DAF

GENERAL MEDICINE – STATE EXAMINATION – SURGERY

History of surgery:
1. History of surgery in the world
2. History of Czech and Slovak Surgery

Oesophagus:
1. Esophageal atresia
2. Caustic and corrosive injury of the esophagus, other injury of the oesophagus
3. Esophageal diverticula and strictures of the esophagus
4. Esophageal tumors and their surgical treatment
5. Achalasia

Abdominal surgery:
1. Sudden onset abdominal pain - definition, division, causes, symptoms, diagnosis &
treatment, role of the first contact physician
2. Evaluation and management of acute abdominal pain - history, clinical and
paraclinical examinations
3. Peritonitis - classification, causes, diagnosis, treatment
4. Sudden traumatic acute abdominal events, classification and diagnosis
5. Hematemesis, melena, hematochezia and hemoptysis
6. Abscesses of the abdominal cavity
7. Principles of endoscopic treatment of the gastrointestinal tract
8. Endoscopic diagnostic methods of the gastrointestinal tract
9. Bleeding from the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract
10. Bleeding from the distal part of gastrointestinal tract
11. Congenital abdominal anterior wall defects

Abdominal hypertension + Compartment syndrome:

1. Surgical treatment of portal hypertension
2. Abdominal compartment syndrome
3. Intra-abdominal hypertension, acute abdominal compartment

Stomach:
1. Gastroduodenal peptic ulcer, indications for surgical treatment
2. Perforation of the peptic ulcer
3. Surgical procedures for peptic ulcer disease
4. Stomach cancer
5. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), pathophysiology and surgical treatment
6. Myogenic pylorostenosis

Intestines:
1. Intestinal stenosis and atresias
2. Surgical ileus – bowel obstruction
3. Pathophysiology of intestinal obstruction
4. Mechanical and paralytic ileus – bowel obstruction
5. Intestinal malrotation
6. Intestinal strangulation
7. Crohn's disease, indications and surgical treatment

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8. Ulcerative colitis from a surgical point of view

9. Intussusception
10. Hirschsprung's disease
11. Surgical treatment of the congenital malformations of the colon and rectum
12. Ulcerative colitis from a surgical point of view
13. Diverticulosis and diverticulitis of the colon
14. Carcinoma of the large bowel
15. Necrotizing enterocolitis

Rectum + Anus:
1. Anorectal malformations
2. Fistula and abscess of the rectum, sinus pilonidalis
3. Hemorrhoids, anal fissures
4. Rectal carcinoma
5. Surgical solution of the stool incontinence

Appendix:
1. Acute appendicitis
2. Apendicitis in children, in older age, in pregnancy
3. Subacute appendicitis

Liver:
1. Post-traumatic haemoperitoneum (spleen and liver injury)
2. Liver cysts and abscesses
3. Benign liver tumors
4. Malignant liver tumors

Gallbladder + Biliary tract:

1. Acute and subacute cholecystitis
2. Cholecystolithiasis
3. Extrahepatic gallbladder and biliary tract disease
4. Biliary tract surgical procedures
5. Hydrops, empyema of the gall bladder and acute cholangitis
6. Gallbladder carcinoma
7. Mechanical jaundice
8. Biliary atresia

Pancreas:
1. Acute pancreatitis
2. Chronic pancreatitis
3. Tumors of the pancreas and surgical treatment
4. Pancreatic cysts and pseudocysts

Spleen:
1. Congenital and acquired disorders of the spleen

Retroperitoneum:
1. Injury of retroperitoneal organs (duodenum, pancreas)
2. Surgical diseases of retroperitoneum
3. Retroperitoneum

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Hernias:
1. Inguinal and femoral hernia
2. Umbilical hernia and hernia in linea alba, incisional hernia
3. Diaphragmatic and internal hernia
4. Incarcerated hernia
5. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Neurosurgery:
1. Temporal and occipital cone, brain death
2. Hydrocephalus
3. Brain abscess
4. Cranial nerves neuralgia
5. Intracranial hypertension syndrome
6. Surgical treatment of epilepsy

Traumatic brain injury:

1. Intracranial hypertension
2. Concussion, axonal injury, brain contusion
3. Concussion and its consequences
4. Brain (celebral) contusion
5. Division of post-traumatic intracranial haemorrhage
6. Posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula

