Introduction to computer

What is computer?
Computer is an electronic device which is capable of receiving data in a
particular form and performs a sequence of operation in accordance with a
predetermined but variable set of procedural information or signals
History of Computer
History of computer can be considered from arise of human culture as
person known the calculation they used to something for this purpose like,
pebbles, stone etc. but as a device Roman’s abacus a first device used in B.C
for calculation Charles Babbage invented two machines Analytical engine
and different engine and Hollerith ‘s Census Machines (Tabulating .machine).
Howard Aiken (IBM) had designed Mark I, the first operational general-
purpose electro- mechanical computer. John Mauchley and Presper Eckert
make the electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) first
general purpose, digital electronic Computer used to compute a ballistic
firing. Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC I) , the first commercially
successful Computer. Two Era arises Mechanical Era (Before 1945) having
mechanical device and the electronic Era (From 1945) having electronic
processing technology .Electronic Era is divided in to four generation.
Generation of Computer
Computer are divided in these forms of generations have been described
time wise as well as technologies used.
 First Generation (1945-1954)- In the very first generations of
Computer, it had been used Vacuum tube technologies which make a
computer possible to do calculation.
 Second Generation (1955-1964)- In this generation segment of
computer, it had been used Transistors which made a computer a little
concise and faster to do the same.
 Third Generation (1965-1974)- in the third generation of computer,
it had been used integrated circuits which made this faster comparatively
and reliable as well.
 Fourth Generation (1975 Till Date) - In this generation of computers,
there had been used micro processors inside to work for better
comparatively. This is most reliable among and very concise in size to be
portable anywhere you want
 Fifth generation (present and next)- This is the generation of
computers where computers are assigned automatic intelligence; they use
artificial intelligence where they will use their own I Q too to solve problem
at end
 Characteristic of Computer
Characteristic Characters of computers are likely to be defined or tell the
capabilities of the computers. Here we see…
 Speed: computers can carry out instruction in less than a millionth of a
second. As you know computer can work very fast. It takes only few
seconds for calculations that we take hours to complete. You will be
surprised to know that computer can perform millions (1,000,000) of
instructions and even more per second.
 Accuracy: Computers can do the calculations without errors and very
accurately. The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every
calculation is perform with the same accuracy. The accuracy level is
determined on the basis of design of computer. The errors in are due
human and inaccurate data.
 Diligence: Computers are capable of performing any task given to them
repetitively. A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration,
weakness, etc. It can work for hours without creating any error. If millions
of calculations are to be performed, a computer will perform every
calculation with the same accuracy. Due to this capability it over power
human is being in routine type of work.
 Storage Capacity: Computers can store large volume of data and
information on magnetic media. The computer has an in-built memory
were it can store a large amount of data. You can also store data in
secondary storage device such as floppies, optical disks, which can kept
outside your and can be carried to other computers.
Versatility: Computer are versatile; they perform multiple different tasks
at the same time for e.g. playing music and drafting your document and
even you can print a page. It means the capacity to perform completely
different type of work. You may use your computer to prepare payroll slips.
Next moment you my use it for inventory management or to prepare
electric bills.
Computer System-: A Computer system is an asset which include few
tangible assets peripherals, processing device, memory etc. they can either
be divided in system panels or as entities involved to make computer
system possible Here are some terms as system panel or system entities of
the computer system …
Power switch-: It is the switch button which is used to start the
computer system and you can even shut down the system by pressing and
holding it.
Reset button-: It is used to restart the computer system in case if during
run time you need any start
CD/DVD ROM drive-: It is the CD/DVD Rom drive which is used to access
optical disks like CD (Compact disk) and DVD (Digital video disk).
Floppy Drive-: This drive is used to access floppy disks.
Front USB port, Mic & Headphone slot-: This very slots are used to
accept any USBs, Mic & headphone. The slots of Mic & headphone are
called jack slot. It is located at the front panel of the CPU cabinet.
Indicator light-: It is the signal light which confirms that system is still
running and when you shut this down then it gets automatically turn off.
Power supply socket-: This slot is used to supply the power to the CPU.
In this You connect a power cable through which the power is supplied to
SMPS and that reaches to every part of the necessary component
Keyboard Socket -: This slot is used to connect the keyboard to the
computer system.
