University of Santo Tomas Junior High School

Espana, Manila

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

COMMUNICATION ARTS IN ENGLISH 10

This LIBRARY RESEARCH PAPER:

POLICE BRUTALITY

is submitted by:

ANTHONY B. CARDENAS
10 – St. Denise
to

MRS. MARIA TERESA C. CASADO-RAMOS

on

April 5, 2019
Topic: Police Brutality
Thesis statement: This paper intends to discuss the definition of police brutality,
the victims behind police brutality, why police brutality is a widespread problem in
our society, its negative impacts and the possible solution to stop police brutality.
Principle of organization: Analysis
Outline format: Conventional Topic
OUTLINE
I. Introduction to Police Brutality
A. Background
B. Definition
II. Victims of Police Brutality
A. Unarmed people
B. African-American Individuals
C. Accused of running and selling
drugs and illegal work
D. Vulnerable
E. Mostly people who are living in
extreme poverty
III. Negative Impacts of Police
Brutality
A. People’s health and well being
B. Serious psychological distress
C. High levels of PTSD
D. County doesn’t have a policy
SOURCES
 Miller, Marshall (1998) “Police Brutality”
Yale Law & Policy Review, Vol. 17, No.
1, pp. 149-200
 Sail, Rajendra K. (2001) ”Police
Brutality” Economic and Political
Weekly, Vol. 35, No. 52/53 p. 4590
 Brehm, John and Scott Gates(1997)
“Policing Police Brutality” Working,
Shirking, and Sabotage: Bureaucratic
Response to a Democratic Public
University of Michigan Press pp. 149-
172
 Motley, Wanda (1980) ”Police Brutality
Grows” Umoja Sasa pp. 6-7
 Chaney, Cassandra and Ray V.
Robertson (2013) “Racism and Police
Brutality in America” Journal of African
American Studies, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp.
480-505
 Maxwell, Kenneth (1997) “Police
Brutality in Urban City” Foreign Affairs,
Vol. 76, No. 4, p. 158
 Holmes, Malcolm D., and Brad W.
Smith. 2010) “Race and Police
Brutality: Roots of an Urban Dilemma”
Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 39,
No.1, pp. 43-44
IV. Why Police Brutality is a
Widespread problem in our society
A. Human Rights is not present
B. Structural Racism
C. Inequality
D. Lack of discipline among police
forces
V. Solution to Stop Police Brutality
A. Join scholar to advocate
B. Support movements like that
raise awareness that stop
police brutality
C. Advocate for and support
criminal justice reform
 Misra, Sailendra (1988) “Police
Brutality: An Analysis of Police
Behaviour” The Journal of Asian
Studies, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 184-185
 Ellis, Arthur L. “Where Is Social Work?
Police Brutality and the Inner City”
Social Work, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 511-
514
 Sigelman, Lee et al. (1997) “Police
Brutality and Public Perceptions of
Racial Discrimination: A Tale of Two
Beatings” Political Research Quarterly,
Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 777-791
 Rodríguez, Dylan (2012) “Beyond
"Police Brutality": Racist State
Violence and the University of
California” American Quarterly, Vol.
64, No. 2, pp. 301-313
 Lawrence, Regina G. (2001) “The
Politics of Force: Media and the
Construction of Police Brutality”
Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 30, No.
5, pp. 520-521
 ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In today’s society the police abuse their power against people
who commit crimes and innocent bystanders. Some people think that the police
are protecting their community On the other hand, a lot of people feel that the
police are prejudice, and unfair. Police officers engage in unjustified shootings,
severe beatings, and other unnecessarily rough physical treatment in cities while
their police superiors, and the Justice Department fail to act decisively to restrain
or penalize such acts or even to record the full magnitude of the problem.
AIMS: This research paper aimed to give more information about police brutality
in order for everyone to be aware, explain the causes of police brutality, discuss
the effects of it and how it affects our society, and suggest solutions to this
controversial topic.
METHOD: The method of analysis is used to know what are the negative impacts
of it are and why police brutality is a widespread problem in our society. The
process of gathering data in qualitative research and by which the emergent
knowledge is applied to individuals problem. This data takes the form of records of
group discussions and interviews, but is not limited to this.
FINDINGS: The researcher gained knowledge from this research project that the
causes of police brutality mainly involves the neurological makeup of the police
officer. The researcher learned on what people should do about police brutality.
CONCLUSION: The effects of police brutality to society are corruption, confusion
and fear monger. People should follow the law, to report cases to the investigating
division of the Philippine National Police, to know our basic rights, to have the
government give constant seminars or neurological check-ups for every police
officer.
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
This chapter is consisted of an overview of police brutality, the research paper’s
aims and its questions. This chapter will benefit the readers who
A. OVERVIEW

