to styrene,
process steam is superheated to about 800°C in
a furnace before being fed into the dehydrogen-
ation reactor together with the ethylbenzene.
The furnace is of double-cell construction with
a common convection zone to utilize the waste
heat.
The tube system is gas fired from both sides
by means of natural-draft or forced-draft floor
burners.
11
Gas-turbine waste-heat units
This method combines gas-turbine operation
with that of a conventional refinery furnace.
This combination provides an alternative use for
the exhaust from the gas turbine. Depending
on process requirements, this type of plant can
also be built with auxiliary firing equipment.
The exhaust gases from a gas turbine are used
in the horizontal waste-heat train to heat and
partially vaporize crude oil in several tube
bundles connected in series, and also to heat
process water.
Steam superheater, Hüls AG, Marl/Germany
12
Environmental technology.
The SELAS-LINDE/T-Thermal environmental tech-
nology serves to dispose of almost all kinds of
gaseous and liquid pollutants, particularly halo-
genated hydrocarbons and salt laden aqueous
wastes.
SELAS-LINDE/T-Thermal has many years of ex- Typical plants consist of vertically or horizontally
perience in designing and building incinerators arranged combustion chambers with T-Thermal
for treating waste materials from the following LV vortex burners and Sub-X quench systems,
industries: plus sections for heat recovery, fluegas treat-
– Pharmaceutical industry ment, or by-product recovery, depending on the
– Chemical industry application. SELAS-LINDE/T-Thermal can call on
– Refineries more than forty years experience in building
– Pesticides industry more than 500 plants.
– Plastics industry
Thermal oxidation unit for aqueous wastes,
pharmaceutical industry/Portugal
 13

Thermal oxidation.
A pollution free environment
SELAS-LINDE has commited as a company, to
provide the equipment, service and technical
support to resolve complex disposal problems.
By tailor-made combustion technology, SELAS-
LINDE can safely destroy nearly any kind of
liquid and gaseous effluent encountered in
industry.

Since building our first thermal waste oxidation

system in 1952, we have supplied over 500 in-
stallations world-wide to many of the leading
process and manufacturing companies. In a
technology where experience and expertise are
critical, SELAS-LINDE is an acknowledged world
leader.

Guaranteed destruction efficiencies

Thermal oxidation is the most direct, efficient,
complete and final method for the disposal of
especially hazardous liquid and gaseous indus-
trial effluent. For some wastes it is the only
practicable solution.
Destruction efficiencies of SELAS-LINDE waste
oxidation systems are guaranteed to meet Euro-
pean legislation or exceed the most demanding
requirements anywhere in the world. We have
successfully dealt with virtually every kind of
hazardous and toxic waste. One example among
many, a specially designed thermal system was
selected for the US Army program to destroy the
nation’s stockpile of obsolete chemical weap-
ons, including nerve agents. A destruction effi-
ciency of 99.999999 % was achieved.

Test burns facility

SELAS-LINDE can offer a test burn facility using a
fully equipped and functional pilot test plant at
our sister company’s site at SELAS FLUID Corpora-
tion, in Conshohocken, USA. The test enables
SELAS-LINDE and their clients to pin down all the
clean, complete chemical waste disposal through
thermal oxidation variables of a proposed system
and eliminates any potential problems. The doc-
umented test results are an essential big help in
subsequent regulatory permitting. The test facility
is one of the very few approved by the US EPA
for hazardous waste testing.

