‘This chapter highlihis the types of pumps commonly {found in industrial plants, along with maintenance and ‘operation considerations fora centrifugal pump pip- ing layout Exhibit 81 shows an electric motor-driven hor zontal pump that i familia t plant layout designers. ‘The two primary piping connections are the suction and discharge nozzles (Le, liquid inlet and outlet). ‘The impeller within the pump case draws the liquid into the pump and sends it out ata high veloc. The impeller shafts sealed with astffing box where the shaft exis the case to prevent the pump fuid from leaking, Drips from wearing seals are picked up inthe stuffing box drain. The pump shaft is connected tothe drive shaft by 2 coupling, which is enclosed within protective housing. Both pump and driver are mounted on 2 common baseplate. Miscellaneous pump leaks that collect within the baseplate during ‘Operation are drained through a connection at the front ofthe pump. Pump size and configuration vary forthe following, + The commodity being pumped 1 The viscosity of the liquid. * capaci, + Pressure + Temperature + Available head requirements + Physical limitations. Initial pump piping layouts are done with prelimi. rary information. The equipment engineer supplies the plant layout designer with 2 catalog cut of the ump that most closely represents the one w be pur- ‘chased. In many cases, this data does not change sig- nificantly i the engineer has made the correct selec: tion. Piping layouts are started early in the study phase, ‘when the certified vendor drawings become avalible later in the projec, minor adjustments are made as CHAPTER Pumps ‘required. Dimensions of nozale locations or baseplate sizes may change slightly, but evisions to physical ‘nazze locations (Le, fom top to side or side w font) <0 not usually occur when the daa is Finalized, Work ing closely with the equipment and system engineers acquaint the principal pares with the exact design conditions and minimizes rework, PUMP TERMINOLOGY ‘This section highlighss some of the most common ‘erms that the plant layout designer encounters when ‘creating a pump layout Allowable nozale loading The allowable nozzle loading is the maximum amount of stres tha the pip- ing configuration may impose on the pump suction and discharge nozzles, asset bythe vendor, client, oF code. The pipe stress engineer Is responsible for ‘working within this tolerance by coordinating the pip ing design early ina project and echecking ll calcul tions before formal fabrication iswes of piping draw ings are made. [Net postive suction head NPSH is one of dhe most Important terms a plane your designer needs 0 un denwand shen developing an equipment layout that includes purnps and vessels The required net postive suction head isa measure ofthe pressure drop ofthe liguid as moves from the inlet ofthe pump to the {eye ofthe impeller. Ii a characteristic ofthe pump tha is generilly devermined by testing and is ex pressed in “feet of soner” by the pump manuficurer. ‘Vapor pressure When the pressure in dhe pump suc Lion line fals below the vapor pressure of liquid. the liquid fiashes, or changes to vapor. Because n0 ordi- ‘nary liquid purnp can pump only vapor, liquid flow 10 the pump falls off and the unit is sad to be vapor bound. 181182 Available net positive suction head The available INPSH is the net pressure available ina given system, bused on vessel pressure and stat head, minus the liquid vapor pressure nd functional losses inthe ys tem. The goal is 0 maintain equipment heights and minimize pump suction piping 19 ensure that the amalable NPSH is greater than the required NPSHL. tn sufficient NPSH can reduce pump capacity and eff ciency and lead 10 cavitation damage, ‘Cavitation The rapid collapse of vapor bubbles that ‘an produce noise, resule i a loss of head andl capac: ly, and create a severe erosion of the impeller and casing surfaces inthe adjacent inlet areas. API (American Petroleum Instirute) pumps This term refers to the horizonal, singlesage pumps found in the petroleum industry. The standard devel- oped by vendors, contractors, ad users entitled “API 610—Centifugal Pumps for General Refinery Ser ‘Proces Plant Layout and Piping Doig EMUBT 81 Centrigal Pump ice" ls used 1 specify pumps for purchase, To a plant layout designer, an API pump & 2 large, refiner type pump, AVS (American Voluntary Standard) pumps. This ‘sandard, issued by the Hydraulic tnsiaue, outlines several pumps with standard dimensions. They rein terchangeable for a given size, regardless of who builds the pump, wath no effect on foundacon, piping design, or ype of elecric motor used. NPSH REQUIREMENTS ‘An example of how to deal with atypical NPSH prob lenis shown in Exhibie 2 The required NPSH inthis ‘example is 22 (6,700 mm). If horizontal pump is. used, the botom tangent line of vessel A must be a ‘minimum of 22 f (6,700 mm) above the cesterine clevation of the shaft Ifa vertical pump i used, the183 vessel B angent line is located closer to grade becasse PSH is calculated fom the bostom impeller of the ppamp located below gride. although vertical pumps require less of vessel support structure and possibly less piping they are more expensive to hus’and main fain, Therefore, « horizontal pump applicition is: rmoce desirable solution in this instance. Vertical pumps are beter used to draw suction from large Surface condensors that service large compressors. ‘TYPES OF PUMPS Pumps are classified as centrifugal, postive displace- ‘ment (reciprocating), oF cour. Centrifugal Pumps “The majority of pumps used in industry ae centifgal because oftheir flexibility in flow rates, pressure, and INPSH Example temperatute, They are usually driven by elec mo- tors or seam turbines, They may be single Saye oF rmultitage, depending on pressure eequirements in the system, and can he orizantal or vertical. Cent sal pumps, unlike reciprocating and cory pumps. op fate at constant speed an can Ueliver any capac from zero wo maximum, depending on the head de sign and suetion conditions. Exhibit 83 depicts some Of the more common variations of centrifugal pumps Positive Displacement (Reciprocating) Pumps ‘These pumps are commonly used 10 move visovus liquids, inject chemicals or additives into a stem, oF pump quantities 100 small for centrifugal pumps. ‘These pumps discharge a definite quantiy of liquid during piston or plunger movement through the stroke disxance. Exhibit 84 shows ewo typical recipco- ‘ating pumps Pompe