Police brutality is one of the most serious, enduring, and divisive human rights
violations, the problem is nationwide, and its nature is institutionalized. Police
officers engage in unjustified shootings, severe beatings, fatal chokings, and
unnecessarily rough physical treatment in cities while their police superiors, city
officials, and the Justice Department fail to act decisively to restrain or penalize
such acts or even to record the full magnitude of the problem. Habitually brutal
officers usually a small percentage of officers on a force may be the subject of
repeated complaints but are usually protected by their fellow officers and by the
shoddiness of internal police investigations. A victim seeking redress faces
obstacles at every point in the process, ranging from overt intimidation to the
reluctance of local and federal prosecutors to take on brutality cases. Severe
abuses persist because overwhelming barriers to accountability make it all too
likely that officers who commit human rights violations escape due punishment to
continue their abusive conduct. Victims of police brutality have many options for
reporting abusive treatment by officers but little chance of seeing those officers
punished or prosecuted. Citizen review agencies are often overwhelmed and
understaffed; reporting an abuse to such an agency may, eventually, lead to an
investigation, but it is unlikely to result in the offending officer's being appropriately
punished. Filing an abuse complaint with a police department's internal affairs unit
can be intimidating, and police departments' excessive secrecy usually means that
the complainant learns nothing about any disciplinary action that may have been
taken against the accused officer. Filing a civil lawsuit is an option for some victims,
but success rates vary widely from city to city, and typically it is the municipality
rather than the officer that is held financially responsible. Also, most victims of
abuse correctly perceive that criminal prosecution, either locally or federally, is
rarely an option except in highly publicized cases. As a result, resentment and
frustration often exacerbate the original abusive treatment. Because it is an open
secret that oversight procedures for police abuse do not function effectively, many
abuse victims do not even bother to pursue a complaint at all. This series of factors
results in violent officers remaining on the job.

In the 2018 study of Whitmer (535) the number of people shot to death by the
police in the United Stated had decreased. 457 white, 223 black, 179 Hispanic, 44
other and 84 unknowns are shot to death in 2017. It decreased in 2018 where 47
white, 23 black, 17 Hispanic, 3 other and 56 unknowns are shot to death.

B. RESEARCH AIMS
 This paper aims to:
1. give more information about police brutality in order for
everyone to be aware
2. explain the causes of police brutality
3. discuss the effects of it and how it affects our society
4. suggest solutions
C. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
 The proponent aims to provide answers to the following
questions:
1. What is police brutality?
2. What are causes of police brutality?
3. What are the effects of it on our society?
4. What should people do about it?

D. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 Victims
-They are people who suffered from police brutality they can file
a case on the court to punish these reckless police officers.
 Researchers on the study
- To have a further knowledge and understanding police brutality.
 Chapter 2: METHOD
TOPIC: Police Brutality
A. Description of the Method Used

David (2014, 19) this study will define the analysis of police brutality. The research
attempts to focus why police brutality is a widespread problem in our society. This
will also focus on findings for the possible solution to stop police brutality.
Dwyer defined in 1993 that analysis is the process by which sense and meaning
are made of the data gathered in qualitative research and by which the emergent
knowledge is applied to individual's problem. This data often takes the form of
records of group discussions and interviews, but is not limited to this. Through
processes of revisiting and immersion in the data, through complex activities of
structuring, reframing or otherwise exploring it, the researcher looks for patterns
and insights relevant to the key research issues and uses these to address the
individual’s brief.
Analysis can be used in this study because this paper shows the definition of police
brutality, what are the negative impacts of it are and why police brutality is a
widespread problem in our society. It will also help this paper to think and explain
of possible ways to stop police brutality.
Explanation
Police brutality is one of the most serious, enduring, and divisive human rights
violations, the problem is nationwide and its nature is institutionalized. The use of
deadly force by police against an unarmed person carries with it the weight of
historical injustices and current disparities in the use of state violence against
people. The absence of a policy is unfortunately the norm not the exception. Even
those individual law enforcement agencies that attempt to regulate interactions
almost always develop guidelines in isolation. One of the reasons why this still
happens is that as a society we have focused on being reactive rather than
proactive. Reviewing videos from body cameras, having grand juries, settling civil
rights cases and the like will not ultimately prevent these deaths or restore what
families and communities have lost. Instead, addressing the root cause of police
brutality is a preventive strategy that will be more impactful and have positive ripple
effects across various sectors. To stop this join scholars to advocate for
documenting police related deaths as notifiable conditions so that public health
departments can monitor these deaths, learn about how structural racism and
white supremacy operate within institutions, policies and laws and lastly support
movements that raise awareness of police brutality and help expose and dismantle
structural racism.

