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Basic Dimensions and Hull Form
Characteristics FP
AP
Shear
DWL
L BP
L OA
DWL(Design Water Line) : water line where the ship is designed to float (Load Water
: water line where the ship is designed to float (Load Water
Line LWL)
FP(forward perpendicular) : imaginary vertical line where the bow intersects the DWL
( p p ) : imaginary vertical line where the bow intersects the DWL
g y
AP(aft perpendicular) : imaginary vertical line located at either the rudder stock
: imaginary vertical line located at either the rudder stock
(commercial ships) or intersection of the stern with DWL (naval ships)
LOA(Length Over All ) : overall length of the
: overall length of the vessel
vessel
Lpp or L
LBP(length between perpendicular) : horizontal distance from FP and AP
(l h b di l ) h i l di f FP d AP
Amidships : the point midway between FP and AP
Shear : longitudinal curvature given to deck
VIEW OF MIDSHIP SECTION
Beam: B Camber
WL Freeboard
Depth: D
D f T
Draft: T
K
CL
Depth(D): vertical distance measured from keel to deck taken at amidships and
deck edge in case the ship is cambered on the deck.
Draft(T) : vertical distance from keel to the water surface
( )
Beam(B) : transverse distance across the each section
Breadth(B) : transverse distance measured amidships
p ( y
Freeboard : distance from depth to draft (reserve buoyancy) y)
Keel(K) : locate the bottom of the ship
Camber : transverse curvature given to deck
OTHER MAJOR FEATURES
Flare Tumblehome
Flare : outward curvature of ship’s hull surface above the waterline
Tumble Home : opposite of flare
OTHER MAJOR FEATURES
SHIP BASED AXIS SYSTEM
SHIPS’S FORM / GEOMETRY
Since the ship is a 3‐dimensional shape, data in x, y and z directions is necessary to
represent the ship hull.
SHIPS’S FORM / GEOMETRY
Lines Drawing: “… the ship’s lines”
Mutually orthogonal planes
Body plan (stations or section lines)
Sheer plan (buttock lines)
Half‐breadth plan (waterlines)
SHIPS’S FORM / GEOMETRY – LINES PLAN
BODY PLAN (YZ PLANE)
HALF BREADTH PLAN ((XY PLANE))
Intersection of hull & planes parallel to baseline plane
(“keel”) ‐ “View” from above the ship ‐ “waterlines
PROFILE ((SHEER PLAN)) ((XZ PLANE))
Sheer plan ‐ Intersection of hull & planes parallel to
centerline plane, View from the starboard side of the
plane, “View” from the starboard side of the
ship, “buttocks” or “buttock lines” (planes)
SHIPS’S FORM / GEOMETRY – LINES PLAN
SHIPS’S FORM / GEOMETRY – LINES PLAN
SHIP DISPLACEMENT
The weight of water that would be displaced by the volume of the hull measured on the
outer surface of the shell plating below the waterline. In order to provide that buoyancy the
vessel sinks in the water, until the portion of the hull which is below the water surface
pushes aside, i.e. displaces a weight of water equal to the weight of the vessel
pushes aside, i.e. 'displaces' a weight of water equal to the weight of the vessel
SHIP DISPLACEMENT
Submerged Volume
Integration of sectional area over the length of
ship =
Integration of Waterplane area over the depth of
ship
hi
z
z y
y Asection
Awp
x
x
SHIP DISPLACEMENT
Integration of the section areas over the length of
p
the ship. “Curve of Areas”
z As (ft2)
dx
Area of
Station 4
ASect(x)
x
FP Stn4 AP
Stn0 Stn10
y
SHIP DISPLACEMENT
COMPONENTS OF SHIP DISPLACEMENT
LİGHT SHİP WEIGHT
g g g p g , ,
The lightweight tonnage of a ship is the sum of all fixed weights, i.e. hull,
machinery, outfit and permanent equipment.
LS=WS+WM+WO
DEADWEİGHT
The difference between the displacement and the lightweight is the deadweight
tonnage which is the sum of the weight of cargo, fuel, lubricating oil, fresh water,
stores, passengers and baggage, crew and their effects.
DWT=WC+WF+WLO+WFW+ WPAS+WLUG+WCREW+WSTORE
DISPLACEMENT = LIGHT SHIP WEIGHT + DEADWEIGHT
LAWS OF FLOATATION
W = B
LAWS OF FLOATATION
MAJOR HULL CHARACTERISTICS
MAJOR HULL CHARACTERISTICS
MAJOR HULL CHARACTERISTICS
CM 0.67
0.67~0.87
0.87
CM 0.67~0.98
MAJOR HULL CHARACTERISTICS
~ 0.55 – 0.8
MAJOR HULL CHARACTERISTICS
BLOCK COEFFICIENT
CB 0.38~0.89
Distibuted
Distib ted
Hydrostatic G
Forces
B
Resultant Vertical
Buoyant Force
FB
TRIM
As weights are loaded on board a vessel, the draft will
increase, as the vessel sinks deeper in the water.
If the weights are loaded towards the ends of the vessel, it
will not sink evenly.
If a weight is loaded forward, then the draft at the bow will
increase more than the draft at the stern.
Of course the overall draft will still increase. At any given
time therefore, a vessel may have different drafts at the bow
and stern.
and stern
The difference between the draft aft and the draft forward, is
called the trim.
Trim = Draft Aft ‐ Draft Forward
LCB ‐ This is the longitudinal centre of the underwater volume, and is the point
through which buoyancy can be said to act vertically upwards
LCG is the point through which weight of the vessel can be said to act vertically
downwards
TONNAGE OF SHIPS
Gross tonnage is the capacity of the spaces
in the ship s hull and of the enclosed spaces
in the ship's hull and of the enclosed spaces
above the deck available for cargo, stores,
fuel passengers and crew
fuel, passengers, and crew.
Net tonnage is the gross tonnage less the
N i h l h
spaces used for the accommodation of the
ship's master, officers, crew, and the
hi ' ffi d h
navigation and propulsion machinery.
TONNAGE OF SHIPS