Mouse socket-: This very slot is used to connect the mouse to the
computer system.
Parallel port-: This is used to connect any parallel device to the computer
system. This parallel device may be a printer or something similar.
VGA Port -: This port is used to connect to visual display unit like monitor.
Rear USB Port-: This is called USB 2.0, used to connect USBs to the
computer system like any electronic device USB connector can be
connected to the computer system
Mic & Speaker jack slot-: These slots are used to connect Sounds in ,
Sound out and Microphone to the computer system so that you can store
the delivered sound to the system and can retrieve or play the music or
sound the through Sound Out slot with the help of speakers. You will need
to insert The jack of those to the appropriate jack slot.
Network Slot -: This slot is used connect to any network through the
network cable.
IEEE 1394 (Fire Wire): The IEEE 1349 interface is a serial bus interface
standard for high speed communication and isochronous (A sequence of
events) real time data transfer. It was named as fire Wire Its developed
Apple Inc. The 1394 interface is comparable to USB Though USB has more
market Share.
Mother Board-: This is main component of the computer system where all
electronic components integrated together and support to make computer
system run is situated and set There like RAM, ROM Processor and many
more.
Fan-: This is set inside and set the fan face to outside sot that whatever
heat generated by the
CPU (Central Process Unit)-: This is set inside the computer system
used to process the data for information taken as input by the user.
RAM-: This primary memory (volatile in nature) in the form of chips is
integrated with a slot.
Rom-: This is chips with BLOS information integrated with a slot in
motherboard. This is non- volatile and contains BLOS information booting
process
Display Adapter card (Graphics Card)-: This is adapter card used link
monitor to CPU. Whatever task a being performed in the CPU can be
viewed and displayed to monitor with the help of this
Expansion Slot -: These slots are used to connect any extra device or
interface with computer system you want to connect. This is used to
enhance the capability of a computer system in case if you connect any
extra interface or feature.
How to Start Up a Computer-: Here we will see and learn strting a
computer system in some simple steps
as follows Connect the cables . Connect the power cable with power socket
at the rear panel of the computer to get start. The Basic peripheral device
required to work on a computer must be connected with their ports like
mouse, Keyboard and Monitor etc.
Supply the power-: Supply the power/ Electricity to the computer
system connected to an electricity board through an UPS.
Press power button-: This is the switch button which does start the
computer after begin pressed.
Wait the Computer to boot up-: A screen showing a logo “Starting
windows “will appear – this is the initial ‘boot up’ screen.
Wait until everything is loaded-: The more program that are set to
load when the computer is started the longer it will take. You may not
want to attempt to start up programs or open files right away this create
more for the computer, and this will mean it takes more time before you
can be using the computer
How sit at a Computer-: Sitting at a computer for long periods of time
can take a toll on your body. By not sitting with correct posture, it is easy
to end up with back pain neck pain , knee pains and a tingling of the hands
and fingers. Here are some tips on a maintaining good ergonomics and
staying comfortable at your desk during the day .
 Sit up tall to the computer seat and straight your posture toward the
computer screen
 Sit close to your keyboard , stay close your keyboard
 Adjust the keyboard height
 Give your wrist rest after every half an hour 45 minutes
 Position your monitor properly onto the desk
 Take small breaker during your workday to release some of that
muscle tension
 Exercise your hand by pushing top of your fingers, and using backward
resistance

 Computer General Maintenance/ Important Suggestions
Here with you will learn the primary and important computer maintenance
that how a person computer (Laptop/Desktop) must me maintained and
used
 Use computer under computer etiquettes (manners).
 Always do proper shut down, never unplug or switch off the CPU directly.
 Keep backups of the computer daily or atleast weekly basisso that the
valuable data of you may not be lost
 You are recommended to keep a strong password for user login in case
of absence any one else may not login and disturb or interfere with your
valuable data.
 Update necessary application upto date by downloading its update files
antivirus program operating system etc.
 Do cleaning of your peripherals of computer daily or atleast in a week .
 Place and use your computer only where this may stay dust and heat
free.
 Run diagnostics program daily or weekly for better computer
performance for e.g. Disk cleanup, Disk defragmenter etc.
 Never disturb, delete or do interface with system related files.
 Avoid installing unnecessary software your computer system.