CHAPTER 3 FINAL: RELATED READINGS

Police brutality defined

“The origin of 'modern' policing based on the authority of the nation-state is

commonly traced back to developments in seventeenth and 18th century France,
with modern police departments being established in most nations by the
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Cases of police brutality appear to have
been frequent then, with "the routine bludgeoning of citizens by patrolmen armed
with nightsticks or blackjacks". Large-scale incidents of brutality were associated
with labor strikes” (Sail, 2001, 4589).

Miller (1998, 152) portions of the populations may perceive the police to
be oppressors. In addition, there is a perception that victims of police brutality often
belong to relatively powerless groups, such as minorities, the disabled, the young,
and the poor.

Locke (1961, 98) once stated: when used in print or as the battle cry in a black
power rally, police brutality can by implication cover a number of practices, from
calling a citizen by his or her first name to death by a policeman's bullet. What the
average citizen thinks of when he hears the term, however, is something midway
between these two occurrences, something more akin to what the police
profession knows as "alley court" the wanton vicious beating of a person in
custody, usually while handcuffed, and usually taking place somewhere between
the scene of the arrest and the station house.

“Racialized police violence is a recurring issue. Recent social movements have re-
centered police violence as a subject of public discourse, yet there has been little
progress in reducing the number of people killed by police. Without further efforts
in research and legal reform, this everyday crisis will continue. Thus, material
interventions designed to fundamentally shift police practices away from deadly
engagements are greatly needed” (Miller, 1998, 149).
These interventions have the potential to disrupt current policing practices. In the
2001 study of Sail (4290) he stated that it continues to determine which lives are
valued physically and discursively and which can be lost to incessant police
violence. While many strategies for addressing police violence have been
proposed, existing discussions do not fully engage a primary factor in police
violence and a major barrier to accountability use of force policies.

Miller (1998, 150) these are the policies that codify the rules that govern the levels
and types of force that police are permitted to use against citizens, including deadly
force. These rules are important because they are not only used to train police and
guide their engagements with the community but are also used as benchmarks
when evaluating whether their use of force is excessive.

Miller also stated that the use of force policies that often precipitate and absolve
police violence as not only a legal or moral issue but distinctively as a public health
issue with widespread health impacts for individuals and communities. This public
health framing can disrupt the sterile legal and policy discourse of police violence
in relation to communities of color where conversations often focus on limited
queries such as reasonableness by drawing attention to the health impacts of
state-sanctioned police violence (1998, 150).

This approach allows us to shift the focus from the individual actions of police and
citizens to a more holistic assessment of how certain policy preferences put police
in the position to not treat certain civilians’ lives as carefully as they should.

Causes of Police Brutality

Maxwell (1997, 158) the issue of police brutality continues to be a major concern
for both the public and the law enforcement profession. Throughout American
history violence in the form of police brutality, unwarranted use of force, and other
forms of mistreatment of citizens is not uncommon. Police brutality occurs for a
number of reasons. The most common is racial discrimination.

“Police misconduct and instances of police brutality occur in many forms and have
a variety of causes. One of the causes is the subculture of policing, which can have
a negative effect on the system. New officers often seek to conform with traditions
and standards of police behavior and demeanor. These standards require rookies
to emulate senior officers and comply with superior's commands or otherwise face
potential ridicule, criticism, or job loss” (Maxwell, 1997, 159).

“No matter the reason a police officer used excessive force, the officer in question
should be held accountable for his or her actions. Most of the time, police brutality
cases are difficult and tricky. It is important to contact a lawyer that specializes in
police brutality cases to help you properly build your case” (Michael Enfield, 2010,
99).

In the 2010 study of Holmes and Smith (44), police officers may also feel the nerve
to harass an individual because of their financial stability and where they come
from. This is known as classism. If a police officer pulls over a white man in a rich
neighborhood, the officer will not be as harsh. The police officer may even be very
polite. If an officer pulls over and African American or Latino male the police may
feel intimidated only because of the color of their skin. The officer may abuse the
individual and more than likely get away with it.

Effects of Police Brutality

“Defined as unmerited, excessive and aggressive abuse, police brutality is a
phenomenon that causes serious harm to its victims. The abuse may be physical
or psychological, and the victims can feel the effects of this abuse for a lifetime.
These effects include not only physical wounds but also psychological damage. In
some cases, the community also experiences the impact of police brutality on its
victims” (Maxwell, 1997, 161).

