INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

LABORATORY MANUAL & WORKSHEET

CEB 20003
JANUARY 2019
INTRODUCTION
The laboratory aims to give CEB 20003 students exposure to basic environmental testing with
regards to water, air and soil. It is a hands on learning to develop student’s proficiency in
scientific inquiry, laboratory skill, field techniques, and scientific writing. EACH STUDENT
MUST RECORD INITIAL OBSERVATION DURING THE EXPERIMENT AND OBTAIN
VERIFICATION FROM LECTURER/INSTRUCTOR. THE OBSERVATION SHEETS MUST
BE SUBMITTED TO LECTURER/INSTRUCTOR AT THE END OF EVERY EXPERIMENT

The laboratory will cover:

1. Quantitative Hydrology
(a) Preparation and calibration of rain and stemflow gauges
(b) Installation and monitoring precipitation / rainfall, throughfall, stemflow
and interception
2. Soil Classification and Characterisation
(a) Soil Bulk Density and Moisture Content
(b) Soil Particle Density and Particle Size Distribution
3. Wastewater Quality Test – Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
4. Air Pollution Monitoring or Control – HORIBA Emission Analyser
5. Water Quality Test – Jar Test
6. Solid Waste Properties – Disintegration of plastic material in composting
medium
 1. QUANTITATIVE HYDROLOGY
The flow (discharge) of a water body influences the supply of drinking water and causal
of floods that lead to the destruction of property, natural resources, and cultural heritage.

(a) Monitoring Precipitation / Rainfall and Throughfall

Precipitation is liquid or solid condensation of water vapour deposited from air onto the
ground. It includes rain, hail, snow, dew, rime, hoar frost and fog. Precipitation intensity
is the amount of precipitation collected per unit time interval. The measurement unit of
rainfall intensity is linear depth (mm) over time (hour or day or year)

Objectives
To monitor daily rainfall intensity and through fall (in mm) over a month period (30 days)

Apparatus & Materials

Preparation and calibration of DIY Rain Gauge (4)

i. 1.5 Liter plastic bottle (4 nos) (Each group must bring their
own bottles to the lab)
ii. Scissors
iii. Masking tape
iv. Clean pebbles, gravels
v. Ruler
vi. Permanent marker
vii. Solder Iron

Methodology

i) Cut the top of the bottle off at the wide part just below where it begins to get
narrow. Measure the diameter of the bottle and calculate the mouth area of the
bottle (mm2).

ii) Make a small hole at the side of the bottle with the solder to make it easy to pour
collected rain water
 iii) Turn the top of the bottle upside down to act like a funnel as in Figure xx

Cut edges

iv) Line up the cut edges, tape them together so the top part is held firmly in place.

v) Use a long piece of tape to make a straight vertical line from the cut edge of the
bottle to the bottom.

vi) Calibration of Rain Gauge.

 Put the rain gauge on top pan balance. Tare

 Pour 20ml of water into the rain gauge. Record the weight. Use the marker to
draw a horizontal line on the tape at water level. Write the height (in mm) on the
line

 Add another 20ml . Record the weight. Use the marker to draw a horizontal line
on the tape at water level.. Write the height (in mm) on the line

 Repeat till reaching the end of the tape

vii) Installation of Rain gauge and throughfall

 Dig 3 holes 10 cm in diameter and 10cm depth. One on clear field for rainfall
intensity and another two under a selected trees (7cm in diameter and more than
1.3m in height)

 Put the rain gauge into the hole. The hole is to prevent the rain gauge from
tumbling over.

viii) Start monitoring rainfall and throughfall daily at the same time
Monitoring Stem Flow and Interception

Interception refers to precipitation that does not reach the soil, but is
instead intercepted by the leaves, branches of plants and the forest floor. It occurs in
the canopy (i.e. canopy interception), and in the forest floor or litter layer which
subsequently evaporates. Interception has different roles in the hydrological cycle. The
most important role is as a rainfall reducer, causing a significant amount of rainfall to be
directly fed back to the atmosphere which is not available for infiltration. Second,
interception influences the spatial distribution of infiltration. This has large influences on
the soil moisture pattern and on subsurface flow paths. Finally, interception redistributes
the water flows in time.

