A PROJECT

REPORT ON
AC WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT
FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF
TECHNNOLOGY IN

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY

STUDENT NAME ROLL NO.

STUDENT NAME ROLL NO.
STUDENT NAME ROLL NO.
STUDENT NAME ROLL NO.
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
PROFF NAME
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
(ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNITED COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & RESEARCH ALLAHABAD

AFFILIATED TO DR. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

2017-18

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We will be pleased to acknowledge our indebtedness to all who have helped us to make
this report. Apart from the efforts of us, the success of any project depends on largely
on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. We would like to express our
gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this
project report.

For helping us to gather information on concerned topic. The guidance and support
received from all the members who contributed and who are contributing to this report,
was vital for the success of the project. We are grateful for their constant support and
help. It has been great pleasure for us to work and learn together.
 DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where
others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any
idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will
be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from
the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission
has not been taken when needed.

DATE: STUDENT NAME (ROLL)

VENUE:
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that work presented in this report entitled “AC WASTE WATER
MANAGEMENT ” for the award bachelor of technology from “DR. APJ ABDUL
KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW”, embodies results of
original work, and the studies are carried out by us and the content of the thesis do
not from the basis for award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else
from this or any other university/ institutions.

STUDENT NAME (ROLL NO)

NAME NAME
(PROJECT GUIDE) (HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)
ABSTRACT
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW

 CHAPTER 2

LITREATURE REVIEW
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 PROPOSED MODEL:

 CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE USED

Hardware used in the project are given below:

 Micro controller: ATMEGA16

 Driver IC: L293D

 Power supply

 Transformer: 12V step down

 Filter: 1000uf/25V

 Voltage Regulator: 7805

  Water pump

4.1 ATMEGA 16 Microcontroller

The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC
architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega16 achieves
throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designed to optimize power
consumption versus processing speed.

The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the
32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent
registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting
architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than
conventional CISC microcontrollers. The ATmega16 provides the following features: 16K bytes
of In-System Programmable Flash Program memory with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512
bytes EEPROM, 1K byte SRAM, 32 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working
registers, a JTAG interface for Boundary-scan, On-chip Debugging support and programming,
three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, Internal and External Interrupts, a serial
programmable USART, a byte oriented Two-wire Serial Interface, an 8-channel, 10-bit ADC with
optional differential input stage with programmable gain (TQFP package only), a programmable
Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and six software selectable power
saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the USART, Two-wire interface, A/D
Converter, SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip
functions until the next External Interrupt or Hardware Reset. In Power-save mode, the
Asynchronous Timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of
the device is sleeping.

The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except Asynchronous Timer
and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the
crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast
start-up combined with low-power consumption. In Extended Standby mode, both the main
Oscillator and the Asynchronous Timer continue to run. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s
high density nonvolatile memory technology. The On-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory
to be reprogrammed in-system through an SPI serial interface, by a conventional nonvolatile
memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot program running on the AVR core. The boot program
can use any interface to download the application program in the Application Flash memory.
Software in the Boot Flash section will continue to run while the Application Flash section is
updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-
System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega16 is a powerful
microcontroller that provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications. The ATmega16 AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system
development tools including: C compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-
circuit emulators, and evaluation kits.