In the 2010 study of Enfield (98) the use of excessive physical force often
characterizes police brutality, and it sometimes results in the death of its victims.
These cases occasionally receive great media attention, such as the 1999
shooting of Amadou Diallo, 23. Undercover police officers shot Diallo 19 times
while he was reaching for his wallet. The officers fired 41 shots total, killing Diallo
and, while they were acquitted of all brutality charges, this case and others like it
remains notable.

Holmes and Smith (2010, 25) stated that victims of police brutality may suffer from
psychological damage. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an affliction that
can lead to panic attacks, depression, substance abuse or suicidal tendencies.
While suffering from police brutality does not guarantee that someone will develop
PTSD, many police brutality victims do suffer from the disorder. PTSD is more
common when the trauma experienced by the victim was inflicted by another
person, such as a police officer or prison guard. Other factors contributing to PTSD
include the length and severity of the trauma and how long it takes to get into safer
circumstances after the trauma is over.

Impact in our society

“Police brutality is not just about people dying during interactions with law
enforcement. Brutality goes beyond the use of unjustified physical force that might
cause death. It includes emotional and verbal assault and intimidation that
ultimately dehumanize the victim. Brutality can occur regardless of the conscious
intent of the officer” (Blue. 2008, 76).

According to Stella (2015), she shows that police brutality has health
consequences for individuals who are victimized, and that those who live in
disproportionately policed communities have poor health as a direct result,
regardless of whether they themselves are victims of police brutality.

In the 1998 study of Misra (188) police torture has covered media headlines for the
last few years. This torture exceeds the standard range of punishment.
Extrajudicial killing is becoming common. The police officers responsible for the
torture are not held for long before they are released to their normal duties. Studies
have noted that police use excessive force to the general people rather than
criminals. The police use this force on suspects, rather than the ideal victims of
the offense. A number of people think that excessive force is necessary to prevent
additional crimes in the society. Therefore, it is important to analyze the disparate
views on the two sides of this aspect.

It takes two forms Thompson (2004), which is physical brutality which includes
assaults, and non-physical brutality which includes the use of verbal language. In
South Africa cases of brutality has been part of country history as it was happening
during apartheid era because of protests, and at the present moment, it is much
worse as people have rights and most people have access to camcorders to record
such incidents which at the later stage attract media attention.

According to Ellis (2010), Police brutality has occurred all across the world and is
still a major concern amongst society and police organizations. This brutality
ranges from assaults, death as a result of the use of force and harassment. The
public is slowly losing trust in the police because of amongst other things such as
brutality itself, criminal behavior and abuse of power.

“Since the issue of police brutality is based on racial grounds, the police should be
held
accountable for their misconduct. This will enable them to treat all groups of
individuals with equality; hence use an appropriate amount of force. According to
social scientists, many police officers are not trusted by their communities as a
result of misconduct. Their anger is imposed beyond measures. Further
investigations also affirm that the brutality of police officers is persistent. Systems
that deal with the abuses are no longer at ease. The complainants find difficulty in
seeking administrative aid. Majority of the police officers evade punishment after
violating the law” (Misra, 1998, 189).

Ellis (2010, 19) even though police brutality is noted to be a negative incidence by
a vast majority, some think that it is a better way of ending crimes. The young and
the old have improved their tactics in handling guns. Violent crimes are committed
by very young individuals. Tapes of gun shows are viewed by a larger number of
criminals. Maintaining law and order has been a tough task for the police officers.
In this, what would a police officer do when they are robbed, and their tools are
stolen? Getting the victim of the offense would provoke brutality. Therefore, the
police should exercise their forces in order to scare criminals.

Solutions to stop police brutality

No one disputes the idea that police misconduct is wrong, but reasonable people
do disagree about the scope of the problem and how it ought to be addressed.
Individuals who are victimized by police misconduct should expect a review
process that will seriously investigate complaints. The researcher believes good
policy analysis can improve governmental decision making.

In the 2012 study of Rodriguez (301) every police department should be governed
by clear, consistent standards developed by experts and other stakeholders
convened by state agencies. These standards should be conveyed to every officer,
supported by training, and used as the basis for evaluation and discipline. Law
enforcement leaders should promote a vision in which use of force and arrest,
especially when it comes to youth, are the last and least desirable outcome.

“There are several ways by which an individual can contribute towards achieving
health equity, improving the well-being of communities of color, increasing national
productivity and creating a more equitable society. Join scholars to advocate for
documenting police-related deaths as notifiable conditions so that public health
departments can monitor these deaths. Support calls for more collaboration and
partnerships among communities, researchers, policymakers and law
enforcement systems. Learn about how structural racism and white supremacy
operate within institutions, policies, and laws. Regardless of your field of work,
evaluate whether policies, laws, requirements, guidelines, etc., have unintentional
negative consequences for people of color. Similarly, evaluate whether they
disproportionately benefit white people and think of ways to level the playing field.
Advocate for and support criminal justice reform, demilitarization of police, and
decriminalization of behaviors such as loitering and minor traffic violations, and
ending stop-and-frisk. Support movements that raise awareness of police brutality,
and help expose and dismantle structural racism” (Lawrence, 2001, 520).