Thermal oxidation unit for organic and

aqueous waste liquid, Böhlen/Germany
14
Submerged combustion
vaporiser system.
Since the invention, patent and installation
of the first submerged combustion vaporiser
system (Sub-X®) design unit by T-Thermal at
Alabama Gas in 1965, and after acquisition of
T-Thermal in 1992, SELAS-LINDE has continued
to develop and supply a range of specialised
units for heating and vaporisation of cryogenic
fluids such as LNG, LPG, liquid nitrogen, oxygen
ammonia and ethylene. The technology has
been applied in LNG terminals world-wide, for
both base-load and peak-shaving duties.
SELAS-LINDE is the global market leader in the
supply of submerged combustion vaporiser
system.
The Sub-X® vaporiser is an assembly
of the following major components:
– Vaporiser tank constructed in epoxy-coated
carbon steel, stainless steel or concrete
– Sub-X® burner complete with distribution
duct and tubes
– Process tube coil
– Weir assembly
– Combustion air fan, motor, inlet and outlet
silencer and accustic housing as required
– Control panel and instrumentation package
for hazardous area classification
– Optional cogeneration hot water distribution
system
LNG vaporisers, Belgium

Main advantages of the submerged
combustion Sub-X® vaporiser system.
Operational safety
The process tubes are submerged in a water bath
and hence the tube wall temperature be maxi-
mum 55°C. No possible flame imingement with
LNG contact.
High thermal efficiency
With high heat flux and narrow temperature
approach, high gross thermal effiencies,
approaching 100 %, can be achieved.
Fast response
Rapid start-up and shut-down without process
upset. It is possible, if required, to have the unit
standing by on pilot only, prior to the introduc-
tion of the process fluid.
Heat transfer rate
The bubble formation by direct contact heating
and use of a patented weir arrangement pro-
vides a high level of turbulence and excellent
recirculation over tubes containing the cryo-
genic fluid, thus maintaining temperature uni-
formity. Observations of units operations have
indicated no ice build-up, even when operating
with low bath temperatures.
15
LNG vaporiser for base-load plant/USA
High operational reliability
This can only be measured by the cumulative
experience gained in the operation of these
units. With the exception of facilities that have
closed, all Sub-X LNG vaporisers installed since
1965 are still in operation.
Environmental impact
These units are designed to meet the new regu-
latory pressure with very low NOx emission va-
lues.
SELAS-LINDE GmbH – Range of activities.

Process furnaces for the chemical and petrochemical industry Environmental Technology
– Pyrolysis furnaces for ethylene production Plants for oxidizing gaseous and liquid wastes, including waste heat
– EDC cracking furnaces recovery, flue gas treatment, byproduct recovery for:
– Cracking furnaces for special chemicals, – Halogenated hydrocarbons
such as acetic acid and freon – PCBs
– Pesticides
Reformer – Dioxines
– Steam reformers for hydrogen – Pharmaceutical wastes
and synthesis gas production – Aqueous salt laden wastes
– Nitrogen-bound organics
Fired heater units for refineries
– Crude oil heaters Vaporisation of cryogenic fluids
– Vacuum oil heaters Submerged combustion vaporiser system (Sub X®) for:
– Visbreaker – LNG
– Platformer – LPG
– HDS heaters – Nitrogen
– Reboilers – Ethylene
– Superheaters

Special-purpose furnace equipment

– Furnaces for iron direct reduction processes
– Steam superheaters

SL/1.1.e/09
– Waste recovery units for gas turbines

Offices/Subsidiaries

T-Thermal & Process Heater Technology SELAS-LINDE Fired Heaters Divsion Selas Fluid Processing Corporation
c/o Linde CryoPlants Ltd. c/o Linde Impianti Italia S.p.A. T-Thermal Company/Thermatrix
1 Blackwater Park, Holder Road Via Corona Boreale, 86 Five Sentry Parkway East, Suite 204
Aldershot, Hants GU12 4PQ 00054 Fiumicino, Roma Blue Bell, Philadelphia 19422
Great Britain Italy United States of America
Phone: +44.1252.321-811 Phone: +39.06656.13-1 Phone: +1.610.8340-300
Fax: +44.1252.321-355 Fax: +39.06656.13-200 Fax: +1.610.8340-473

SELAS-LINDE GmbH
Wolfratshauser Str. 138, 82049 Pullach, Germany
Phone +49.89.7447.47-0, Fax +49.89.7447.47-17
E-Mail: selas-linde@linde-le.com, www.selas-linde.com