Interception = Precipitation – Throughfall – Stemflow

Objectives
To monitor interception over a month period (30 days)
 Apparatus & Material

i) 3 Liters bottle (Each group must bring their own bottle to the lab)
ii) Masking tape
iii) Water
iv) Ruler
v) Permanent marker
vi) 1 meter rubber hose for gutters
vii) Silicone

Methodology

i) Calibration of the 3liter bottle

 Use a long piece of tape to make a straight vertical line from top the bottom
of the bottle
 Put the bottle on top pan balance. Tare.
 Pour 200ml of water into the bottle. Record the weight. Use the marker to
draw a horizontal line on the tape at water level
 Write the height (in mm) on the tape.
 Repeat till reaching the end of the tape
ii) Select a tree that is greater than 7cm in diameter and more than 1.3m in height
iii) Prepare gutters by using flexible rubber hose
iv) Fix the gutters helically onto the tree 130cm from the ground by using silicone. The
end of the gutter lead to the calibrated 3 liter bottle

v) Collect stemflow reading daily at the same time

The amount of interception is : Rainfall – Throughfall - Stemflow

 2. SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION

There are four experiments to be conducted under this heading

(a) Soil Bulk Density by Core Cutter Method

Soil density is dependent on soil organic matter, soil texture, the density of soil mineral
(sand, silt, and clay) and their packing arrangement. It influences key soil processes and
productivity through infiltration rate, rooting depth/restrictions, available water capacity,
soil porosity, plant nutrient availability, and soil microorganism activity.

Objectives

To determine the bulk density of soil by using core cutter method

Apparatus & Material

i) Steel ruler graduated to 0.5 mm.

ii) Balance up readable to 1g

iii) Rammer, cutter and dolly

 iv) Grafting tool, or spade, and a pickaxe.

Methodology

i) Measure the internal volume of the core cutter in cubic centimetres from its
dimensions which shall be measured to the nearest 0.5 mm (Vc).
ii) Weigh the cutter to the nearest 1 g (mc).
iii) Expose a small area, approximately 300mm square, of the soil layer to be tested
and level it.
iv) Remove loose extraneous material. Place the core cutter with its cutting edge on
the prepared surface.
v) Place the steel dolly on top of the cutter, and ram the dolly and cutter down into
the soil layer until only about 10 mm of the dolly protrudes above the surface, care
being taken not to rock the cutter.
vi) Dig the cutter out of the surrounding soil taking care to allow some soil to project
from the lower end of the cutter. Trim the ends of the core flat to the ends of the
cutter by means of the straightedge.
vii) Determine the mass of the cutter containing the core to the nearest 1 g (ms).

𝑚𝑠−𝑚𝑥
 (g/mm3) = 𝑉𝑐

ms is the mass of soil and core cutter (in g);

mc is the mass of core cutter (in g);
Vc is the internal volume of core cutter (in mm3)
 (b) Soil Moisture Content

Objectives
To determine dried moisture content of soil

Apparatus & Material

i) 30ml aluminium pan.

ii) Oven (105oC)
iii) Balance (0.1g)

Methodology
i) Crumble the soil sample from the core cutter.
ii) Do in duplicates
iii) Weight aluminium pan up till 0.1g (m1)
iv) Put approximately 30g of soil sample in the container and weight the container +
soil up till 0.1g (m2)
v) Put the soil and container in the oven at 105oC overnight
vi) Cool the soil and container and weight up till 0.1g

(c) Soil Particle Size Distribution

Particle size distribution of soil sample is important to determine the amount of clay,
silt, sand and gravel content as per Table 1. Classification of the soil can be done by
using soil texture triangle in Figure 1.