Fig 4.1 Pin diagram of ATMEGA 16

4.1.2 Features

• High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller

• Advanced RISC Architecture

• 131 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clock Cycle Execution

• 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

• Fully Static Operation

• Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz

• On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

• Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories

• 16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash

• Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles

• Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

• In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

• True Read-While-Write Operation

• 512 Bytes EEPROM

• Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles

• 1K Byte Internal SRAM

• Programming Lock for Software Security

• JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface

• Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard

• Extensive On-chip Debug Support

• Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface

• Peripheral Features

• Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes

• One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
• Mode

• Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

• Four PWM Channels

• 8-channel, 10-bit ADC

• 8 Single-ended Channels

• 7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only

• Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x

• Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface

• Programmable Serial USART

• Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

• Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator

• On-chip Analog Comparator

• Special Microcontroller Features

• Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

• Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator

• External and Internal Interrupt Sources

• Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby and
Extended Standby

• I/O and Packages

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad MLF

• Operating Voltages

• 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega16L

• 4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega16

• Speed Grades

• 0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L

• 0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16

• Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25°C for ATmega16L

• Active: 1.1 mA

• Idle Mode: 0.35 mA

• Power-down Mode: < 1 μA

4.1.3 Pin Descriptions:

• VCC Digital supply voltage.

• GND Ground.

• Port A (PA7..PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter.
• Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used.
• Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output
buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability.
• When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source
current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a
reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

• Port B (PB7..PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics
with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled
low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
• Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the

• Port C (PC7..PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics
with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled
 low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG
interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK)
will be activated even if a reset occurs.
• Port C also serves the functions of the JTAG interface and other special features of the

• Port D (PD7..PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics
with both high sinkand source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled
low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
• Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the

• RESET Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will
generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in
Table 15 on page 36. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.

• XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.

• XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

• AVCC AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be
externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be
connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.

• AREF AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

4.2 16X2 LCD Display

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various
devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment
LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of
displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command
and Data.

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the
cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the
LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more
about internal structure of a LCD.
V0 (Set Lcd contrast)

Set lcd contrast here. Best way is to use variable resistor such as potentiometer. Output of the
potentiometer is connected to this pin. Rotate the potentiometer knob forward and backward to
adjust the lcd contrast.

RS(Register select)

There are two registers in every lcd

1 Command Register
2 Data Register

Command Register
When we send commands to lcd these commands go to Command register and are processed there.
Commands with their full description are given in the picture below.
When RS=0 Command Register is Selected.

Data Register

When we send Data to lcd it goes to data register and is processed there.
When RS=1 Data Register is selected.

RW(Read - Write)

When RW=1 We want to read data from lcd.

When RW=0 We want to write to lcd.

EN (Enable signal)

When you select the register(Command and Data) and set RW(read - write) now its time to
execute the instruction. By instruction i mean the 8-bit data or 8-bit command present on Data
lines of lcd.
This requires an extra voltage push to execute the instruction and EN(enable) signal is used for
this purpose. Usually we make it en=0 and when we want to execute the instruction we make it
high en=1 for some milli seconds. After this we again make it ground en=0.

4.3 L293D Motor Driver IC

L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as current
amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current signal. This
higher current signal is used to drive the motors.
L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC
motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations
of two motors can be controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will
stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise
directions, respectively.

Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to start operating.
When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a result, the outputs become
active and work in phase with their inputs. Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is
disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state.

Fig 4.4 L293D IC

Fig 4.5 Pin Description

4.3.1 Working of L293D

There are 4 input pins for l293d, pin 2,7 on the left and pin 15 ,10 on the right as shown on the pin
diagram. Left input pins will regulate the rotation of motor connected across left side and right
input for motor on the right hand side. The motors are rotated on the basis of the inputs provided
across the input pins as LOGIC 0 or LOGIC 1.

In simple you need to provide Logic 0 or 1 across the input pins for rotating the motor.

4.3.2 L293D Logic Table

Let’s consider a Motor connected on left side output pins (pin 3,6). For rotating the motor in
clockwise direction the input pins has to be provided with Logic 1 and Logic 0.

• Pin 2 = Logic 1 and Pin 7 = Logic 0 | Clockwise Direction

• Pin 2 = Logic 0 and Pin 7 = Logic 1 | Anticlockwise Direction
• Pin 2 = Logic 0 and Pin 7 = Logic 0 | Idle [No rotation] [Hi-Impedance state]
• Pin 2 = Logic 1 and Pin 7 = Logic 1 | Idle [No rotation]

4.3.3 Voltage Specification

VCC is the voltage that it needs for its own internal operation 5v; L293D will not use this voltage
for driving the motor. For driving the motors it has a separate provision to provide motor supply
VSS (V supply). L293d will use this to drive the motor. It means if you want to operate a motor
at 9V then you need to provide a Supply of 9V across VSS Motor supply.

