2phase Diagram of Soil PDF

PHASE DIAGRAM OF SOIL
Soil: A 3-
3-Phase Material
Air
Water
Solid
grain
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Va Air
Vv
Vw Water Ww Vw=Vv Water Va=Vv Air
Ws Vs Ws
Vs Soil solids Soil solids Vs Soil solids
Three phase diagram Two phase diagram Two phase diagram

Partially saturated soil Fully saturated soil Fully dry soil
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Phase Volume Mass Weight
Air Va 0 0
Water Vw Mw Ww
Solid Vs Ms Ws
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PROPERTIES OF SOIL
Volumetric relationships
•Void ratio (e)
•Porosity (n)
•Degree of saturation (S) or (Sr)
•Air content (ac)
•Percentage air voids (na)
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Void ratio (e)
The ratio between volume of voids
to that of total volume of soil solids Va Air
Vv
Vw Water Ww
It is expressed in decimal
For some soils its value can be more

than 1 Ws
Vs Soil solids
It’s a measure to indicate the

denseness of soil
Vv
e 
Vs
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Porosity (n) or percentage
voids
The ratio between volume of voids to Va Air
Vv
that of total volume of soil Vw Water
It is expressed in percentage (%)
Vs Soil solids
It can not exceed 100%
It is a measure to indicate the

denseness of soil
Vv
n  100
V Geotechnical Engg
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Porosity in terms of void ratio
V v
n 
V
1 V V v  V s
 
n V v V v
1 1 e  1
 1   or
n e e
e
n 
1  e
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Hence porosity “n“ is given by,
e
n
1 e
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Void ratio in terms of porosity
1 1
wkt ,  1  or
n e
1 1 1 n
 1  or
e n n
n
e 
1 n
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Degree of saturation (S) or (Sr)
The ratio between volume of water
Va Air
to the volume of voids Vv
Vw Water Ww
It is expressed in percentage
Its value ranges between 0-
0- 1 V
0 for dry soil and 1 for saturated soil Vs Soil solids

Ws
Can it exceed 100% ?
Vw
S  100
Vv
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Air content (ac)
Va Va
ac  Vv
Air
Vv Vw Water Ww
Percentage air voids (na) V
Ws
Va Vs Soil solids
na 
V
The values of ac and
na are zero for a
saturated soil
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Water content (w) or moisture content
Mw
w  100
Ms
For some soils water content may be more
than 100%
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Volume mass relationship
Bulk mass density M
 
V
M s Where V = Unit
Dry mass density  d 
V total volume and
the unit for mass
M s at density is kg/m3
Saturated mass  sat 
V (or) g/cm3
density
M s ub
Submerged mass  '
density V
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Volume weight relationship
Bulk unit weight W This is also known as total or wet
  3
V unit weight. Its unit is kN/m
W
Dry unit weight d  s
V
NOTE : V = Unit
Saturated unit W s at
 sat  total volume
weight V
Submerged or W s ub
buoyant unit weight  '
V
Unit weight of soil Ws
solids s 
Vs
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SYMBOLS AND UNITS
Description Symbol
Mass density Weight density or unit
(g/cm3) weight ( kN /m3)
kN/m
Total or bulk t b t
or
Saturated sat sat
Submerged sub or (
(’) sub or (’)
Dry d d
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NOTE
 = g
Where g = Acceleration due to

gravity and its value is 9.81 m/s2
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Example
134.9cm3 Wa~0
Air
W =1.00
243.9cm3
Water 109.0g
109.0cm3
585.0cm3 1013.0g
s =2.65
341.1cm3 Solid 904.0g
Volumes Weights
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Example
134.9cm3 Air
w=1.00
243.9cm3
109.0cm3 Water
585.0cm3
G=2.65
341.1cm3 Solid
Vv 243.9
e   0.72
Vs 341.1
Volumes Vv 243.9
n(%)   100%   100  41.7%
V 585.0
V 109.0
S (%)  w  100%   100  44.7%
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Three phase diagram in terms of void ratio (e)
ea Air Ma=0
e ea Air Wa=0
e
ew= Se Water ew=Se
Mw=S e w Water Ww=Sew
1+e
1 Soil solids Ms=Gw Ws=Gw

1 Soil solids
Ms Ws
Vs  
Gs  w Gs  w
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The mass-
mass-volume relationship can be written directly from the fig.
Porosity (n)
ea Air Ma=0
Vv e e e
n  n ew= Se
V 1 e 1 e Water Mw=S e w
Degree of saturation (S
(Sr)
1+e
Vw ew
S  Ms=Gw
Vv e 1 Soil solids
Dry density “d “
M s G w
d  
V 1 e
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Bulk density or total density “”
M s  M w G w  Se w (G  Se)  w
  