Table 1: Soil Particle Sizes

Size (mm)
Course gravel 20.0 – 60.0
Medium gravel 6.0 – 20.0
Fine gravel 2.0 – 6.0
Coarse sand 0.60 - 2.0
Medium sand 0.20 - 0.60
Fine sand 0.06 - 0.20
Course silt 0.02 - 0.063
Medium silt 0.006 - 0.02
Fine silt 0.002 - 0.006
Clay <0.002
 Figure 1: Soil Texture Triangle

Objectives

To determine soil particle size distribution using wet sieving, dry sieving and run sample
in a particle size analyzer.

Apparatus & Material

i) 200mL aluminum container
ii) Sieve with size of 2.0mm, 1.18mm, 0.818mm, 0.425mm and 0.063mm
iii) Malvern Mastersizer 2000 Particle size analyzer
iv) 4% Sodium Hexametaphosphate
v) Distilled water

Methodology

i) Weigh 80g of soil sample from site and place into a 200mL aluminum container.
ii) Add 80ml of 4% sodium hexametaphosphate until soil is fully submerged and leave
it overnight
 iii) Sieve the sample through 63 µm sieve. Collect the filtrate into 30ml bottles to be
measured using particle size analyzer later.
iv) Once enough filtrate has been collected, wash the sample remaining on the sieve
with distilled water and transfer it back to the 200mL container. Make sure every
soil particles are transferred quantitatively. Dry in the oven at 105oC overnight.
vi) The dried sample later are sieve by using Sieve with size of 2.0mm, 1.18mm,
0.818mm, 0.425mm and 0.063mm

Malvern Mastersizer

v) Use water as dispersant in particle size analyzer. (RI of water: 1.33).

vi) Add a drop of the filtrate into 1L of distilled water and mix well.
vii) Run soil sample using Malvern Mastersizer 2000; laser diffraction particle size
analyzer.
viii) The setting of the analyser will be set at 5% obscuration, stir rate at 1700rpm and
a period of 3 minutes to reach stability.

(d) Soil Particle Density

Objectives

To determine soil particle density

Apparatus & Material

i) Two 50ml pyknometer
ii) Analytical balance readable to 0.0001g
iii) Distilled water

Methodology

i) Crush the sample from moisture content by using pestle and mortar until fine.
ii) Clean and dry the pyknometer
iii) Weight the pyknometer (m1)
iv) Add approximate 5g of the crushed soil into the pyknometer and weight (m2)
v) Add distilled water into the pyknometer, ensure no bubbles. Stoppered the
pyknometer, wipe the pyknometer dry and weight (m3).
 vi) Pour away the content, fully clean the pyknometer.
vii) Add distilled water into the pyknometer, ensure no bubbles. Stoppered the
pyknometer, wipe the pyknometer dry and weight (m4).

viii) Calculate the soil particle density is as follow:

(e) SOIL POROSITY

Porosity (%) = [1 – (Bulk density/Particle density] x 100

3. BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) MEASUREMENTS

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is one of the most common measures of pollutant
organic material in water. BOD indicates the amount of organic matter present in water.
Therefore, a low BOD is an indicator of good quality water, while a high BOD indicates
polluted water. It measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological
organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain
temperature over a specific time period

Objectives
To determine Biological Oxygen Demand of Surface water

Apparatus & Material

i) Prepare dilution water by adding the following per litre of required dilution
water, then aerate to oxygen saturation (approx. 1 hour). A ready-made
capsule can be used instead if they are available
a. 1 mL phosphate buffer
b. 1 mL magnesium sulfate solution
c. 1 mL calcium chloride solution
d. 1 mL ferric chloride solution
e. 2 mL of settled raw sewage SEED
ii) BOD bottle
iii) Dissolved Oxygen Meter
iv) Incubator

Methodology

i) Set up two seeded dilution water blanks. Note: BOD5 of seeded dilution water
should range between 0.3 - 1.0 mg/L
ii) By referring to Table 1, approximate the amount of BOD in the sample.
Prepare two dilutions for sample collected and calculate dilution factor (P)
 iii) Table 1 present suitable dilutions prepared by direct pipetting into bottles of about
300 mL capacity.