Basic application of Computer -: Computer is very useful in our day to
day working. The basic applications of computer are … In banking: As we
know that banking now a days has be
online to be accessed with a computer for transitions using computer
followed with internet service.

Internet: internet is one of the most popular communication patterns to

connect all computer with a communication network all together. It allows
getting sharing & distributing the information to people aroung the globe.
To access internet of course computer necessary or you can say mandatory.
Hospital: computer is needed and useful for the hospital too. It is useful and
to maintain the hospital data records, run medical equipments like x-ray
machine, ECG machine, CT scan etc.
Digital video or audio composition: Computer is also used in the filed of
entertainment and composition where thing are built and manipulated to
make a good visual effect or presentation as well editing them.
Communication: Computer are also used and most useful and the field of
Communication where major or centralized machine used for cellular
service is a computer machine or through computer machine. Even while
what we can do is emailing chatting blogging etc.
Desktop publishing: Desktop publishing is one of the tool and designing tool
we say to design and prepare designs and arts to prints it on a prepare
designs and arts to print it on a paper to make sure to be printed a marriage
card, invitation card, and broucher etc.
Telecommunication: telecommunication is a field where centralized
operation is manipulated and dealt by a mainframe computer which
receives the call request of a phone user and redirects the call to the
requested number.
Apart from above computer are also using in Defense , E-learning
Medical Science , playing game, Designing certificates , ATM machine,
Robots news weather Analysis etc and even many more.
Input: - Input is an anatomy of the computer which is kindly referred at the
data or information which used to take as input by the computer system so
that a certain processing may take place to let your have a definite output.
There are many more electronic device used to give input the computer
system. Here are some]
Example…
Mouse Keyboard Scanner Track Ball Joystick
Light pen OCR Micro phone Bar code Reader MICR
Mouse-: It a device that is used to control the computer ; Kind of input
device. It points & click with button and wheel. Normally left click for select
/ run and right click to generate Menu.
The characteristics of mouse are:
 A cable connect the mouse of the Computer When the mouse is moved
on a pad, the curse Moves on the screen
 A cursor is a small symbol displayed on the computer screen (normally a
diagonal arrow that is used as a pointer) that shows you what the mouse
is referencing on the screen
 Keyboard-: The keyboard look like a type writers kind of input device.
The characteristic of keyboard are:
 It contains all the letter of the alphabet, number and some special
symbols.
 It operates like a type writers keypad but instead of moving an arm, which
strikes the paper, it send and electronic impulse to the computer, which
displayed a character on the monitor.
 Scanner-: Scanner are used to enter information directly in to the
computer memory. This device work like a Xerox machine. The scanner
converts any type of printed or written information including photograph
into digital pulse, which can be manipulated by the computer.
Track Ball-: Track ball is similar to the upside down design of the mouse.
The user moves the ball directly, while the device itself remains stationary .
The user spins the ball in various directions to effect the screen movements.
Joystick -: Joystick is a kind of input device what is used to give an input to
the computer system. That is mostly used in game application. As its name
implies a stick to play a game that will let you feel joy . in this you use your
thumb to press button of joystick handing the stick of the input device .
There is a spherical ball in socket at the bottom.

Light pen-: This is an input device which is used to draw lines or figures on
a computer screen. Its touched to the CRT screen where it can detect raster
on the screen as it passes.
OCR (Optical Character Reader)
It’s a device which detects alphanumeric charters printed or written on a
paper. The text which is to be scanned is illuminated by a low frequency
light source. The light is absorbed by the dark areas but reflected from the
bright Areas. The but reflected from the bright areas. The reflected light is
absorbed by the dark areas but reflected from the bright areas. The
reflected light a received by the photocells.
Microphone-: it is a kind of input device which is used to take sound as
input. We do connect it with the jack port of the computer system at the
front or rear panel of the system and use it.
Bar Code Reader-: This device reads bar codes and converts them in to
electric pulses to be processed by a computer. A bar code is nothing but
data coded in form of light and dark bears.
MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Reader/Recognizer)
It is kind of input device which is used to read magnetic characters from a
page like on a bank cheque Some magnetic characters are used which can
only be read by MICR.
 Output-: Output is a later process of input and & processing which a later
user know his/her output information via different output medium.
Whenever you give instruction to computer process a data then After
processing what result you see that is known as output.
The example of output device is as follows ….