The maximum voltage for VSS motor supply is 36V. It can supply a max current of 600mA per
channel. Since it can drive motors Up to 36v hence you can drive pretty big motors with this l293d.
VCC pin 16 is the voltage for its own internal Operation. The maximum voltage ranges from 5v
and up to 36v.

4.4 POWER SUPPLY:

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V from
the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output
obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the
output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after
rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.

Figure 4.6 Components of a regulated power supply

4.4.1 TRANSFORMER

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages are
5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the

a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage
level.

This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage
to a required level.

4.4.2 RECTIFIER

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating
D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is
used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.

4.4.2 FILTER

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens
the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant.
However, if either of the two is varied,
D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

4.4.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical
regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power supply
of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage
regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05,
12 represent the required output voltage levels.

CHAPTER 5

PCB DESIGNING

If you are into electronics, PCBs are the most common things you will see. These boards make our
lives easier by eliminating all those connecting wires and breadboards. If properly designed, it
even makes our project look smaller and sexy.

What is a circuit board? A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically
connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from
copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. A printed circuit board has pre-designed
copper tracks on a conducting sheet. The pre-defined tracks reduce the wiring thereby reducing
the faults arising due to lose connections. One needs to simply place the components on the PCB
and solder them.

5.1 What are the different ways to make a Circuit Board?

There are in all three basic methods to make PCB:

1. Iron on Glossy paper method.

2. Circuit by hand on PCB.
3. Laser cutting edge etching.

Since laser method is industrial method to make PCB we will get in detail of first two methods to
make PCB at home.

PCB Design:

Fig 5.1 PCB Design

PCB design is usually done by converting your circuit’s schematic diagram into a PCB layout
using PCB layout software. There are many cool open source software packages for PCB layout
creation and design.

Some are listed here to give you a head-start:

1. Cadsoft Eagle (http://www.cadsoftusa.com/download-eagle/?language=en)

2. PCBWizard (http://pcb-wizard.software.informer.com/4.0/)

5.2 What are the stuff required to make a Circuit Board?

 Fig 5.2 Stuffs needed for making PCB

You also need: FeCl3 powder/solution (same as etching solution), photo/glossy paper, permanent
black marker, blade cutter, sandpaper, kitchen paper, cotton wool.

For this tutorial, lets consider making a PCB for a simple project- a Touch Switch using IC555.

STEP 1: Take printout of circuit board layout

Take a print out of your PCB layout using the laser printer and the A4 photo paper/glossy paper.
Keep in mind the following points:

 You should take the mirror print out.

 Select the output in black both from the PCB design software and printer driver settings.
 Make sure that the printout is made on the glossy side of the paper.
 Fig 5.3 PCB print on glossy paper

STEP 2: Cutting the copper plate for the circuit board

Cut the copper board according to the size of layout using a hacksaw or a cutter.

Fig 5.4 Copper clad plate

 Fig5.5 Cutting the plate

Next, rub the copper side of PCB using steel wool or abrasive spongy scrubs. This removes the
top oxide layer of copper as well as the photo resists layer. Sanded surfaces also allows the image
from the paper to stick better.

Fig 5.6 Rubbing away the top oxide layer

STEP 3: Transferring the PCB print onto the copper plate

Method 1 Iron on glossy paper method (for complex circuits): Transfer the printed image
(taken from a laser printer) from the photo paper to the board. Make sure to flip top layer
horizontally. Put the copper surface of the board on the printed layout. Ensure that the board is
aligned correctly along the borders of the printed layout. And use tape to hold the board and the
printed paper in the correct position.