Bleeding + Hemorrhage:
1. Intracerebral haemorrhage
2. Epidural bleeding
3. Subdural haemorrhage

Spine:
1. Fracture of the thoracic and lumbar spine
2. Cervical spine injuries (ligaments and fractures
3. Spinal cord injuries (urgent help, transport, diagnosis, treatment)
4. Degenerative diseases of the spine
5. Inflammatory diseases of the spine
6. Deformity of the spine
7. Spinal fractures
8. Degenerative diseases of the cervical spine
9. Degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine
10. Cauda equina syndrome
11. Congenital malformations of the spine
12. Intervertebral disc herniation and its complications

Craniofacial surgery:
1. Fractures of the skull arch
2. Fractures of the base of the skull
3. Skull base fractures
4. Fractures of the cranial vault
5. Congenital malformations of the skull

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Tumors:
1. Supratentorial tumors of the brain
2. Infratentorial brain tumors
3. Secondary intracranial tumors
4. Tumors of spine and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system:

1. Peripheral nerve injuries - diagnosis and treatment
2. Injury of peripheral nerves
3. Compression of nerve and nerve plexus syndromes on the upper extremity

Sterilization, asepsis, infections etc:

1. Asepsis and antisepsis - history, definition, methods
2. Sterilization methods, department of central sterilization
3. Disinfection - main disinfectants
4. Surgical infections - prevention and treatment principles
5. Phlegmon and abscess - definition, management and treatment
6. Systemic pyogenic infection - sepsis in surgery
7. Erysipel and erysipeloid
8. Nosocomial infections and hospitalizations
9. Anaerobic infections - gas phlegmon, gas gangraene
10. Purulent disease of the hand – panaricium
11. Antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment in surgery
12. Specific infections - tuberculosis, lues, anthrax, actinomycosis

Paediatric surgery:
1. Perioperative care in childhood
2. Hernia’s in childhood
3. Meconium ileus
4. Acute appendicitis in childhood

Paediatric Orthopaedics:
1. Congenital anomalies of the hand
2. The treatment of congenital foot abnormalities
3. Developmental dysplasia of the hip
4. Congenital malformations of the hand and upper limb
5. Tumors and deformities of the chest wall in children
6. Congenital systemic bone diseases

Orthopaedics:
1. Children's cerebral palsy and other neurological diseases in orthopedics
2. Osteoporosis and osteomalacia
3. Osteomalacia and rachitis
4. Aseptic bone necrosis
5. Morbus Perthes
6. Acute osteomyelitis
7. Chronic osteomyelitis
8. Bones and joints tuberculosis and other specific inflammation
9. Rheumatic diseases in orthopaedics

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10. Prosthesis, orthesis, orthopedic devices

Hands:
1. Hand flexors and extensors lesion
2. Dupuytren's contracture
3. Hand injuries (tendons, replantations, metacarpal and phalangeal fractures)

Legs:
1. Knee injuries (meniscuses, ligaments), knee dislocation
2. Angular deformities of the lower limbs
3. Static errors of lower limbs
4. Different length of limbs
5. Soft tissues injury of the ankle (Achilles tendon, ankle tendon injury)

Tendons + Joints:
1. Artificial joint replacements
2. Degenerative joint diseases
3. Tendon injuries, diagnosis and treatment
4. Distortion and luxation
5. Purulent joint inflammation
6. Metabolic arthropathies

Fractures:
1. Management of ribs and sternal fractures
2. Open Fractures - classification, first aid and treatment principles
3. Fractures in general - mechanism of origin, classification, dislocation
4. Conservative treatment of fractures
5. Extension treatment of fracture
6. Surgical treatment of fractures, types of osteosynthesis
7. Healing of fractures using conservative and surgical treatment
8. Complications of fractures healing
9. Fractures and luxation of the upper limb
10. Fractures of the proximal and medial part of humerus
11. Fractures of the distal end of the humerus in children (supracondylar) and adults
12. Fractures in the elbow region (olecranon, proximal end of radius and ulna, Monteggia
fracture)
13. Fractures in the lower end of forearm and wrist
14. Pelvic fractures (stable, unstable) and their complications
15. Acetabular fracture, hip joint luxation
16. Fractures of the upper end of femur
17. Fractures of the femur and lower end of femur
18. Fractures in the ankle area (intra and extraarticular, whistle, pillar)
19. Fractures of the heel, ankle, and fifth metatarsal base