iv) Adjust the ph of the diluted sample to 6.5-7. 5

v) Carefully pour the pH adjusted sample into the BOD bottles. Avoid entrapping air
bubbles.
vi) Measure the initial DO of each diluted sample (D1) and blank (B1) using a
calibrated DO probe.
vii) Incubate blanks, the samples at 20oC for five days.
viii) After five days incubation, measure DO in each bottle sample (D2) and blank
(B1) by DO probe, and calculate BOD5 as follows

(𝐷1−𝐷2)−(𝐵1−𝐵2)
= BOD5 in mg/L
𝑃
 4 AIR POLLUTION MONITORING –HORIBA EMISSION
ANALYSER

Objective
To measure Carbon Monoxide, Hydrocarbon and Carbon Dioxide from vehicle and
report them according to the FIFTH SCHEDULE (Regulation 11) and SIXTH
SCHEDULE [Regulation 11] ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CONTROL OF EMISSION
FROM PETROL ENGINES) REGULATIONS 1996

Apparatus & Materials

i) HORIBA AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION ANALYSER
ii) Three petrol vehicles

Methodology
i) Follow instruction by demonstrator how to operate the HORIBA AUTOMOTIVE
EMISSION ANALYSER

ii) Select at least 3 different petrol vehicles and take measurement as follow

a. Accelerate the engine to a moderate speed (3rpm) with no load, maintain for
at least 15 seconds, then return the engine to idle speed;
b. While the engine idles, insert the sampling probe into the exhaust pipe as
deeply as possible but in any case for not less than 300mm;
c. Wait for at least 20 seconds and take the reading of Carbon Monoxide,
Hydrocarbon and Carbon Dioxide as given by the analyser. Record the data
as required by SIXTH SCHEDULE [Regulation 11] ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY (CONTROL OF EMISSION FROM PETROL ENGINES)
REGULATIONS 1996.
d. Accelerate the engine to a moderate speed (3rpm) with no load and take
measurement
e. Compare emission from different cars against requirement of SIXTH
SCHEDULE [Regulation 11] ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CONTROL OF
EMISSION FROM PETROL ENGINES) REGULATIONS 1996.
f. Compare emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide
release during normal driving (3 rpm)
5. WATER QUALITY TEST – JAR TEST
The jar test is a common laboratory procedure used to determine the optimum operating
conditions for water or wastewater treatment. This method allows adjustments in pH,
variations in coagulant or polymer dose, alternating mixing speeds, or testing of different
coagulant or polymer types, on a small scale in order to predict the functioning of a large
scale treatment operation. A jar test simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes
that encourage the removal of suspended colloids and organic matter which can lead to
turbidity, odor and taste problems.

The jar testing apparatus (Figure 1) contains six paddles which stir the contents of six 1
liter containers. One container acts as a control while the operating conditions can be
varied among the remaining five containers. An rpm gage at the top-center of the device
allows for the uniform control of the mixing speed in all of the containers (Figure 2).

Figure 1 Diagram of jar testing device.

Figure 2 Jar testing in laboratory

 Objective
To determine the optimum coagulant dosage and pH by using jar testing

Apparatus and Materials

i) 1 jar flocculate with pH adjustment

ii) 6 graduated beakers (1L)
iii) 2 of 10 mL graduated cylinders
iv) 1 of 1000 mL graduated cylinders
v) 1 scale for weighing coagulants
vi) 1 pH meter
vii) 1 turbidity meter
viii) Sample waste water
ix) Distilled water
x) 10 grams of alum (industrial grade)
xi) 10 grams of lime (industrial grade)
xii) Sulphuric acid (99% purify)
xiii) 1 gram of dry polymers