Rodriguez (2012, 201) stated that the government should require all police officers
to wear body cameras in an effort to increase transparency, fairness, accountability
and public safety between the police and the communities they serve. Change stop
and frisk policies to be within the bounds of the constitution. The policies and
practices of dragnet policing of high crime neighborhoods do more harm than good
and Build better trust between all communities and the police by requiring better
police officer training on how to deal with community members in non-threatening
ways and improve communication skills.

Chapter 4 Final: Proposition

Proposition 1: Numerous discussions have taken place over the efficacy of

police brutality as a "solution" for the political.
Explanation: A vital underground press and a growing body of written
commentary from an outspoken community of liberal scholars, both of which are
highly critical of the administration's policies towards the suspension of civil
liberties and the alleged manipulation of electoral and judicial processes.

Proposition 2: An equally vigorous number of publications in support of

Police Brutality.
Explanation: Policies has arisen to counter the charges of the "radical" critics and
proffer instead for international consumption, a roseate view of a Philippines with
gleaming streets, potted geraniums and bougainvillea along the sidewalks, and
now-"disciplined" people willingly crossing streets between white lines.

Proposition 3: The police defended the declaration stressing the need for
extra powers to quell the rising wave of violence allegedly caused by
communists.
Explanation: The emergency rule was also intended to eradicate the roots of
rebellion and promote a rapid trend for national development. The autocrat
assured the country of the legality of police brutality emphasizing the need for
control over civil disobedience that displays lawlessness.

Proposition 4: Portions of the populations may perceive the police to be

oppressors
Explanation: There is a perception that victims of police brutality often belong to
relatively powerless groups, such as minorities, the disabled, the young, and the
poor.

Proposition 5: The move was initially supported by most people and was
viewed by some critics as a change that solved the massive violence in the
country.
Explanation: Police brutalityceased the clash between the executive and
legislative branches of the government and a bureaucracy characterized by special
interest. Police started to implement reforms on social and political values that
hindered effective modernization.

Proposition 6: Police Brutality imposed the need for self-sacrifice for the
attainment of national welfare.
Explanation: Cases of police brutality appear to have been frequent then, with the
routine bludgeoning of citizens by patrolmen armed with nightsticks or blackjacks.
Large-scale incidents of brutality were associated with labor strikes.

Proposition 7: The deterioration of the political and economic condition in

the people triggered the decline of support on police brutality.
Explanation: Urban poor communities were soon conducting protest masses and
prayer rallies. These efforts including the exposure of numerous human rights
violations pushed.

Proposition 8: Racialized police violence is a recurring issue.

Explanation: Recent social movements have re-centered police violence as a
subject of public discourse, yet there has been little progress in reducing the
number of people killed by police. Without further efforts in research and legal
reform, this everyday crisis will continue. Thus, material interventions designed to
fundamentally shift police practices away from deadly engagements are greatly
needed.

Proposition 9: These interventions have the potential to disrupt current

policing practices.
Explanation: Only justice should be able to quell our rage and justice should have
been meted to all of them long ago. Police cronies held on to their wealth, his
enablers rehabilitated and held on to their positions in state institutions, and
torturers and executioners held on to their lives.
Proposition 10: Police brutality is an aporia for democracy.
Explanation: It suspends the rule of law in order to protect the law(ful order). But
here, even with the explanatory parentheticals, the logic is twisted. What is
democracy when the law that must protect citizens’ rights is swept aside. Yet police
invoked it as democratic self-defense.

Proposition 11: The imposition of police brutality putatively removed rule of

law restrictions on its enforcers who then acquired blanket powers.
Explanation: Police maintained the appearance of legality through Presidential
Decrees and Proclamations, whilst he imagined his rule as constitutionally
authorized. And indeed, it was. Thus, wielding all powers of government, state
agents, from the ordinary soldier and policeman to president himself as
Commander-in-Chief, were arbitrary but also legal authorities over properties,
relations, and lives. For it is asserted that whoever rules through martial law rules
absolutely.

Proposition 12: It can also be deduced from the concept of prerogative that
is assumed to underlie it the power that functions and lies external and in
opposition to the rule of existing law.
Explanation: The connection is shown in the sovereign authority that arrogates
all state powers into deciding the exception.Police Brutality was the means for what
became the Police dictatorial regime. And the dictatorship seemed to have
followed inexorably from martial rule.

