RQQ REVIEWER

HAHHAHAAHHAHAHHA

SCIENCE 4. EXPERIMENT: Develop and follow a

procedure. Include a detailed materials
knowledge or a system of knowledge covering list. The outcome must be measurable
general truths, or the operation of general laws (quantifiable).
especially as obtained and tested through
Scientific Method CONTROL GROUP
– the control is the group that
serves as the standard of
SCIENTIFIC METHOD comparison.
-involves a series of steps that are used
– The “no treatment" or an
to investigate a natural occurrence
“experimenter selected” group.

– is exposed to the same

STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD conditions as the experimental
1. OBSERVATION/RESEARCH - topic group, except for the variable
of interest. being tested.

(ALL EXPERIMENTS SHOULD

2. PROBLEM/QUESTION- a
question/problem that can be solved
through experiment.
3. FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS -
Predict a possible answer to the problem
or question.
HYPOTHESIS
- is an educated guess about the
relationship between the
independent and dependent
variables
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
- The manipulated variable
varied by experimeter
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
- The dependent, or responding
variable, is the factor that may
change as a result of changes
made in the independent
variable
HAVE A CONTROL GROUP.)
CONSTANTS
- all the factors that the
experimenter attempts to keep
the same.
TRIALS
- refer to replicate groups that
are exposed to the same
conditions in an experiment
5. COLLECT AND ANALYZE
RESULTS - Modify the procedure if
needed. Confirm the results by retesting.
Include tables, graphs, and photographs.
6. CONCLUSION -Include a statement
that accepts or rejects the hypothesis.
Make recommendations for further
study and possible improvements to the
procedure.
7. COMMUNICATE THE RESULTS
RESEARCH - Methods must be relevant to the context
+ intentions of research
“GATHERING OF INFO AND FACTS FOR
THE ADVANCEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE” CONTROL
- SHUTTLEWORTH, 2008 - Requires an understanding of an event
- or situation
- Needs to know what the cause and
“STEPS USED TO COLLECT AND
effect relationships are
ANALYZE INFO TO INCREAS OUR
- All of technology relies on this ability
UNDERSTANDING OF A TOPC/ISSUE”
to control
- CRESWELL 2008

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
CHARACRERISTICS OF RESEARCH
CATEGORIZE
- Typology of objects, events, or concept 1. REALISTIC - Undertaking must result to
- Explains which things belong together empirical data
and how
2. LOGICAL - Follows valid, definite
DESCRIBE
principles, frameworks, and procedures
- Observation
- Examines situations to establish what is 3. CYCLICAL - Starts with a problem and
norm ends with another

EXPLAIN 4. ANALYTICAL - Empirical data is

- Deals with complex issues analysed to elicit desired meaning from the
- Beyong getting facts inorder to make obtained information
sense of myriads
PREDICT
FACTORS TO CONSIDER
- Correlations are known
1. TIME FRAME
- Predictions of possible future behavior
or events are made on the basis that if 2. MONEY
there has been a strong relationship 3. FACILITY AND DATA
between two or more characteristic 4. EXPERTISE

CORRELATE
- Investigates the relationship between QUALITIES OF A GOOD
two phenomena to see whether and how RESEARCHER
they influence each other
- Phenomena are measured as levels of
association.
o Interest
EVALUATE o Motivation
o Inquisitiveness
- Judgement about quality
 o Commitmen effectiveness of teaching or the
o Sacrifice deployment of a curriculum
o Excelling Formative Evaluation
o Knowledge
o Recognition ➢ Using the exams given to
o Scholarly approach students in school to shape
teaching methods that will
o Integration
result in optimal learning