Monitor Printer Projector Plotter Speaker
Monitor-: This is an output device. VDU is a visual soft output device and
used for getting soft visual output on screen. VDU can be categorized into
two types on the basis of technology he first one is CRT and second is LCD.
The details are as under:
(i) CRT (Cathode ray tube ): This is television –like screen where the
result of a computer’s tasks are displayed. In this technology cathode ray
falls on florescence screen and by deflecting ray make picture. There are
two types of CRTs:
 Monochrome: Also called black and white.
Color: It has three different phosphors which emit red, green, and blue
light respectively and do you the RGB color picture appears in colored view.
(i) LCD (Liquid Cristal Display): This VDU is thin; flat and having light
modulating technology .It is of two types:
 TFT (Thin Film Transistor) it is a variant of LCD and makes matrix but
not self lighting
 LED (Light Emitting Diode) it is self back light emitting technology
picture quality better.
Printer-: A printer is an output device that printers text document, images
spread Sheet etc. As hard copy printer quality is a measured is don’t per inch
(DPI). The two most common types of printers are impact printers and non
impact.
Impact printer: These types of printers strike against the link ribbon and
make impression on the paper there is metallic or plastic head having pins
(nine pin or 24 pin. Head in dot matrix) or symbol and character (in daisy
wheel printers). These printers are noisy, slow, cheap and poor quality
Output.
Dot matrix-: A dot matrix printer creates characters by striking pins against
link ribbon. Each pin makes a dot and combination of dots from characters
and illustration. This is much like a typewriter.
Non-impact printers-: In this technology there is not any hammer to strike
against ribbon. This is a latest technology. The two main types of non impact
printers are;
Inject Printer-: In this technology ‘lionized Ink” spraying thorough magnetic
plates on the sheet and making the symbol, image or document. These
printers produce high quality printings. It can print up to 300 DPI or more.
Laser printers-: In this technology as paper passes through the printers.
The laser beam fall at the surface of a cylindrical drum called a
photoreceptor. This drum has an electrical positive charge, by reversing the
charge in certain areas of the drum, the laser beam print patterns (such as
text and image) onto photoreceptor.

Projector-: Projector is output device and often used in meeting

presentations. It contains a lens inside which is used to flash the film to an
object.
Plotter-: Plotter is an output device that is used to produce graphical output
on papers. It used single color pens to draw picture as blue print etc. plotter
it used to print the maps and architecture of infrastructure. It used in the
engineering application.
Speaker-: Speakers are also kind of output device which is used to play a
sound as output. It is used in multimedia application to play or listen to
sound or music.
Central Processing unit (CPU): processing Device means calculation
comparisons and decision. The processing device and central processing unit
(CPU); also called Microprocessor is a small chip in computers which receive
input and provide Output. It is composed of silicon and contains millions of
transistor for .e.g. Pentium, dual core, 2 Duo, core 13, 15,17etc. it consist
ALU, CU and MU (memory unit)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): It does all the operation as per the
direction whether arithmetical or logical upon the data or information an
send that memory unit from there the control unit sends that to memory
unit from there the control unit sends back the result to the output media
through buses as per the user direction.
Control Unit: Decode instructions and determines which is next to be
executed. Control unit is a part of the processer that in charge and it direct
the computer system to execute stored program instructions.
Memory unit: in this unit, the data are stored during the processing. Its
Speed faster access than memory. Formally we call register too. It is faster
than main memory while execution it is very near to processer.
Bus: This is path medium for information entering or exiting the CPU.
Processer Speed: processer is the major component of the computer
system which does processing of data and information as per the user
instruction. Performance of the computer system depends on the
processor’s capability. It can process an instruction directed by a user in
seconds. It does processing far quicker than human beings. It can process
instruction more than one million in second that is a formally called are
known million instruction per second (MIPS.).
The process Speed depends upon the bit executed by the processor,
it comes in various kind like 8-bit processor, 16-processor and 64-bit
processor, it depends what processor you are using.
 The 8-bit processor executes 8 bits at time in the form binary number
system like (10010111)2.
 The 16-bit processor executes 16 bits at a time in the form of binary
number system. This kind of processer is faster than 8-bit processer and used
much at its time.
 The 32-bit processer executes 32 bits at a time means twice faster than
16-bit processer. It is used mostly in all the personal computer now a days, is
much sufficient at speed.