Methodology

To determine the optimum coagulant dosage

i) Fill all 6 jar testing apparatus (1L graduated beaker) with 1000ml of sample
water. Determine turbidity for each beaker.
ii) Place the filled jars on the gang stirrer, with the paddles positioned identically in
each beaker.
iii) Mix the beakers at 40 – 50 rpm for 30 seconds. Stop.
iv) Leave the first beaker as a Control, and add increasing dosages of coagulant to
subsequent beakers. Add the coagulant solutions as quickly as possible, below
the liquid level and about halfway between the stirrer shaft and beaker wall.
v) Start the stirrer at 100 rpm for 1 minute.
vi) Reduce the stirrer speed from 100 rpm to 25-35 rpm and let it stirs for another 1
minutes.
vii) Turn off the mixed and allow the containers to settle for 10 minutes.
viii) Check the final turbidity (NTU) using turbidity meter to determine the optimum
dosage.
 To determine the optimum pH

ix) Fill all 6 jars testing apparatus (1L graduated beaker) with 1000ml of sample
water. Determine turbidity for each beaker.
x) Leave the first beaker as Control, change the pH of subsequent beakers to 4, 5,
6, 7 and 8
xi) Place the filled jars on the gang stirrer, with the paddles positioned identically in
each beaker.
xii) Add the coagulant optimum dosage as quickly as possible in all beakers, below
the liquid level and about halfway between the stirrer shaft and beaker wall.
xiii) Start the stirrer at 100 rpm for 1 minute.
xiv) Reduce the stirrer speed from 100 rpm to 25-35 rpm and let it stirs for another 1
minutes.
xv) Turn off the mixed and allow the containers to settle for 10 minutes.
xvi) Check the final turbidity (NTU) using turbidity meter to determine the optimum
dosage.
 6 SOLID WASTE PROPERTIES - DISINTEGRATION OF PLASTIC
MATERIAL IN COMPOSTING MEDIUM

Objective
This experiment determine the degree of disintegration of normal and biodegradable
plastic materials when exposed to a composting environment. Disintegration of the
plastics are measured through reduction in mass of test sample after being composted
in the composting matrix.

Apparatus & Materials

i) Composting Materials
ii) 250 ml Plastic Containers with cap(6 nos)
iii) Solder iron
iv) Normal plastic bag
v) Biodegradable plastic bag

(Each group must bring their own normal and biodegradable plastic bag
to the lab)

Methodology
i) Prepare 100ml plastic container as reactors for composting:
ii) Make a small hole 0.5mm in diameter using solder iron at 2, 4 and 6cm from the
bottom. On perpendicular sides. Mark it as NP1, NP2 and NP3 for normal
plastic and BP1, BP2 and BP3 for biodegradable plastic
iii) Cut the normal and biodegradable plastic bag into 15 nos each of squares (2cm x
2cm).
iv) Wash the cut plastic squares and put it in the oven at 80oC for half an hour or
until dry. Use gloves to transfer and weigh using analytical balance every 5 nos of
the squares . Record the weight.
v) Add 20g of composting medium in the reactors.
vi) Add the 5 weighted plastic squares into respective reactors
vii) Add another 80g of the composting medium. Mix but make sure all the plastic
squares are covered. Weight the whole reactors.
viii) Incubate the reactors at 52oC for 45 days. Weight the reactors daily and replace
the weight loss with same amount of water. Mix but make sure all the plastic
squares are covered with compost.
ix) After 45 days, take out the plastic squares, wash and dry in the oven 80oC for half
an hour and weight. Record the data and calculate the deterioration
OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 1)

Rain Gauge Calibration

Diameter
(mm) Area (mm2)

Water Weight Volume (mm3)

added (g) Height (mm)
1g=1cm3=1000mm3
(ml) Volume (mm3) /
Area (mm2)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Stemflow Calibration

Diameter
(mm) Area (mm2)

Water Weight Volume (mm3)

added (g) Height (mm)
1g=1cm3=1000mm3
(ml) Volume (mm3) /
Area (mm2)

250

500

750

1000

1250
DONE BY:
SIGNATURE:________________________ DATE: _____________________________________

NAME: ____________________________STUDENT NO.:______________________________

OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 1)

Daily Rainfall Intensity

DAY DATE HEIGHT (mm) DONE BY REMARKS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 1)

