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Intrinsic proteins
• Some act as carrier molecules to transport substances.
• Membrane Protein ATP
(a) Transport proteins (facilitate the movement of nutrients such as sugars and
amino acids across membranes)
(b) Channel proteins (provide hydrophilic passageways through hydrophobic
membranes)
(c) Transport ATPase (use the energy of ATP to pump ions across membranes)
Enzymatic Activity
A protein built into the membrane may be an
enzyme with its active site exposed to substances
in the adjacent solution (Several enzymes in team)
Intercellular Joining
Membrane proteins of adjacent cells may be
hooked together in various kinds of junctions
Four types of Connection
• Desmosomes
• Tight junctions Animal cells
• Gap junctions
• plasmodesmata
Tight junctions
Anchoring junction
Gap junctions
Extracellular matrix
Space between cells
Plasma membranes of adjacent cells
Protein strands hold
cells together
Tight junctions formed by strands of protein seal cells together- prevent leakage
Pairs of channels connect insides of adjacent cells
Openings in the walls of adjacent plant cells (cytoplasmic bridges)
Mechanisms for Crossing the Membrane Barrier
In passive transport, substances diffuse through membranes
without energy from areas of high concentration to areas of
low concentration.
• Kinetic energy drives passive transport.
• Transport is dictated by concentration gradient or by both concentration
gradient and electric potential (electrochemical gradient).
Molecules of dye Membrane Equilibrium
Equilibrium
H2O
Solute
molecule
Selectively
permeable
membrane
Water
molecule
• The water potential of a solution falls when solutes are added water
molecules cluster around the solute molecules (solute potential)
• The water potential of a plant cell is affected by both the pressure of the cell
wall against the cellular contents (potential pressure) and the solute potential
of the cell.
H2O
H2O H2O H2O
Animal
cell
H2O Plasma
H2O H2O H2O
membrane
Plant
cell
(6) Shriveled
(4) Flaccid (5) Turgid (plasmolyzed)
Transport
protein
P P
ATP P Protein Phosphate
Solute ADP changes shape detaches
There are two types of active transport
Receptors perceive the signal, transducers relay the signal and the
effectors convert the signal into an intracellular response.
Neurotransmitters
Nervous signaling involves the rapid
transmission of action potentials &
the release of a neurotransmitter at
a synapse.
Hormones produced by
endocrine & nerve cells
Receptors involved in transmembrane signaling processes:
• Their characteristic
structure
comprises:
– Seven
transmembrane
spanning helices,
– With an extra-
cellular N-terminal
domain &
– An intra-cellular C-
terminal domain.
Signal transduction - G protein
• The signaling molecule binds to the binding site and causes a conformational
change on the catalytic function which results in autophosphorylation (receptor
phosphorylates its own tyrosine groups).