Proposition 13: Police Brutality is not an act it’s a law for police officers who
did not obligate as if they were the law.
Explanation: It is law that appears to bring into the legal norm the violence of
law’s founding, or the lawless violence of the political community’s outside. It says
“appears” as these violences are not really lawless—they are the long-standing
normal to large segments of Philippine society who are poor, marginal, or
unmanageable.

Proposition 14: Polce Brutality accomplished was widening the application

of state violence to the elite from whose ranks were enemies.
Explanation: This was contemptuous to the national oligarchy, from whose
privileged ranks police emerged to violate its venerable and statesmen-like norm
of and through transformed it into the tale-tale of local thuggish politics also a norm
amongst the elites but the underside of a long-standing doubled politics.

Proposition 15: Use of force policies that often precipitate and absolve police
violence as not only a legal or moral issue but distinctively as a public health
issue with widespread health impacts for individuals and communities.
Explanation: This public health framing can disrupt the sterile legal and policy
discourse of police violence in relation to communities of color where
conversations often focus on limited queries such as reasonableness by drawing
attention to the health impacts of state-sanctioned police violence.

Proposition 16: The issue of police brutality continues to be a major concern

for both the public and the law enforcement profession.
Explanation: People know and can easily imagine how he directly issued the
commands or the standing orders that controlled how soldiers enforced martial
rule so that all massacres, murders, disappearances, tortures, and incarcerations
trace a clear and indelible line to his culpability.

Proposition 17: There was such a thing as “martial law” in police brutality
that was an available solution to persistent problems of growing unrest and
radicalization among students and other sectors of society, of continued
allegations of spectacular surges in his personal wealth from the media and
the opposition, of his slumping reputation and legitimacy in the eyes of the
public.
Explanation: History violence in the form of police brutality, unwarranted use of
force, and other forms of mistreatment of citizens is not uncommon. Police brutality
occurs for a number of reasons. The most common is racial discrimination

Proposition 18: Police Brutality affected perplexity over the constitutional

provision of martial law, which cannot be found in the American Federal
Constitution.
Explanation: This assertion of the legal lineage of his power to declare martial law
was actually a brief digression in a speech about Asian self-determination and
cooperation. What segues the aside is the “respectable opinion that 19th-century
colonialism has succeeded in segregating the countries of Asia.

Proposition 19: Police misconduct and instances of police brutality occur in

many forms and have a variety of causes.
Explanation: One of the causes is the subculture of policing, which can have a
negative effect on the system. New officers often seek to conform with traditions
and standards of police behavior and demeanor. These standards require rookies
to emulate senior officers and comply with superior's commands or otherwise face
potential ridicule, criticism, or job loss.

Proposition 20: It was a case of a democracy defending itself legally this

problematizes the status of police legality and raises the question of
democracy’s relation to the martial law situation that eventually saves or
defeats it.
Explanation: Police brutality is an already existing tool that was convenient and
useful because of some inherent features there are specific qualities in the concept
and practice of martial law that made the police dictatorship possible.
 Chapter 5: Conclusion
This chapter features a concise synthesis of all major findings and facts learned
from the research project. It also features a list or courses of action of
recommendations for possible implementation and further study.

A. Summary of Findings
This research paper aimed to answer questions that were stated in chapter
one. It answers the questions based from interviews, books and journals.
The material used is by professionals in the subject matter.
Police brutality is the use of unnecessary authority, force or violence by
authorized police officers to inflict harm onto civilians innocent or guilty. The
researcher gained knowledge from this research project that the causes of
police brutality mainly involves the neurological makeup of the police officer.
The researcher also learned that the effects of police brutality to society are
corruption, confusion and fearmonger to name a few. And lastly the
researcher learned on what people should do about police brutality. Mainly,
to follow the law, to report cases to the investigating division of the
Philippine National Police, PLEB and criminal cases, to know our basic
rights, to have the government give constant seminars or neurological
checkups for every police officer.

Police Brutality
Throughout American history violence in the form of police brutality,
unwarranted use of force, and other forms of mistreatment of citizens is not
uncommon. Police brutality occurs for a number of reasons. The most
common is racial discrimination.

The use of force policies that often precipitate and absolve police violence
as not only a legal or moral issue but distinctively as a public health issue
with widespread health impacts for individuals and communities. This public
health framing can disrupt the sterile legal and policy discourse of police
violence in relation to communities of color where conversations often focus
on limited queries such as reasonableness by drawing attention to the
health impacts of state-sanctioned police violence

Police misconduct and instances of police brutality occur in many forms and
have a variety of causes. One of the causes is the subculture of policing,
which can have a negative effect on the system. New officers often seek to
conform with traditions and standards of police behavior and demeanor.