Action Research (Patton, 1990) Solve a problem

TYPES OF RESEARCH within a community.
- Aims at solving problems within a
program, organization, or community.
Basic Research (fundamental or pure) (Patton, - Enables the practitioner to bring about
1990) - Descriptive/Understand an improvement in their own practice
- Aims to understand and explain and is
interested in formulating and testing
theoretical construct and propositions. Qualitative vs Quantitative Research
Qualitative research - aims to deepen the
- This is more descriptive, exploring
understanding of a phenomenon
what, why, and how questions.
Quantitative research - aims to
generalize ideas or concepts in a broader
perspective
Applied Research (Patton, 1990) – Solve a
Problem > HOW > Both for humans and Society
problems
QUALITIES OF A SUCCESSFUL
- Aims to find potential solutions to RESEARCHER
human and societal problems.
o Curious Efficient
- This is more prescriptive in nature, o Logical
focusing on how questions. o Effective
o Active
o Practical
o Inventive
Evaluation Research (Patton, 1990) – o Honest
Effectiveness of the teacher (Met the objectives) o Cost effective
- undertaken to see whether a program or
activity is meeting or has met the
objectives set for it RESEARCH ETHICS
“ETHICS IS KNOWING THE
Summative Evaluation Using DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WHAT YOU
the exams given to students in HAVE A RIGHT TO DO AND WHAT IS
school to assess the RIGHT TO DO.” ~ POTTER STEWART
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES TYPES OF DATA
o Honesty
o Objectivity
o Integrity QUANTITATIVE DATA
o Carefulness - Information that can be measured or
o Openness written down with numbers; involved
o Respect for intellectual property quantities
o Trustworthiness
o Social and legal responsibility
QUALITATIVE DATA
HUMAN rights in research - Information expressed not in terms of
✓ Right to voluntary participation numbers, but rather by means of a
natural language description; involved
✓ Right to informed consent qualities

✓ Right to be protected from harm TYPES OF VARIABLES

VARIABLE
✓ Right to confidentiality
- Something that varies
✓ Right to anonymity - A representation of persons or objects
THE DATA PRIVACY ACT OF 2012 - aims to that can be manipulated, controlled, or
protect individual personal information form the merely measured for the sake of
information and communications systems in the research
government 1. INDEPENDENT
2. DEPENDENT
ANIMAL rights and welfare 3. CONTROL (EXTRANEOUS)
✓ Reduce

✓ Refine OBSERVATION, INFERENCE,

PREDICTION
✓ Replace

THE ANIMAL WELFARE ACT OF 1998 -

protect and promote the welfare of all animals in
the Philippines in doing scientific experiments
AREAS OF SCIENTIFIC DISHONESTY
o Fabrication and falsification of data
o Non-publication of data
o Faulty data gathering procedures
o Plagiarism
“SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND LAWS
DO NOT LIE ON THE SURFACE OF
NATURE. THEY ARE HIDDEN, AND
MUST BE WRESTLED FROM NATURE
BY AN ACTIVE AND ELABORATE
TECHNIQUE OF INQUIRY.” ~ JOHN
DEWEY (1920)
OBSERVATON QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
- Based on facts not opinions ▪
Quantitative: Precise numerical
observations QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
- Qualitative: Descriptive observation RESEARCH RESEARCH
• Understand • Express data in
INFERENCE underlying numerical values
- Reasonable conclusion drawn from the reasons as gathered from Objective/
observation; possible explanation for the •Gains insights the respondents
in the prevailing • Draws exact purpose
observation
trends ideas from
PREDICTION • Is interpretive samples
- An educated guess about a future
and
event that can be drawn from inferences
contextualized
May emerge as Are specifically
hypothesis
the study stated at the
progresses outset and tested
SCIENTIFIC REASONING
Comes in small • Comes in large
numbers. numbers.
Respondents Respondents are SAMPLE
DEDCUTIVE REASONING uses selected through
- Tests concepts & patterns known from nonprobability probability
theory using new empirical data sampling. sampling.
- Theory-testing Unstructured Structured DATA
- “TOP-DOWN” approach (free in form) procedures COLLECTION
- From more general to the more specific procedures
- Conclusion follows logically from • Inductive • Deductive
premises (available facts) analysis of data analysis of data
DATA
• Minimal to no • Requires the use
ANALYSIS
THEORY > HYPOTHESIS > OBSERVATION > CONFIRMATION
use of statistical of statistical tests
test
Inconclusive Conclusive, OUTCOM
INDUCTIVE REASONING and need further usually E
study before descriptive in
- Infers theoretical concepts & patterns recommending a nature, and are
from observed data course of action used to
- Theory-building recommend a final
- “BOTTOM UP” approach course of action
- moving from specific observations to Findings are • Findings are
particularly in- generalizable to GENERALI-
broader generalizations and theories ZATION
depth about a all situations
- Conclusion is likely based from
certain
premises phenomenon
NATURE OF
• Multiple • Single reality REALITY /
CONFIRMATION > OBSERVATION > HYPOTHESIS > THEORY realities • Objective ONTOLOGICAL
• Context free
 • Socially - using methods such as participant
constructed/ observation or case studies which
subjective result in a narrative, descriptive
• Context account of a setting or practice
interrelated
Role of Researcher is Researcher is
Values / independent independent from
Axiologi
TYPE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
from that being that being
cal researched researched 1. PHENOMENOLOGY – Based on
Language of Value-laden and Value-free and experiences of Individuals/Beliefs/Perception
research / biased unbiased
Rhetorical - emphasizes on individual experiences,
• Basic element • Basic element of beliefs, and perceptions
of analysis is analysis is - captures the lived experience of
WORDS NUMBERS individuals
Relationship
of the
researcher to
• Rich • Precise 2. ETHNOGRAPHY – Culture/Shared Practices
that being descriptions measurement of
researched /
Epistemologi
• Informal ; variables - Focuses on studying shared practices and
cal personal voice • Formal; belief systems (i.e., culture) of a group of
]impersonal voice people in their natural context over a
• Inductive • Deductive prolonged period of time
(develops (tests theory) 3. GROUNDED THEORY
Process
theory) • Theory
of
• Theory developed a - a set of methods that consist of
research
developed priority systematic, yet flexible guidelines for
/
Method
during the study • Outcome collecting and analyzing qualitative data
• Control oriented to construct theories ‘grounded’ in the
ological
unimportant • Control data themselves
• Discovvery of important
meaning • Cause-and- 4. CASE STUDY – Investigation of real life
• Accurate and effect phenomenon.
reliable through relationships
verification • Accurate and - explores and investigates contemporary
reliable through real-life phenomenon through detailed
validity and contextual analysis of a limited number
reliability of events or conditions, and their
relationships