V 1 e 1 e
Saturated density “sat”
(G  e)  w ea Air Ma=0
 sat  e
1 e
ew= Se Water Mw=S e w
Submerged density “sub” or ’ for
fully saturated soil sub = sat - w
(G  e)  w 1+e
'  w Ms=Gw
1 e Soil solids
1
Submerged density “sub” or ’
for partially saturated soil sub = sat- w
(G  Se)  w
'  w
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The weight volume relationship can be written directly from the fig.
Porosity
ea Air Wa=0
Vv e e
n 
V 1 e ew= Se Water Ww=S e w
Degree of saturation
V e 1+e
S w  w
Vv e
Soil solids Ws=Gw
1
Bulk unit weight or total
unit weight “ ”
Ws  Ww G w  Se w
  
V 1 e
(G  Se) w
1 e
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Saturated unit weight or “ sat”
Ws  Ww G w  Se w ea
 sat    Air Wa=0
e
V 1 e
ew= Se Water
(G  Se) w (G  e) w Ww=S e w
   sat
1 e 1 e
1+e
Dry unit weight “ dry”
Soil solids Ws=Gw
1
Ws G w
d  
V 1 e
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Submerged unit weight for saturated soil
sub = sat - w
   ea Air Wa=0
V 1 e e
(G  Se) w (G  e) w ew= Se Water Ww=S e w
   w   sub
1 e 1 e
1+e
Submerged unit weight for partially
saturated soil sub = sat - w Soil solids Ws=Gw
1
  
V 1 e
(G  Se) w
  w   sub
1 e
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Three phase diagram in terms of porosity
na Air Ma=0
n na Air Wa=0
nw=S n Water Mw=S n w nw Water Ww=S n w
1
Soil solids
Soil solids
Ms=Gw(1-n)
1-n Ws=Gw(1-n)
1-n
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Void ratio “e”
na V n
Air Ma=0 e  v

n V s 1  n
nw=Sn Water Mw=S n w
Dry density “d”
M s G w 1  n 
1  d  
Soil solids V 1
Ms=Gw(1-n)
1-n Bulk or total density “”
M Ms  M
   w
 G  w 1  n   Sn  w
V V
  G 1  n   Sn  w
Ms Ws
Vs  
Gs  w Gs  w
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Saturated density “sat”

na Air Ma=0
n M Ms M
 sat   w
 G  w 1  n   Sn  w
nw=Sn Water Mw=S n w V V
 sat  G 1  n   n  w
1
Soil solids
Ms=Gw(1-n)
1-n
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na Air Ma=0 Submerged density for saturated soil “sub”

n
nw Water Mw=S n w M Ms M
 sat   w
 G  w 1  n   Sn  w
V V
1  sat  G 1  n   n  w   w
Soil solids
Ms=Gw(1-n)
1-n
Submerged density for partially saturated
soil “sub”
M Ms Mw
 sat   
V V
 G  w 1  n   Sn  w   w
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These relationships can be obtained in
terms of unit weight also
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Void ratio “e”
na V n
Air Ma=0 e  v

n V s 1  n
nw Water Mw=S n w
Dry unit weight “d”
1 M s G w 1  n 
Soil solids  d  
V 1
Ms=Gw(1-n)
1-n
Bulk or total unit weight “”
M Ms M
   w
 G w 1  n   Sn  w
V V
  G 1  n   Sn  w
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Three phase diagram in terms of void ratio & water content
Va Air Ma=0 ea Air Ma=0

Vv e
Vw ew Water Mw=Sew
Water Mw=Vww
V
Ms=Gw
Vs Soil solids 1 Soil solids
Ms=VsGw
Water content, w
M w Se  W
w    Se  wG
M s G W
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Se=wG
Product of degree of saturation and
void ratio is equal to product of
water content and specific gravity
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Three phase diagram in terms of air voids
Va Air Ma=0 Va Air Wa=0