Tumors:
6. Malignant bone tumors
7. Benign bone tumors
8. Metastases in bones

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Muscle/Tendons:
1. Muscles and tendons disorders

Vascular & Endovascular Surgery + Lymph:

1. Embolism and thrombosis - definition and division
2. Thromboembolic disease and its prevention
3. Fat embolism and air embolism
4. Vascular injuries - diagnostics, first aid and definitive treatment
5. Neurovascular limb syndromes

Aneurysms:
1. Aneurysms and A-V malformations (extra-cranial)
2. Aneurysms of cerebral vessels, arteriovenous malformations

Venous:
1. Chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs
2. Thrombophlebitis and phlebotrombosis –differential diagnosis

Arterial:
1. Peripheral arterial obliterating diseases
2. Acute arterial occlusions
3. Mesenteric arterial ischaemia: diagnosis and therapeutic options
4. Gangrene of the limbs, causes, symptoms, treatment
5. Brain magistral arteries stenosis
6. Critical limb ischemia

Lymphoid:
1. Lymphangenitis and lymphangitis

Aorta:
1. Abdominal aortic aneurysm
2. Thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissection
3. Aortic coarctation
4. Aortic arch branch disease
5. Disorders of visceral branches of the abdominal aorta

Procedures:
1. Invasive and non-invasive radioimaging methods and technic in vascular surgery
2. Arterial reconstructions procedures
3. Endovascular treatment of vascular diseases

Urology:
1. Hematuria and pyuria
2. Urine retention
3. Urosepsis - etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
4. Congenital anomalies of ureters (vesicoureteral reflux and megaureter)
5. Developmental anomalies of the ureter and bladder
6. Injury of the urine bladder and urethra
7. Urolithiasis
8. Diagnostic endoscopic and therapeutic endoscopic methods in urology

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9. Urine derivation
10. Tumors of the urine bladder
11. Urine bladder and uretral injury
12. Kidney and urethral injuries
13. Urethral stricture
14. Postoperative complications uropoetic system
15. Neurogenic urinary disorders

Nephrology:
1. Kidney developmental anomalies
2. Acute and chronic renal failure
3. Non-specific inflammation of the kidneys, their surrounding tissue and Non-specific
inflammation of the lower urinary tract
4. Hydronephrosis
5. Cystic kidney disease
6. Tumors of the kidneys

Genitals:
1. Congenital anomalies of male genitalia
2. Non-specific inflammation of male genital organs
3. Tuberculosis of the urogenital system
4. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
5. Tumors of the male external genitalia (penis, testis)
6. Prostate cancer
7. Male infertility

Adrenals + Diabetes Mellitus:

1. Surgical treatment of adrenal diseases
2. Adrenal gland surgery
3. Diabetes mellitus in surgery
4. Diabetic foot - principles of treatment
5. Vascular reconstruction in the treatment of diabetic foot

Anesthesia:
1. Local anesthetics - methods and type of anesthesia, local anesthetics

Transplantation surgery:
2. Legal and ethical issues of organ donation for transplantation in Slovakia
3. Kidney transplantation from living and dead donor
4. Immediate and late complications after organ transplantation
5. History of the organ transplantion
6. Principles of heart and lung transplantation
7. Principles of the liver, pancreas and small intestine transplantation
8. Bone transplants

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Cardiosurgery:
1. Acquired heart defects
2. Congenital heart defects except coarctation of aorta
3. Cardiac tamponade
4. Ischemic heart disease
5. Pericardial diseases
6. Heart rhythm disorders, surgical treatment options
7. Tumors of the heart
8. Heart injuries
9. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in acute heart failure

Thoracic surgery/Lung surgery:

1. Postoperative complications of heart and lung
2. Resuscitation and management of acute respiratory failure
3. Pneumothorax
4. Pleural effusion (exudate)
5. Traumatic pneumothorax - classification and treatment
6. Traumatic hemotorax
7. Thoracic empyema
8. Lung injuries and injuries of the mediastinal organs (trachea and bronchus,
esophagus), ARDS
9. Tumors of the lungs
10. Mediastinal tumors
11. Foreign bodies in the respiratory and digestive tract

Trachea:
1. Tracheal stenosis and tracheal tumors
2. Surgery of the trachea
3. Tracheotomy and its indication