Effects of Police Brutality

The use of excessive physical force often characterizes police brutality, and
it sometimes results in the death of its victims. These cases occasionally
receive great media attention, such as the 1999 shooting of Amadou Diallo,
23. Undercover police officers shot Diallo 19 times while he was reaching
for his wallet. The officers fired 41 shots total, killing Diallo and, while they
were acquitted of all brutality charges, this case and others like it remains
notable. Police brutality may suffer from psychological damage. Post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an affliction that can lead to panic
attacks, depression, substance abuse or suicidal tendencies. While
suffering from police brutality does not guarantee that someone will develop
PTSD, many police brutality victims do suffer from the disorder. PTSD is
more common when the trauma experienced by the victim was inflicted by
another person, such as a police officer or prison guard. Other factors
contributing to PTSD include the length and severity of the trauma and how
long it takes to get into safer circumstances after the trauma is over.

Solutions to stop police brutality

 Law enforcement leaders should promote a vision in which use of force and
arrest, especially when it comes to youth, are the last and least
desirable outcome. Government should require all police officers to wear
body cameras in an effort to increase transparency, fairness, accountability
and public safety between the police and the communities they serve.
Change stop and frisk policies to be within the bounds of the constitution.

B. Recommendations
After a diligent research, the proponent recommends that:
1. To provide more information on the general information of police
brutality.
2. To gather more newer information on statistics related to police brutality
3. To exclude statistics of other countries to your locality.
4.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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How does it feel to be a problem? The missing kerner commission report by

Keisha L. Bentley-Edwards et.al

Police, People, and the New Professional by Sophie Prod-Gendrot et.al

Dealing with Uncertainties in Policing Serious Crimes by Tim Carmody et.al

The Effects of the Neighbourhood Legal Service Program on Riots and The
Wealth of African Americans by Jamein P. Cunningham et.al

Where is Social Work? Police Brutality and the Inner City by Arthur L. Ellis et.al

Police Use of Force: Individuals, Situations, and Organizations by Robert J.

Friedrich et.al

Corruption & Anti-Corruption by Barry Hindess et.al

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Police Brutality by Rajendra K. Sail et.al

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Christine Stewart et.al

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Timcke et.al

Psychological Health Tests for Violence-Prone Police Officers by Michelle A.