Vv Vv
Vw Water Mw=w Ms Vw Water Ww=w Ws
V
Ms Ws
Vs Soil solids Vs Soil solids
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V V s V w V a
V  V s  V w  V a     
V V V V
V s V w V s V w
1    n a  1  n a   
V V V V
M s M W
G  w  w
1  n a   
V V
wM s
 d  w
1  n a   
G  w V
 d w  d  d  1 
1  n a     w   
G  w  w  w  G 
 d  1 
1  n a   w   
 w  G 
1  n a G  w 
 d 
1  wG
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List of formulae
Mass density Unit weight Mass density Unit weight
(kg/m3) (kN/m3) (kg/m3) (kN/m3)
(G  Se)  w G w G w
 (G  Se) w d  d 
1 e
 1 e 1 e
1 e
 
(G  e)  w (G  e) w d 
 sat   sat  1 w d 
1 e 1 e 1 w
(G  1)  w (G  1) w (1  na )G w (1  na )G w
'   ' d  d 
1 e 1 e 1  wG 1  wG
n n na  nac
e e na  nac
1 n 1 n
e
n
e 1 ee
se  wG se  wG n n
1 e 1 e
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Determination of water content of soil
 By oven drying method
 Pycnometer method
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Determination of water content of soil
By oven drying method
 Clean the empty container, dry it and weigh it with lid (M1).
 Take the required quantity of the wet soil specimen in the
container and close it with lid. Take the mass (M2)
 Place the container, with its lid removed in the oven at a
temperature of 110oC  5oC for 24 hours till the mass becomes
constant.
 When the soil has dried, remove the container from the oven,
using tongs and cool it in a desiccator with the lid.
 Find the mass (M3) of the container with lid and dry soil
sample.
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S. No. Observation and calculation Trial Numbers
1 2 3
Observations
1.
Container number
2.
Mass of empty container, with lid, M1
3.
Mass of container with wet soil, M2
4.
Mass of container with dry soil, M3
Calculations
5.
Mass of water, Mw = M2 – M3
6.
Mass of solids, Ms = M3 – M1
7.
Water
M   (M  M ) 
content, = w   M   100 = w   M  M   x100
w
s
2
3
3
8.
Average water content (w) %
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Determination of water content of soil using pycnometer
Mass of empty Mass of Mass of Mass of

pycnometer pycnometer & pycnometer, soil pycnometer and
with lid = M1 soil = M2 and water = M3 water = M4
Water
Water
Soil solids Soil solids
M1 M2 M3 M4
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Determination of water content of soil by
Pycnometer method
Mass of empty pycnometer with lid = M1
Mass of pycnometer and wet soil =M2
Mass of pycnometer soil and water=M3
Mass of pycnometer and water=M4
Mass M4 is equal to mass M3 minus mass of

solids , Ms plus mass of equal volume of water
Ms M
M4  M3  Ms  w  M 3  M s  s
G w G
 1
M 4  M 3  M s 1  
 G
 G 
M s  M 3  M 4  
 G  1 
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Mass of wet soil = (M2-M1)
Mass of water = mass of wet soil minus mass of solids (Ms)
 G 
M w  (M 2  M 1 )  M 3  M 4  
G 1
 G  
 (M 2  M 1 )  M 3  M  
4 
M w  G  1   x 100
w  x 100  
M   G  
s
 M 3  M 4   
 G 1 
  G 
 M  M 4  
G  1  
3
(M 2  M 1 ) 
w    x 100
 G  G 

 M 3  M 4  G  1  M 3  M 4  
  G 1
 (M 2  M 1)  G  1 
w      1  xEngg-
100
 M  M 4  G  Geotechnical Engg-I/Civil Engg./SKCET/
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 (M 2  M 1)  G  1 
Hence, water content w      1  x 100
 M 3  M 4  G  
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Determination of specific gravity of soil using pycnometer
Mass of empty Mass of Mass of Mass of

pycnometer pycnometer & pycnometer, soil pycnometer and
with lid = M1 soil = M2 and water = M3 water = M4
Water
Water
Soil solids Soil solids
M1 M2 M3 M4
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Mass of empty pycnometer with lid = M1
Mass of pycnometer and soil = M2 M s

M 4  M 3  M s   w
Gw
pycnometer,, soil and water = M3
Mass of pycnometer
M s
M 4  M 3  M s 
Mass of pycnometer and water = M4 G
 1 
M 4  M 3  M s 1  
Mass M4 is equal to mass M3  G 
Minus mass of solids ( Ms ) plus  1 
M 3  M 4  M s 1  
mass of equal volume of water  G 
G 1
M 3  M 4  M s  
 G 
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Mass of solids (Ms)= M2- M1 , Substitute in equation I
 G  1
M 3  M 4  M s    eqnI
 G 
 G  1
M 3  M 4  M 2  M 1  
 G 
M 2  M 1 G  M 2  M 1 
M 3  M 4 
G
1
M 3  M 4  M 2  M 1   M 2  M 1 
G
1 M 2  M 1  (M 3  M 4 )

G M 2  M 1 
M 2 M 1
G 
M 2  M 1  (M 3  M 4 )
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Hence, specific gravity G =
M
 M 1 2
G 
M 2  M 1  (M 3  M 4 )
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Numerical:
1. The mass of a chunk soil is 20 kg and its volume is 0.011 m3.