General:
1. The purpose and concept of surgery as a subject of medicine
2. Tetanus - prevention and treatment
3. Shock in surgery
4. Management of water and electrolyte balance in surgical patients
5. Decubities (pressure or bed sores) - pathogenesis, prevention and care
6. Hygienic Mode Principles in the Operating Tract
7. Ethical and legal responsibility in surgery – consent form and patient disapproval
8. Polytrauma - definition, principles of first aid and treatment
9. Indications for amputations
1.
Techniques + Procedures:
1. Sewing tools and equipments - staplers and stents in surgery
2. Surgical assessment
3. Indications of surgical treatment and types of surgical procedures
4. Basic concepts and nomenclature of surgical procedures and their characteristics
5. Damage control surgery
6. Principles of physiotherapy in surgery and methods of treatment
7. Diagnostic radiology methods in surgical specialties – X-ray, USS, CT, MRI, PET

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8. Microsurgery and replantation surgery – importance and value

9. Punction, evacuation, drainage
10. Incision, excision, exstirpation - content of terms
11. Bleeding - Types and Methods of Haemostasis
12. Peripheral and central vein accesses
13. Fundamentals of microsurgery and principles of replanting fingers
14. Tissue suturing - types of suture, stitches, staples
15. Anastomoses and stomas
16. Aesthetic surgery
17. Principles of mini-invasive surgery
18. Vascular access for hemodialysis

Drugs:
1. Premedication and muscle relaxation
2. Use of antiaggregants, anticoagulants and fibrinolytics in surgery

Post-pre-evaluation + preparation:
1. Principles of preoperative evaluation and preparation for surgery
2. Post-operative patient management
3. Management of postoperative pain
4. Differentiated care in surgery - department, postoperative room, ICU, AIM
5. Hemocoagulation disorders before and after surgery (haemorrhagic conditions)
6. Preparation of the surgical team for surgery

Pain:
1. Surgical Treatment of Chronic Pain
2. Treatment of chronic pain

Nutrition:
3. Parenteral nutrition in surgery
4. Principles of surgical nutrition
5. The principles of early enteral nutrition of a surgical patient

Βreast Surgery:
1. Benign breast diseases
2. Malignant tumors of the breast
3. Inflammatory diseases of the breast

Geriatrics:
1. Problems and basic principles of surgical treatment in geriatric patients

Skin surgery:
1. Skin grafting and flap surgery
2. Skin flaps design, classification and principles of flap surgery compound tissue flaps
3. Folliculitis, furunculus, carbunculus
4. Malignant melanoma
5. Benign and malignant skin tumors

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Wounds:
1. Human bites
2. Different types of wound, classification and origin
3. Provisional wound care treatment and management
4. Disorders of wounds healing and factors affecting wound healing
5. Principles and practice of definitive wound care and treatment
6. Complications of surgical wound healing
7. Secondary wound healing, principles of treatment

Burns:
1. Burns - classification, first aid, treatment
2. Hypothermia and frostbite - Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis

War:
1. War wounds injuries and their unique characteristics - classical, nuclear, chemical,
biological
2. Nuclear weapons injuries, principles of the first aid, definitive treatment and
management
Transportation
1. Disaster and mass casualty, principles of triage and transfer
2. Transportation of the sick and wounded patient, transports position

Injuries:
1. Shooting injuries - characteristics and principles of surgical treatment
2. Physical and chemical injuries
3. Injuries of soft tissues, skin, fascia, muscles
4. First aid for injuries

Plastic surgery:
1. Principles and techniques of plastic surgery

Hematology:
1. Blood transfusion and blood products
2. Complications of blood products administration
3. Indications and contraindications of transfusion, techniques transfusion administration

Syndromes:
1. Crush syndrome
2. Blast syndrome

Craniofacial surgery (extra):

1. Cheilitis and related complications
2. Cleft lip and cleft palate

Oncology:
1. Basic classification of tumors and etiopathogenesis of tumors
2. Phases of malignant tumors development, staging
3. The role of surgery in tumor diagnostics, diagnosis and treatment of precancerosis

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4. Principles of surgical treatment of malignant tumors

5. Determination of biological activity of tumors, TNM classification
6. Non-surgical (conservative) treatment of malignant tumors
7. Diagnosis of tumors

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