Travis et.al

Trends: Racial Differences in Attitudes Towards Police by Steven A. Tuch et.al

Alicia Sotero Vāsquez: Police Brutality Againts an Undocumented Woman by

Rite E. Urquijo-Ruiz et.al
 MATRIX OF RESEARCH MATERIALS
RESEARCH TOPIC: POLICE BRUTALITY
MATERIA TITLE / PUBLICATION TYPE OF SUBTOPIC
L# AUTHOR/S INFORMATION MATERIAL S
/ SOURCE DISCUSSE
D
1 In the Belly of the The Journal of Article -Effects of
Beast: Black African JSTOR police
Policemen American brutality to
Combat Police History, vol. 98, black
Brutality in No. 2, pp. 253 – communitie
Chicago by Tera 276, June 2013, s
Agyepong et.al October 24, -Black
2018 power
-Criminal
justice
2 How does it feel RSF: The Article -Riots
to be a problem? Russell Sage JSTOR -Back &
The missing Foundation white
kerner Journal of the relations
commission Social Science, -Violence
report by Keisha vol. 4, no. 6, pp. against
L. Bentley- 20-40 women
Edwards et.al September
2018, October
24, 2018
3 Police, People, Amsterdam Book -Racism
and the New University Chapter -Racial
Professional by Press, America, JSTOR Profiling
Sophie Prod- 2006, October
Gendrot et.al 25, 2018
4 Dealing with ANU Press, Book -In-depth
Uncertainties in America, 2010 Chapter definition of
Policing Serious October 25, JSTOR common
Crimes by Tim 2018 law
Carmody et.al -Juries
-Criminal
investigation
5 The Effects of the RSF: The Article -Urban riots
Neighbourhood Rusell Sage JSTOR -Funding
Legal Service Foundation -Legal aid
Program on Riots Journal of the -Civil
and The Wealth Social Disorder
of African Sciences, vol. 4,
Americans by no 6, pp 144-
 Jamein P. 157, September
Cunningham et.al 2018, October
24, 2018
6 Where is Social Social Work, Article -Physical
Work? Police vol. 26, pp.511- JSTOR police
Brutality and the 514, November brutality
Inner City by 1981, October -Protests
Arthur L. Ellis 22, 2018
et.al
7 Police Use of The Annals of Article -Public’s
Force: the American JSTOR attitude and
Individuals, Academy of behaviour
Situations, and Political and towards the
Organizations by Social Science, police and
Robert J. vol. 452, no. 1, government
Friedrich et.al pp.82-97,
October 24,
2018
8 Corruption & ANU Press, Book -Corruption
Anti-Corruption America, 2013, Chapter & political
by Barry Hindess October 25, JSTOR side of
et.al 2018 police
brutality
9 The Scholarly Journal of Article -Social
Network by Biblical JSTOR media
Ngasha Junior Literature, vol. -Black
et.al 136, no.1, people
pp.208-212, community
December -Christianity
2017, October -Violence
24 2018 against
women
10 Introduction: Black Camera, Article -Relevance
#BlackLivesMatte vol.8, no.2, JSTOR of social
r and the pp.75-80, Junes media to
Mediatic Lives of 2017, October police
a Movement by 24, 2018 brutality
Charles P.
Linscott et.al
11 Transformation of ANU Press, Book -Sexual
Gender in Melansia, 2017, Chapter Violence
Melansia by October 25, JSTOR
Stephanie Lusby 2018
et.al
12 Gilded Age by ANU Press, Book -Human
Nicola Macbean China, 2018, Chapter Rights in
et.al October 25, JSTOR China being
2018 violated
-Torture
-Oppression
13 City of Crisis: Transcript Book -Repression
The Multiple Verlay, Europe, Chapter -Protests
Contestation of 2015, October JSTOR -Police
Southern 25, 2018 brutality in
European Cities Europe
by Maria
Markantonaton
et.al
14 Civic Insecurity ANU Press, Book -HIV & AIDS
by Abby Mclead Melanesia, Chapter -Sexual
et.al 2010, October JSTOR Harassment
25, 2018 by
policemen
15 Mexico Is Not RAND Book -Drug war
Colombia; Coroporation, Chapter -Mexico and
Alternative Mexico, 2014, JSTOR police
Historical October 25, brutality
Analogies for 2018
Responding to
the Challenge of
Violent Drug-
Trafficking
Organizations,
Supporting Case
Studies by
Christopher Paul
et.al
16 Police Security Article -Violent
Development in Challenges, JSTOR crimes
Papua New vol.10, No.2, pp. -Sexual
Guinea: The 33-52, 2014, Violence
Need For October 24, -Urban
Innovations by 2018 crime
Gordon Peake -Violence
et.al against
women
17 The Indigenous University of Book -Policemen
State: Race, California JSTOR abusing
Politics, and Press, indigenous
Performa nce in California, 2017, people
 Pluractional October 25,
Bolivia by 2018
Postero Nancy
et.al
18 Blacks and Law The Black Article -African
Enforcement: Scholar, vol.17, JSTOR American
Towards Police No.3, pp.49-54, Culture and
Brutality May/June 1986, its
Reduction by October 22, relevance to
Bruce Pierce 2018 police
et.al brutality
19 Police Brutality Economic and Article -Police
by Rajendra K. Political Weekly, JSTOR brutality in
Sail et.al vol.35,no.52/53, India
pp.4590 Dec. -Human
2000, October rights
22,1018
20 Colonial Systems University of Book -Abuse of
of Control: Ottawa Press, JSTOR prisoners by
Criminal Justice Ottawa, 2008, police
in Nigeria by October 25, guards in
Viviane Saleh- 2018 Islam
Hanna et.al
21 Name, Shame, ANU Press, Book -Connection
Blame: Papua New JSTOR of police
Criminalising Guinea, 2014, brutality and
Consenual Sex in October 25, AIDS
Papua New 2018 -Sexual
Guinea by harassment
Christine Stewart
et.al
22 Capital, State, University of Book -How police
Empire: The New Westminster JSTOR brutality is
American Way of Press, America, stapled onto
Digital Warfare 2017, October African
by Scott Timcke 25, 2018 American
et.al culture
23 Psychological Stanford Law Article -Physical
Health Tests for Review, vol.46, JSTOR police
Violence-Prone No.6, pp.1717- brutality
Police Officers by 1770, July -How police
Michelle A. 1994, October departments
Travis et.al 24, 2018 can stop
similar
incidents
24 Trends: Racial The Public Article -How White
Differences in Opinion JSTOR people,
Attitudes Quarterly, vol. Hispanics
Towards Police 61, No.4, and African
by Steven A. pp.642-663, Americans
Tuch et.al June 1997, still
October 24, experience
2018 police
brutality
25 Alicia Sotero Chicana/Latina Article -Human
Vāsquez: Police Studies, JSTOR Rights
Brutality Againts vol.4,No.1,pp.62 violation
an -84 -Immigrants
Undocumented
Woman by Rite
E. Urquijo-Ruiz
et.al