 64-bit processor executes 64 bits at a time, is used at servers or mini
computers to handle or process bulk data.
Cache: Cache memory is a virtual kind of memory used in static random
Access memory in different levels and stages namely L1, L2, L3, etc. it does
enhance the processing capability of the CPU. It is placed between main
memory and CPU. It is faster main memory. Time spent in accessing a
program in cache memory is 15 to 25 nano second whereas 25 nano second
spent an main memory It is built in memory space in the computer processer
used to enhance the processing speed. The cache memory stores data
instruction which is immediately to be executed or processed.
Memory: it is an internal storage area in the computer system. The term
memory is used for physical memory, which refers to the actual chips
capable of holding data. There is also a virtual memory which expands
physical memory on to a hard disk. There are two types of memory use in
computer primary and secondary.
The term memory can be categorized in two ways…
Primary Memory: Every computers comes with a certain amount of
physical memory, usually referred to as main memory or primary memory for
example RAM and ROM.
Secondary Memory: these types of memories are internal or external
devices either inside or outside the computers. It store program and data
permanently. It is slower, but cheaper. Floppy disks, hard drivers, CD DVD
pen drive etc are secondary storage devices. The secondary storage can be
divided in to magnetic device, optical device and flash memory.
Secondary storage Devices: These are another memory device non volatile in
nature used to keep or store the data permanently and primary memory
costs higher than primary memory whereas the secondary memory devices
and cheaper comparatively. There are many secondary storage device
available to store the data permanently like floppy disks, optical disk,
Magnetic disks, flash drive etc.
Floppy Disk: It is removable device or data traveler and re-writable. Floppy
disk is flat, circular pieces of Mylar plastic that rotate within a jacket. The
circular plastic film is divided in to track and sector. It is also known as
diskette. The size of floppy is 3.5 inches and the storage capacity of floppy
disk is 1.44 Mb.
Hard Disk (Hard Drives): A hard disks is a magnetic disk made of metal and
covered with a magnetic recording surface. Drive is the main location where
all data is stored. Most hard disks drives consist of spinning platters of
aluminum, glass or ceramic that is coated with a magnetic media. A single
hard disk usually consists of several platters. Hard disk are used to store huge
amount of data permanently. Now-a-days there are huge capacitive Hard
disks avaible in the market to store the data like 500GB, 1tb and even
greater.
The Hard disk drive has following components:
Platter-the actual fixed disk within the hard disk drive; there can br serval
platters within the hard drive.
Heads- Each side of a platter
Track- Large section that completely circle the platter
Sector- Section on the track
Cluster- Smallest unit of measurement that a hard drive will read
Cylinder- Track on the same diameter on each platter:
Optical Disk CD Rom
This kind of storage device comes under secondary storage devices whereas
CD- ROM is the drive to access or on optical disk. It is an advance technology
for data storage. Optical disk is disk read and written by laser beam. Optical
disk does not need to move access arms are read / write heads because a
laser beam can be moved electronically. For writing data, a laser beam burns
tiny cavities in to the surface of a disk to mark bits for data. To read the data,
laser scans these areas.
There are kinds of optical disk available ….
Write Once Read Many Disks (Normal CD)-: This kind of optical disks are
plain and simple and easy to write the data once only and that after you can
not re-write that disks ever but you can access or read in many times you
want. This kind of optical disks contain up to 700 MB data.
Re-writable Optical Disk-: this is an optical disk that can be erased and
written upon repeatedly. An erasable optical disk has a great deal of data
capacity. This kind of optical disks cost little higher than normal CD ROMs.
CD- Rom (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)-: This kind of secondary
memory device is an optical disk has a great deal of data capacity. This kind
of optical disks cost little higher than normal CD ROMs.
DVD (Digital Video Disk )-: it is even known as digital versatile disk. It mass
storage disk comes normally up to 4.7GB and special case it comes in even up
to 45 to 50 GB. This uses digital technology to store data in concized form it
store more than a normal compact disk.
USB Thumb Drive -: USB thumb drive normally known as flash drive or pen
drive is used to store bulk data as per its capacity. They are small in size with
a USB face is portable to be used any where any computer. This is little faster
comparatively. This is plug n play device which you o insert I the USB port of
computer.