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TYPES

5. DISCOURSE AND CONVERSATION
- Involves an interpretive, naturalistic ANALYSIS
approach to the world
- emphasizes the version of the world, of
- A study on things, attempting to
society, events, and inner psychological
make sense of, or to interpret, worlds that are produced in discourse
phenomena in terms of the meanings
people bring to them
6. INDUCTIVE THEMATIC ANALYSIS
- presenting the stories and experiences
voiced by study participants as accurately
and comprehensively as possible
7. NARRATIVE ANALYSIS – Storytelling as
the source of data/Historical events
- Focuses on the narratives (storytelling)
used as source of data
- gathering of important historical details
of what people perceive about their lives
in terms of continuity and process
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH TYPES
- an inquiry into a social or human
problem based on testing a theory
composed of variables, measured with
numbers, and analyzed with statistical
procedures in order to determine whether
the predictive generalizations of the
theory hold true
1. Basic/Descriptive Research
- describes what exists and gathers
information about the current status of a
certain phenomenon
- answers who, what, when, where, and
how
2. SURVEY RESEARCH
- gather evidence on people’s knowledge,
opinions, attitudes, and values on various
issues and concern
3. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
- defines the degree of relationship
between two or more variables using
statistical data
4. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/
QUASIEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
- finds out the causes of existing
phenomena
- ascertains cause-and-effect relationships
among variables which are not
manipulated within control and
noncontrol groups
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
- True experimentation or laboratory
study
- To identify and impose control over
all other variables except one; to
determine the effects of manipulated
independent variables on dependent
variables
CREATING A TOPIC – IDENTIFYING
THE INQUIRY AND STATING THE
PROBLEM
SUBJECT MATTER OF THE RESEARCH
- Begin your research work with a
problem
- Inferential, critical, integrative and
creative
- A topic is researchable if the knowledge
and information about it are supported
by evidence that is observable, factual
and logical

GUIDELINES IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH
TOPIC
1. Interest in the subject matter
2. Availability of information
3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic
- Reading for rich background material
-The research problem enables you to
generate a set of research questions
- To give your study a clear direction,
you have to break the general question
into several specific research questions
- Research questions lay the foundation
for the research study

4. Limitations on the subject

5. Personal resources
RESEARCH TOPICS TO BE AVOIDED
1. Controversial topics
GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Establish a clear relation between the
research questions and the problem or
topic

2. Highly technical subjects 2. Base your research questions on

existing published work
3. Hard-to-investigate subjects
3. Formulate questions that can arouse
4. Too broad subjects your curiosity with discoveries and
findings
5. Too narrow subjects
4. Research questions should include all
6. Vague subjects
dependent and independent variables
5. Be guided by the acronym SMART
SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS (specific, measurable, attainable,
realistic, timebound)
1. Peer-reviewed journals, books,
government publications
2. Mass media communication
3. Professional periodicals
4. General periodicals
5. Previous reading assignments
6. Work experience

RESEARCH PROBLEM AND RESEARCH

QUESTIONS
- In doing research, you begin with a
problem that will lead you to a specific
topic to focus on