Daily Stemflow

DAY DATE HEIGHT (mm) DONE BY REMARKS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 1)
Daily Throughfall (1)

DAY DATE HEIGHT (mm) DONE BY REMARKS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 1)
Daily Throughfall (2)

DAY DATE HEIGHT (mm) DONE BY REMARKS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 1)
Daily Throughfall (3)

DAY DATE HEIGHT (mm) DONE BY REMARKS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 2)

Soil Density by Core Cutter Method

Parameters Reading
Length of core cutter Lc mm
Diameter of core cutter Dc mm
Volume of core cutter Vc mm3
Mass of core cutter Mc g
Mass of core cutter + wet soil Ms g
Mass of wet soil Ms-Mc g
Bulk Density (Ms-Mc)/Vc g/mm3

Moisture Content

Parameters 1 2
Aluminum container WI g
Aluminum container + wet sample W2 g
Aluminum container + dried W3 g
sample
Moisture Content [(W2-W3)/(W3-W1)] x %
100
Average %

DONE BY:
SIGNATURE:__________________________________
NAME: ______________________________________
STUDENT NO.:________________________________
DATE:_______________________________________
OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 2)

Particle Density

Parameters 1 2
Mass of Density Bottle m1 g
Mass of Density bottle + dried soil m2 g
Mass of Density bottle + dried soil + m3 g
water
Mass of Density bottle + water m4 g
Particle Density [(m2-m1)]/ [(m4- g/cm3
m1)-(m3-m2)]
Average

Particle Size Distribution

Initial Dried Weight (A) (g):

Sieve Size Weight Retained (g)

DONE BY:
SIGNATURE:__________________________________
NAME: ______________________________________
STUDENT NO.:________________________________
DATE:_______________________________________
OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 3)

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)

Bottle No
Initial DO for Blank B1

Final Do for Blank B2

AVERAGE
Blank, B = (B1-B2)

Bottle No
Total sample v2

Sample use v1

Dilution factor
P = v1/v2
Initial DO for sample D1

Final DO for sample D2

BOD 5
[(D1-D2)-B]/P
mg/L

BOD 5 mg/L (AVERAGE)

DONE BY:
SIGNATURE:__________________________________
NAME: ______________________________________
STUDENT NO.:________________________________
DATE:_______________________________________
OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 4)

MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION TEST FOR PETROL ENGINE

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CONTROL OF EMISSION FROM PETROL ENGINES) REGULATION 1996 (4TH, 5TH AND 6TH SCHEDULE)
VEHICLE TYPE REGISTRATION MODEL Carbon Hydrocarbon, Carbon Dioxide
NO Monoxide ppm (CO2), %
(CO), %
Idle

3 RPM

Idle

3 RPM

Idle

3 RPM

Note : Permissible limit for CO is 3.5% and Hydrocarbon is 600 ppm

DONE BY:
SIGNATURE:__________________________________
NAME: ______________________________________
STUDENT NO.:________________________________
DATE:_______________________________________
OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 5)

Table 1 Observation for Optimum Coagulant Dosage.

Coagulant Turbidity (NTU) Remarks
Jar Dosage (mL) Before After
experiment experiment
1 (Control)

Table 2 Observation for Optimum pH.

pH Turbidity (NTU) Remarks

Jar Before After
experiment experiment
1 (Control)

DONE BY:
SIGNATURE:__________________________________
NAME: ______________________________________
STUDENT NO.:________________________________
DATE:_______________________________________
OBSERVATION SHEET (EXPERIMENT 6)

LABEL TOTAL PLASTIC PLASTIC PLASTIC AVERAGE

REACTOR INITIAL FINAL DETERIORATION (%)
WEIGHT WEIGHT (g) WEIGHT (g) (%)

A B C = [(A-B)/A] x 100

NP1

NP2

NP3

BP1

BP2

BP3

DONE BY:
SIGNATURE:__________________________________
NAME: ______________________________________
STUDENT NO.:________________________________
DATE:_______________________________________