Hardware &Software -: Computer system is the combination of hardware
and software. Hardware are components of the computer system; physical,
Tangible pieces that we can see and touch software is set of program (which
are step by step instructions) telling the computer how to process data.
Hardware-: Hardware is a comprehensive term for all of the physical parts
of computers as distinguished from the data it contain or operates on, and
the software that provides instruction for the hardware to accomplish tasks.
The boundary between hardware and software is connected through
firmware software that is built-in to the hardware, but such firmware is
usually the province of computer programmer and computer engineer in any
case and not an issue that computer users need to concern themselves with.
A computer (Personal Computer as a desktop) contains the following parts …
 Motherboard which holds the CPU , main memory and other parts ,
and has a slots for expansion cards
 Power supply - a case that holds a transformer, voltage control and
fan
 Storage and controllers, of IDE , SCSI or other types, that control hard
disk , floppy disk, CD- ROM and others drives; the controllers sit
directly on the motherboard (on-board )or on expansion cards
 Graphics controller that produce the output for the monitor
 The hard disks, floppy disk and other drives for mass storage
Software-: it gives intelligence in computer. Software is a generic term for
organized collection of computer data and instructions, often broken in two
major categories: system software that provides the basic non – task specific
function of the computer, and application software which is used by user to
accomplish specific tasks.
Relationship between Hardware and software-: There is tight bond
between hardware software and they retain incomplete in absence of any.
Hardware physical and tangible asset which you can see and touch whereas
software is a program run over the hardware and control the hardware. In
simple we say the complete each other.
There are two types of software…
System Software: System software is a kind of software which is used by a
system that is a used to control and monitor computer an hardware. System
software provide interface to run an application software like operating
software is an example of system software. This software is used to
communicate to system hardware and peripherals of thee computer system .
System is even two considered in two parts
1) Operating System: The operating system is the most important
programs that runs on a computer every computer has a operating to run
other application programs. Operating system is the soul of the computer
system without that you can no more imagine to run a computer system
 operating system plays like a mediator which interprets the instruction to
computer hardware made by a user. An operating system contains shell
and kernel. The shell is the upper layer of the operating system which
receives and conveys the instruction to kernel and the kernel send the
instructions to the computer hardware.
2) Utility Program: A program that performs a very specific tasks, usually
related to managing system recourse. Operating system contain a number
of utilities for managing disk drives, printers, and others device.
Application Software-: Application software are the software are the
software package used by the user for the general purpose like word
processing, Spreadsheet, presenting, paint etc. when you work on an
application software you give instructions to computer hardware process or
execute it.
Compiler-: compiler is a kind of system software specially knows as an
utility program. Compiler translates the high level language to low level
language so that data and instructions passed through your program is
executed with the help of compiler. Compiler first check entirely for the
errors in the program and if the program does not have any syntax error then
in compiles and sends to processor to execute and if there are some error or
mistakes are remained in the program then it will prompt you to reconsider
about the program syntax procedure. Compilers are used in C,C++ etc.
Interpreter-: Interpreter is also translate the high level language into
machine level code to be executed but it differs from compiler, it Checks
program line by line and when it gets the first line correct then it sends to
execute and when if there are any mistake exists in the program during
deploying (running )process then in prompts you to rectify the error whereas
complier checks entire program at once if the program is corrects, sends to
execute otherwise prompt you to reconsider. Interpreter is used in visual
basic etc.
Assembler: it is used in assembly level language which is used to translate
the mnemonics and register variables to machine level code to be executed
High level languages: high level language is the programming language
which user text commands written in general English near to user
comprehension. This kind of programming language needs a compiler or
interpreter so that the program code is may be converted in to machine level
code. Example of high level language is c,c++, visual basic, FORTRON, java
visual basic etc.
File System-: File system is file and folder management in the windows
operating system which is related to user aspect but there are naturally to
kind of file system. Related to computer system aspect what uses a pattern
for the file allocation and their accessing?
Fat-: It is abbreviated as file Allocation table what uses an index for the file
address through that it allows a user to access particular file or order. This
keeps 16 bit or 32 bit track of the file.
NTFS: it is abbreviated as new technology file system. It is introduced in
Windows NT 3.1 NTFS file system allows automatic file compression prior to
being written freeing up hard disk space and also has disk quotas which
allows system administer to allocate disk space to user.