After drying in an oven the mass reduces to 1616..5 kg
kg.. Determine
the water content (w), dry density, density of moist soil, void
ratio, porosity and degree of saturation
saturation.. Take G = 2.7070..
2. A soil specimen has a water content of 10 % and a wet unit

weight of 20 kN /m3. If the specific gravity of solids is 2.70
kN/m 70,,
determine the dry unit weight, void ratio, porosity and degree
of saturation
saturation.. Take w = 10 kN /m3.
kN/m
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Numerical:
3. A wet soil sample weighs 3.52 N. After drying in an oven its

weight reduces to 2.9 N. the specific gravity of solids and
mass specific gravity of soil are 2.65 and 1.85 respectively.
Determine water content, void ratio, porosity and degree of
saturation. Take w = 10 kN
kN/m/m3.
4. A soil has a porosity of 40 % , the specific gravity of solids is

2.65
65,, and a water content of 12 %. Determine the mass of
water required to be added to 100 m3 of this soil for
complete saturation
saturation..
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Numerical:
5. There are two borrow areas A and B which have soil with
void ratios of 0.8 and 0.7 respectively
respectively.. The in place water
content is 20
20%% and 15
15%
% respectively
respectively.. The fill at the end of
construction will have a total volume of 10000 m3, bulk
density of 2 g/m3 and a placement water content of 22 %.
Determine the volume of soil required to be excavated from
both areas
areas.. Take G = 2.6565.. If the cost of excavation of soil
Rs.. 200 per 100 m3 for area A and Rs
and transportation is Rs Rs..
220 per 100 m3 for area B. Which of the borrow area is more
economical?
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Numerical: Borrow In situ Transp
6. An airport runway fill pit void ortatio
needs 600000 m3 of soil
ratio n Cost
compacted to a void ratio
of 0.75. There are two A 0.80 Rs. 10
borrow pits A and B from
m3
where the required soil can
be taken and transported
to the site. Which of the B 1.7 Rs. 5
borrow pit would be more
economical?
m3
Geotechnical Engg
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Numerical:
7. An embankment having total volume of 2000 m3 is to be

constructed having a bulk density of 1.98 g/cm3 and
placement water content of 18 %. The soil is to be obtained
either from borrow area A or borrow area B which have void
ratio of 0.78 and 0.69 and water content 16 16%
% and 12 12%%
respectively.. Take specific gravity for both the soil as 2.66
respectively 66.. If
the cost of excavation is Rs 35// m3 in each area, but the cost
Rs.. 35
of transportation is Rs
Rs.. 32 and Rs Rs.. 36 per m3 from areas A
and B respectively, which of the area is more economical?
Geotechnical Engg
Coimbatore

2phase Diagram of Soil PDF

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PHASE DIAGRAM OF SOIL

Three phase diagram Two phase diagram Two phase diagram

For some soils its value can be more

It’s a measure to indicate the

It is expressed in percentage (%)

It is a measure to indicate the

0 for dry soil and 1 for saturated soil Vs Soil solids

Can it exceed 100% ?

Percentage air voids (na) V

Saturated sat sat

Where g = Acceleration due to

1 Soil solids Ms=Gw Ws=Gw

Dry density “d “

Saturated density “sat”

na Air Ma=0 Submerged density for saturated soil “sub”

Va Air Ma=0 ea Air Ma=0

Va Air Ma=0 Va Air Wa=0

 By oven drying method

By oven drying method

Mass of empty Mass of Mass of Mass of

Soil solids Soil solids

Mass M4 is equal to mass M3 minus mass of

Mass of empty Mass of Mass of Mass of

Soil solids Soil solids

Mass of pycnometer and soil = M2 M s

1. The mass of a chunk soil is 20 kg and its volume is 0.011 m3.

2. A soil specimen has a water content of 10 % and a wet unit

3. A wet soil sample weighs 3.52 N. After drying in an oven its

4. A soil has a porosity of 40 % , the specific gravity of solids is

7. An embankment having total volume of 2000 m3 is to be

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