Fig5.7 Place the printed side of the paper on the plate

Method 2 Circuit by hand on PCB (for simple and small circuits): Taking the circuit as
reference, draw a basic sketch on copper plate with pencil and then by using a permanent black
marker.

Fig 5.8 Using the permanent marker for sketching the PCB

STEP 4: Ironing the circuit from the paper onto the PCB plate

 After printing on glossy paper, we iron it image side down to copper side. Heat up the
electric iron to the maximum temperature.
 Put the board and photo paper arrangement on a clean wooden table (covered with a table
cloth) with the back of the photo paper facing you.
 Using pliers or a spatula, hold one end and keep it steady. Then put the hot iron on the
other end for about 10 seconds. Now, iron the photo paper all along using the tip and
applying little pressure for about 5 to 15 mins.
  Pay attention towards the edges of the board – you need to apply pressure, do the ironing
slowly.
 Doing a long hard press seems to work better than moving the iron around.
 Here, the heat from the iron transfers the ink printed on the glossy paper to the copper plate.

Fig 5.9 Iron the paper onto the plate

CAUTION: Do not directly touch copper plate because it is very hot due to ironing.

After ironing, place printed plate in luke warm water for around 10 minutes. Paper will dissolve,
then remove paper gently. Remove the paper off by peeling it from a low angle.

Fig 5.10 Peeling the paper

In some cases while removing the paper, some of the tracks get fainted. In the figure below, you
can see that the track is light in colour hence we can use a black marker to darken it as shown.
 Fig 5.11 Light trace

Fig 5.12 Darkening the trace

STEP 5: Etching the plate

You need to be really careful while performing this step.

 First put rubber or plastic gloves.

 Place some newspaper on the bottom so that the etching solution does not spoil your floor.
 Take a plastic box and fill it up with some water.
 Dissolve 2-3 tea spoon of ferric chloride power in the water.
 Dip the PCB into the etching solution (Ferric chloride solution, FeCl3) for approximately
30 mins.
  The FeCl3 reacts with the unmasked copper and removes the unwanted copper from the
PCB.
 This process is called as Etching. Use pliers to take out the PCB and check if the entire
unmasked area has been etched or not. In case it is not etched leave it for some more time
in the solution.

Fig 5.13 Etching the plate

Gently move the plastic box to and fro so that etching solution reacts with the exposed copper. The
reaction is given as:
Cu + FeCl3 = CuCl3 + Fe
After every two minutes check if all the copper has been removed. If it hasn’t then place it back in
the solution and wait.

CAUTION: Always use gloves while touching the plate having the solution.
 Fig 5.14 Etched copper plate

STEP 6: Cleaning, disposing and final touches for the circuit board

Be careful while disposing the etching solution, since its toxic to fish and other water organisms.
And don’t think about pouring it in the sink when you are done, it is illegal to do so and might
damage your pipes (hehe, who knew you could get arrested while making a PCB!). So dilute the
etching solution and then throw it away somewhere safe.

A few drops of thinner (nail polish remover works well) on a pinch of cotton wool will remove
completely the toner/ink on the plate, exposing the copper surface. Rinse carefully and dry with a
clean cloth or kitchen paper. Trim to final size and smoothen edges with sandpaper.
 Fig 5.15 Removing the ink

Now, drill holes using a PCB driller like this: PCB driller and solder all your cool components. If
you want that traditional green PCB look, apply solder resist paint on top: PCB lacquer. And
finally! your super cool circuit board would be ready!
 CHAPTER 6

APPLICATION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 APPLICATION
 This project can save thousands liters of water in one day and can be used in home
or industrial purpose.
 It required less power to function.


6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

BLDC motor is used for household equipment and home automation and industrial
application because of following advantages

Advantages of Brushless DC Motors

 Better speed versus torque characteristics

 High dynamic response
 High efficiency
 Long operating life due to a lack of electrical and friction losses
 Noiseless operation
 Higher speed ranges